Senior Capstone Project:Fast Tuning Synthesizer
Member: Nathan RothAdvisors: Dr. Huggins
Dr. ShastryMr. James Jensen
Date: May 4, 2004
Presentation Outline
• Background Information
• Project Summary
• Functional Description
• Detailed Description
• Major Tasks
• Problems Encountered
• Improvements
Background Information
• Definition of a frequency synthesizer
• Uses– Communication– Electronic Warfare
Project Summary
• Creation of a frequency synthesizer– Use of direct synthesis approach
Project Summary
• System Characteristics– Output Frequencies of 3650, 3700, 3850,
3900, 4450, 4500, 4650, and 4700 MHz– Output Power of 0 dBm, ± 3 dB– Output Spurs < -45 dBc– Tuning Time < 500 ns, 200 ns if possible– Use of an External 100 MHz Reference Signal
Functional Description
FastTuning
FrequencySynthesizer
3.6 – 4.6 GHz
100 MHz Reference
D2
D1
D0
Digital Input Command
Desired Output
Frequency
Detailed Description
Detailed Description
Detailed Description
Detailed Description
Detailed Description
Detailed Description
Detailed Description
Detailed Description
• Amplifier
• Multiplier– Increases Frequency (Multiplication)
• Mixer– Sum of Input Frequencies– Difference of Input Frequencies
Detailed Description
• Switch
• Filter
• Prescaler– Decreases Frequency (Division)
• Digital Logic (GAL)
Detailed Description
100 MHz
Detailed Description
200 MHz
Detailed Description
Detailed Description
1400 + 200 = 1600 MHz1400 – 200 = 1200 MHz
200 MHz
1400 MHz
Detailed Description
1200 MHz
1600 MHz1200 MHz
Detailed Description
1200 MHz 300 MHz
Detailed Description
1700 MHz1100 MHz300 MHz
1400 MHz
Detailed Description
1700 MHz1100 MHz
1100 MHz
Detailed Description
1100 MHz 275 MHz
Detailed Description
275 MHz
1125 MHz
Detailed Description
1125 MHz 4500 MHz
Major Tasks
• Filter Design and Fabrication
• Component Selection and Ordering
• Printed Circuit Board Design and Fabrication
• PCB Stuffing
• Modular Testing
Filter Design and Fabrication
• Designed and Simulated Ideal Chebyshev Filters– Used Insertion Loss Method– Developed Low-Pass Filter Prototype – Transformed to Band-Pass Filter
• Added Parasitic Effects– Real Component Values– Real Inductor Responses– Microstrip Transmission Effects– Via Connections
Filter Design and Fabrication
Filter Design and Fabrication
Filter Design and Fabrication
Filter Design and Fabrication
•Dark Blue = Ideal
•Purple = S21 Simulated
•Red = S11 Simulated
•Aqua Blue = S21 Actual
•Blue/Purple = S11 Actual
Filter Design and Fabrication
•Dark Blue = Ideal
•Purple = S21 Simulated
•Red = S11 Simulated
•Aqua Blue = S21 Actual
•Blue/Purple = S11 Actual
PCB Design and Fabrication
• Created PCB Layouts for Filter Boards
• Fabricated, Populated, and Tested Filter Boards
• Developed Modular Layout Plan
PCB Design and Fabrication
PCB Design and Fabrication
PCB Design and Fabrication
PCB Design and Fabrication
PCB Design and Fabrication
PCB Design and Fabrication
Modular Testing
Filter
Simulated Center
Frequency
Measured Center
FrequencySimulated Bandwidth
Measured Bandwidth
Filter 1 1200 MHz 1205.5 MHz 120 MHz 125 MHz
Filter 2 1000 MHz 977.5 MHz 120 MHz 115 MHz
Filter 3 1183 MHz 1148.5 MHz 195 MHz 167 MHz
Filter 4 962 MHz 932 MHz 195 MHz 220 MHz
Filter 5 1183 MHz 1181 MHz 108 MHz 112 MHz
Filter 6 982 MHz 990.2 MHz 202 MHz 201 MHz
Modular Testing
-10 dBm
-50 dBm
Modular Testing
LO Input = 1400 MHz
IF Input = 200 MHz
Modular Testing
Input = 1200 MHz
Modular Testing
Resolution Module 3 – 1200 MHz
Modular Testing
Resolution Module 3 – 1200 MHz
Modular Testing
Resolution Module 3 – 1200 MHz
Modular Testing
Resolution Module 3 – 1200 MHz
Modular Testing
Modular Testing
• 312 ns ‘off’• 148 ns ‘on’
Problems Encountered
• Non-Ideal Components
• Fabrication
• Grounding Issues
• ‘Potato Chipping’
Possible Improvements
• Implement a Phase-Lock Loop
• Use Distributed Elements
• MMIC Design
Appreciation
Matt Kaiser
Kiran Reddy
Dave Miller
Bala Sundaram
Neeta Mehta
Zaheer Shaik
Krishna Katragadda
Fast Tuning Synthesizer
• Any questions?
Power Analysis
Specifications• Amplifier (3)
– 5 Volt– 46 mA
• Mixer (3)– 3 Volt– 11 mA
Prescaler (2)– 3 Volt– 8 mA
• Specified Power– 837 mW
• Recorded Power– 930 mW
Bill of MaterialsPart Number Maker Description Quantity Price Total
PriceHMC435MS8G Hittite SPDT, Hi Isolation, DC- 4
GHz15 $1.10 $16.50
PE3512 Peregrine Divide By 4, DC - 1.5 2 $2.75 $5.50
MAX2671 Maxim IC 400 MHz To 2.5 GHz Upconverter Mixers
3 $0.76 $2.28
SYK-2R Mini-Circuits Frequency Doublers, 10-1000 MHz
1 $29.95 $29.95
AG604-89 WJ Ingap HBT Gain Block 2 $1.48 $2.96
$0.97 $2.91HMC315 Hittite GaAs InGaP HBT MMIC Darlington Amplifier, DC -
7.0 GHz
3
$0.40 $1.20
MSA-2743 Agilent
ABA-53563 Agilent 3.5 GHz Broadband Silicon RFIC Amplifier
3
Cascadable Silicon Bipolar Gain Block MMIC
Amplifier
1
$2.35 $2.35
$2.94 $2.94
$0.94 $0.94
HMC188MS8 Hittite Passive Frequency Doubler, 1.25 - 3.0 GHz Input
1
HMC187MS8 Hittite Passive Frequency Doubler, 0.85 - 2.0 GHz
1
Bill of Materials
Kit 124A-2 Coilcraft 0603CS Chip Inductors: 25 values from 1.6 nH - 30
nH, 2% Tolerance
1 $80.00 $80.00
Substrate Rogers Corporation
RO4003C, 20 mil thick, 1.4 mil copper
2 $32.25 $64.50
142-0901-811 Johnson Components
Male to Male SMA 50 Ohm Connects
25 $11.41 $285.25
142-0701-631 Johnson Components
4 Hole Flange Mount Jack Receptacle
20 $5.17 $103.40
142-0711-841 Johnson Components
End Launch Jack Receptacle
20 $5.81 $116.20
Various - RF Chip Capacitors and Resistors
- $10.00 $10.00
GAL26CV12 Lattice Semiconductor
High Performance General Array Logic
1 $7.80 $7.80
SN74F04 Texas Instruments
Hex Inverter 1 $1.00 $1.00
Total $735.68
Input Module
Resolution Modules
Basis Frequency Modules
Switch Selection Module
Output Module
Laboratory Work - Review
Laboratory Work
•Dark Blue = Ideal
•Purple = S21 Simulated
•Red = S11 Simulated
•Aqua Blue = S21 Actual
•Blue/Purple = S11 Actual
Laboratory Work
•Aqua Blue = Ideal
•Dark Blue = S21 Simulated
•Red = S11 Simulated
•Purple = S21 Actual
•Blue/Purple = S11 Actual
Laboratory Work
•Aqua Blue = Ideal
•Red = S21 Simulated
•Dark Blue = S11 Simulated
•Purple = S21 Actual
•Blue/Purple = S11 Actual
Laboratory Work
•Light Blue = Ideal
•Red = S21 Simulated
•Aqua Blue = S11 Simulated
•Dark Blue = S21 Actual
•Purple = S11 Actual
Laboratory Work
•Aqua Blue = Ideal
•Purple = S21 Simulated
•Red = S11 Simulated
•Dark Blue = S21 Actual
•Light Blue = S11 Actual
Modular Testing
Resolution Module 1 – 1200 MHz
Modular Testing
Resolution Module 1 – 1400 MHz
Modular Testing
Resolution Module 2 – 1200 MHz
Modular Testing
Resolution Module 2 – 1400 MHz
Modular Testing
Resolution Module 3 – 1400 MHz
Modular Testing