HUNTSVILLE-1860 Seven families led by Jefferson Hunt
established Huntsville in 1860. They found Shoshone living in the
Ogden Valley and paid a tax of cattle, flour and vegetables. They
followed the pattern of building homes, laying out a town, and
planting crops. In 1864 a large group of Danish Immigrants settled
in what used to be called Ogdens Hole.
Slide 3
Ogden Valley-This is where Jefferson Hunt established
Huntsville in 1860.
Slide 4
THE COTTON MISSION-1861 Utahs Dixie in Southern Utah was
settled to help in the effort to make Utah self-sufficient. The
families called to settle this area were to supply the Territory
with cotton, sugar, grapes, figs and olive oil. A large caravan of
300 men and their families reached their new home along the Virgin
River. They named the place St. George after their leader, George
A. Smith
Slide 5
St. George, Utah This area was called Dixie because it had a
warmer climate and could grow cotton like the Southern United
States which was also called Dixie.
Slide 6
TRANSPORTATION Moving supplies and mail was a problem all over
the West, and Utah was not an exception. A system called freighting
was used to carry food and manufactured goods to towns and army and
mining camps. They biggest company that did this was called Russel,
Majors and Waddel. They use heavy wagons pulled by mules. There
were many dangers involved in freighting.
Slide 7
A Freighting Company A Freighting Company Route through
Utah
Slide 8
STAGECOACHES This was another method used to move people to the
Western United States. Stagecoaches were a system designed to make
the travel west easier on the passengers than coming in a wagon
train. There were stations set up along the way so drivers could
get fresh horses. Sometimes the passengers would even get a hot
meal.
Slide 9
A Stagecoach The Stagecoach route through Utah followed the
same route used by the Pony Express
Slide 10
GOSHUTE WAR-1860 The stagecoach line ran through Goshute lands
in the western part of Utah. Sometimes when the Goshutes were
desperate for food they would attack the stagecoach stations. U.S.
Army troops attempted to restore order along the trail. Sixteen
whites and over a hundred Indians were eventually killed. Seven
stations were destroyed and the route was closed for a long
time.
Slide 11
Simpson Springs Station- Where the Goshute War Started Pony
Express / Stagecoach Route through Utah
Slide 12
THE PONY EXPRESS In March of 1860 western newspapers ran the
following ad: WANTED-YOUNG, SKINNY, WIRY FELLOWS Not over 18. Must
be expert riders, willing to risk death daily. Orphans preferred.
WAGES $25 per week. The Pony Express had a bold plan to carry mail
from Missouri to California in 10 days. Before the Pony Express
came along it took months to get mail to the West by ship or
stagecoach.
Slide 13
THE PONY EXPRESS The Pony Express built relay stations about
every 10 miles along the route. At each station the rider jumped
off of his weary pony and mounted a fresh one. They were given two
minutes to drink water and eat a slice of bread. After changing
horses eight times, the rider tossed the bag to a new rider.
Slide 14
The Pony Express Route followed the California Trail that had
been established by Wagon trains 14 years earlier.
Slide 15
This map shows the many stations that were built along the Pony
Express Trail.
Slide 16
THE TELEGRAPH ENDS THE PONY EXPRESS From April 1860 to October
1861 the Pony Express ran every week. The Pony Express died quickly
when the telegraph came along. Telegraph companies hired men to cut
down trees and place tall strong wooden poles from Omaha, Nebraska
to San Francisco, California. Two companies raced to complete the
task. One went east and the other went west. The telegraph lines
met in Salt Lake City in October 1861. Messages were flashed in
seconds across plains and mountains.
Slide 17
Telegraph Machine This drawing presents a contrast between the
older and newer ways of communicating in the West.
Slide 18
CAMP DOUGLAS About a year after Johnstons Army left to go fight
in the Civil War, about 750 soldiers from California and Nevada
came to Utah. They were given the duty of protecting the mail and
telegraph lines from Indian attack. The men built Camp Douglas in
the foothills above Salt Lake City. They were led by Colonel
Patrick Edward Connor. He would become an enemy to the Mormons and
the Indians.
Slide 19
Camp Douglas Patrick Edward Connor
Slide 20
A CONTINUED CLASH OF CULTURES In 1861, Abraham Lincoln had been
elected President of the United States. Most of his energy was
devoted to trying to end the Civil War. However he did get involved
in some Indian problems in the West. Abraham Lincoln established
the Uintah Valley Reservation that Utes were moved to. This land
was only about 9 percent of their original homeland.
Slide 21
THE BEAR RIVER MASSACRE The Oregon Trail ran through Southern
Idaho, and there had been a lot of conflicts between the Shoshone
and travelers on the trail. There had also been some conflicts
between the Shoshone and Mormon pioneers living in Cache Valley.
Both of these situations created tension. The Mormons had requested
some help with defense against the Indians. They did not want a
battle or a fight with the Indians.
Slide 22
THE BEAR RIVER MASSACRE Captain Patrick Edward Connor, who was
in charge of Army troops in Salt Lake City was eager to respond to
the call for help. Connor was disliked by the Mormons and the
Indians, and the feeling was mutual. The reasons that Connor
decided to come up to Cache Valley were not entirely clear, but it
was probably for two reasons. Some Shoshones had been attacking
people on the Oregon Trail. Connor wanted some glory for
himself.
Slide 23
BEAR RIVER MASSACRE In January of 1863 Connor marched his
troops through the snow up to Cache Valley. When they reached
Franklin, Idaho (my hometown) they talked with Mormon settlers.
Connor had already determined what he would do before he talked to
the Mormons. Early in the morning of January 29, 1863 Connor and
his men went to the edge of a bluff overlooking the Bear River
where the Shoshone had made their winter camp.
Slide 24
Bear River Massacre Site This is a Map of Southern Idaho and
Northern Utah. This circled area is Cache Valley Franklin, Idaho
Massacre Site
Slide 25
BEAR RIVER MASSACRE Connor placed his artillery on the bluff,
and had his infantry cross the river to the Shoshone camp. The
Shoshone were still asleep. Connor had his men attack, and by the
time the Shoshone realized what was happening it was already a
slaughter. The Shoshone did fight back, but ran out of bullets
within two hours. After that the soldiers searched through the
willows and killed all the Native Americans they found including
women and children.
Slide 26
BEAR RIVER MASSACRE After the massacre was over, some soldiers
went back through raping Indian women and bashing in the heads of
Indian children. The soldiers then carried their dead and wounded
out of the battlefield and back to Salt Lake City. The Shoshone
bodies were left to be consumed by wolves and crows. Chief Bear
Hunter and Chief Lehi were both killed. Connor reported that there
had been a battle and that Indians had provoked him. It was not
until 70 to 80 years later that the truth came out and the result
was that it has been called a massacre, where before it had been
called the Battle of Bear River.
Slide 27
BEAR RIVER MASSACRE Connor was promoted to Colonel because of
this. It was thought that he was a hero. Mormons who came to the
site to help the Shoshone were sickened by the scene. Over 300
people died including over 250 Shoshone men, women, and children.
This was not well known because it happened during the Civil
War.
Slide 28
Slide 29
THE BLACK HAWK WAR 1865-1868 As more and more Mormons moved
into Utah, the Indians lost more and more land. Brigham Young and a
government agent convinced Indians to sign a treaty that would
require them to give up their land and move to a reservation. In
return, the government would pay the Indians money and provide
animals, shelter, clothing, food and training in agriculture. This
treaty was taken to Washington D.C. to be approved. It was ignored
for a long time, then rejected.
Slide 30
THE BLACK HAWK WAR 1865-1868 While this approval process was
going on, the Indian agent began forcing Utes, including men, women
and young children to walk to the Uinta Basin during the winter. On
the journey, the Utes suffered and there were many deaths from
starvation and cold. Black Hawk, who was the son of Sanpitch, a Ute
Indian Chief, realized his people had failed to get food and money
promised by the government. Black Hawk began attacking Mormon
settlements for horses and cattle. Many Utes, Paiutes, and Navajos
united and attacked towns.
Slide 31
THE BLACK HAWK WAR 1865-1868 Most of the attacks were in the
Sanpete and Sevier Valleys. Eventually Sanpitch was killed by the
Utah Militia, which made Black Hawk angrier. The largest massacre
of Indians occurred at Circleville when at least 16 unarmed men,
women and children were killed. There was brutality on both sides
with 50-70 settlers and 50-70 Indians being killed. Eventually
Black Hawk signed a peace treaty, and even toured Utah towns
explaining the terrible conditions of his starving people.
Slide 32
Black Hawk Brigham Young Sanpete Valley Sevier Valley
Slide 33
MINING IN THE UTAH TERRITORY Utah was rich in mineral ore, but
most of the deposits lay hidden in the ground for a long time. When
mining became a big industry, there were some mine owners who
became rich. There were also industries that were created from
mining the miners. The Bingham Canyon mine had gold, silver and
copper in it and was located on the east side of the Oquirrh
Mountains. It did not get mined until soldiers from Camp Douglas
started mining there.
Slide 34
MINING TOWNS General Connor set up a smelter to separate the
ore from minerals in the Tooele Valley. The town of Stockton, which
was Utahs first non- Mormon town was started on the west side of
the Oquirrh Mountains as a mining town. Ore was also found in Alta,
where the ski resorts of Alta and Snowbird are today. Park City had
deposits of silver, lead and gold. People from all over the world
came to mine there.
Slide 35
This map shows where minerals have been or are currently
located in Utah.
Slide 36
Bingham Canyon Mine Park City Alta Stockton, Utah
Slide 37
BUSINESS AND MANUFACTURING Farming was still the main
occupation in Utah, but as more people moved in other jobs were
created to meet the needs of the territory. Samuel Auerbach opened
a grocery store, a banking company and an Auerbach Department
Store. The Mormons started a store called ZCMI (Zions Cooperative
Mercantile Institution) which manufactured and distributed goods to
stores all over the territory. Brigham Young encouraged members of
the LDS Church to do business with LDS cooperatives and
stores.
Slide 38
ZCMI Salt Lake City ZCMI Sevier County ZCMI Franklin,
IdahoSpanish Fork Co-op