Solar hybrid power stations Reducing diesel fuel bills
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Key regions: Pacific
101 on solar / diesel hybrid power generation
• Diesel generator efficiency usually varies between 2 and 4 kWh / litre depending on size, loading and temperature.
• At $1.20/litre a mini-grid averaging 3.5 kWh / litre has a fuel cost of more than 34c / kWh.
• Medium to large scale PV installations typically have a levelised cost of energy of around 20-25c / kWh.
101 on solar / diesel hybrid power generation
• Small off-grid loads (lights and telecommunications) cheapest to replace diesel generation with PV and a battery bank.
101 on solar / diesel hybrid power generation
• For larger off-grid loads the lowest cost remote power generation option is now typically a diesel/PV hybrid.
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101 on solar / diesel hybrid power generation
• Cheapest configuration will depend on location, demand loads, age and efficiency of the existing generators etc.
101 on solar / diesel hybrid power generation
Three broad diesel/PV hybrid design options: • PV fuel-save (no battery storage, providing
~10% annual load contribution), • PV fuel-save plus (sometimes utilising a
small amount of battery storage, providing up to 25% annual load contribution), or
• PV primary (utilising a large amount battery storage, providing >50% annual load contribution).
‘PV fuel-save’
• Sized to supply about 30% of the average midday load. • Diesel generators run continuously. PV reduces their loading during the day. • No batteries or specialist integration equipment. • Lowest initial capital cost. • Reduce annual fuel bills by around 10%.
‘PV fuel-save plus’
• Intelligent control system that occasionally spills some PV output to ensure that the generators are kept sufficiently loaded.
• Diesel generators still run continuously, but over the year, the PV makes a much larger contribution.
• Sometimes include a small battery bank to optimise loadings.
‘PV primary’
• Large battery bank able to meet load with all generators off. • Relatively high integration costs • Highest annual contribution from renewable energy sources • Economically viable for smaller loads or where diesel costs are unusually
high or supply is uncertain.
Optimal PV / diesel hybrids systems are site specific
• Recent work undertaken by ITP showed that the PV primary option (which requires a large battery bank) had the lowest lifecycle cost for loads up to about 500 kWh per day.
• PV Primary now the lowest lifecycle cost for many small grids in Australia
• As the load increases above this, the PV fuel-save plus option had the lowest cost.
Achieving grid stability
Stability Issues
• Static Issues • Feeder capacity • Reverse power flow • Voltage rise / sag • Reactive power management • Harmonics
• Dynamic Issues • PV power output fluctuations
• Power quality (short term fluctuations) • Reserve generation requirements (longer term fluctuations) • Voltage flicker
• Fault behaviour
Static Solutions
• Reduce system size • Change transformer settings • Update relay settings • Replace transformers • Upgrade feeders • Require inverters with reactive power control
Dynamic Solutions
• Reduce system size • Install power limiting technology • SCADA and control systems • Generator dispatch strategy • Short term local storage • Short term central storage • Medium term storage (if insufficient spinning reserve)
NOTE: Power system modelling and control system design is vital to successful to solution
Today’s solution should keep in mind the long term goals
Investment Barriers
• Investors do not make electricity supply investment decisions based solely on Levelised Cost of Electricity. Short investment timeframes an issue (especially mining sector)
• Some perceive solar as a threat to reliability. • Power Purchase Agreements may help overcome
barriers, however, this approach has not yet lead to a project in the mining sector
• Support from ARENA seems likely to help demonstrate technology and novel financing arrangements.
Case Study 1 – Samoa. PV Fuel Save
Case Study 1 – Samoa. PV Fuel Save
• ~195,000 people • GDP per capita ~$6,300 USD • Two main islands, Savai’i and Upolu • 60% elec from diesel, 40% hydro
ITP + EPC + MFAT study into stability, penetration, land use, optimal design etc – aiming for large roll out of PV
Case Study 1 – Samoa. PV Fuel Save
• Medium to large scale grid connected systems
• Feasibility study, detailed design, tender docs and eval of 550kW grid-connected PV (EPC)
• 250kW roof-top grid-connected PV (MFAT)
• Feasibility, detailed design, tender doc eval and technical PM - total 2.35MW ground mount grid-connected PV (MFAT)
• Technical assistance for IPP project aiming for 4MW PV with storage (EPC)
• 100% renewable energy roadmap study completed (MFAT)
Case Study 2 – Tonga PV Fuel Save Plus
Case Study 2 – Tonga PV Fuel Save Plus
• ~15,000 people • Midday load ~ 650 kW • 2 x 600 kW, 1 x 300 kW, 2 x 186 kW
generators
Case Study 2 – Tonga PV Fuel Save Plus
• Uses SMA Fuel Save Controller
• Centralized 512 kWp PV system next to power station
• Generators loaded to a minimum of 30%
• Installation completed by Ingenero in November 2013
Case Study 3 – Tokelau. PV Primary
Case Study 3 – Tokelau. PV Primary
• ~1,400 people on three atolls • GDP per capita ~$1,000 USD • No significant land > 2m above sea level • Remote location: 24-hour voyage by sea
from the nearest island to Samoa. No air transport.
• Using NZ funding to pay for diesel
Case Study 3 – Tokelau. PV Primary
• ~1 MW of PV distributed across three atolls
• 2.5 days of battery storage • Existing generator grid
used • Systems installed in 2012,
providing >90% of atolls’ energy needs from solar power
• Total project cost was roughly NZD 8.5 million
Where to next – high penetration renewables?
• Capital cost of displacing diesel with a range of complementary renewable energy technologies is falling
• In most cases LCOE already better than diesel
• ITP was involved in a study of 100 per cent renewable energy for Samoa that showed a combination of hydro, wind, biomass, PV and short-term battery storage would minimize electricity cost and greatly increase % RE.
• The falling cost of battery storage in particular may soon lead to a paradigm shift away from diesel generation.
Conclusions
• Small amounts of intermittent RE does not require any network augmentation
• Larger amounts of RE will require solutions but storage is usually not the first choice
• Storage will be required when spinning reserve is not sufficient
• New grid architecture (i.e. Inverter formed grids) and storage are require for intermittent RE to make a significant contribution
RE only
Inverter control
Power quality storage
Diesel off storage
Other techs required
Load shifting storage
Southern Cross House, 6/9 McKay St, Turner, ACT PO Box 6127 O’Connor, ACT 2602 [email protected]
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IT Power Renewable Energy Consulting
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