SKRIPSI
MAULIDA RIZKIA UMROH
PENGARUH PVP K-30 TERHADAP
EFEKTIFITAS CAMPURAN LAKTOSA DAN
AVICEL PH 101 SEBAGAI PEMBAWA KEMPA
LANGSUNG (Pembuatan Dengan Metode Granulasi Basah)
PROGRAM STUDI FARMASI
FAKULTAS ILMU KESEHATAN
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
2015
ii
Lembar Pengesahan
PENGARUH PVP K-30 TERHADAP EFEKTIVITAS CAMPURAN
LAKTOSA DAN AVICEL PH 101 SEBAGAI PEMBAWA KEMPA
LANGSUNG
(Pembuatan Dengan Metode Granulasi Basah)
SKRIPSI
Dibuat untuk memenuhi syarat mencapai gelar Sarjana Farmasi pada
Program Studi Farmasi Fakultas Ilmu Kesehatan
Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang
2015
Oleh :
MAULIDA RIZKIA UMROH
NIM : 201110410311246
Disetujui Oleh :
Pembimbing I Pembimbing II
DR. H. Achmad Radjaram, Apt Dra. Uswatun Chasanah, M.kes., Apt
NIP UMM : 11407040448
iii
Lembar Pengujian
PENGARUH PVP K-30 TERHADAP EFEKTIVITAS CAMPURAN
LAKTOSA DAN AVICEL PH 101 SEBAGAI PEMBAWA KEMPA
LANGSUNG
(Pembuatan Dengan Metode Granulasi Basah)
SKRIPSI
Telah diuji dan dipertahankan di depan tim penguji
Pada 11 Juni 2015
Oleh :
MAULIDA RIZKIA UMROH
NIM : 201110410311246
Tim Penguji :
Penguji I Penguji II
DR. H. Achmad Radjaram, Apt Dra. Uswatun Chasanah, M.kes., Apt
NIP UMM : 11407040448
Penguji III Penguji IV
Drs. H. Achmad Inoni, Apt Arina Swastika M., S.Farm Ap
iv
KATA PENGANTAR
Segala puji syukur penulis panjatkan kehadirat Allah SWT atas segala
rahmat dan hidayah serta karunia-Nya, sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan
skripsi yang berjudul “Pengaruh Kadar PVP K-30 Terhadap Efektifitas
Campuran Laktosa dan Avicel PH 101 Sebagai Bahan Pembawa Kempa
Langsung (Pembuatan dengan metode granulasi basah)”.
Pada kesempatan yang berharga ini, penulis mengucapkan terima kasih
sebesar-besarnya kepada :
1. Bapak DR. H. Achmad Radjaram. Apt selaku dosen pembimbing I dan
Ibu Dra.Uswatun Chasanah, M.Kes., Apt. selaku dosen pembimbing II
atas saran, bimbingan, dan arahannya yang dengan sabar telah
meluangkan waktu untuk membimbing dan mengarahkan penulis.
2. Bapak Drs. Achmad Inoni,Apt selaku penguji I dan Ibu Arina Swastika
Maulita, S.Farm., Apt selaku penguji II atas saran dan kritik yang
diberikan sehingga penyusunan skripsi ini menjadi lebih baik.
3. Dosen wali yang telah membimbing serta mengarahkan studi
akademik selama 4 tahun, Ibu Arina Swastika M, S.Farm, Apt.
4. Bapak Yoyok Bekti Prasetyo,S.Kep, M.Kep, Sp.Kom selaku Dekan
Fakultas Ilmu Kesehatan Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.
5. Ibu Naylis Syifa’, S.farm, M.Sc, Apt. selaku Ketua Program Studi
Farmasi Fakultas Ilmu Kesehatan Universitas Muhammadiyah
Malang.
6. Ibu Sovia Aprina Basuki, S.Farm,Apt selaku Kepala Laboratorium
Program Studi Farmasi.
7. Yang tercinta Mama, Abah, Om, Tante, Adik dan Kakak serta seluruh
saudara saudari dan keluarga besar penulis atas support materiil dan
non materiil, doa, serta kasih sayang sehingga penulis dapat
menyelesaikan studi dan skripsi dengan baik.
8. Saudara-saudari yang ter-hits se kampus dua UMM, yang terbaik
teristimewa, Kakak Yulianita, Mimi Verga, Bili Nabiela, anak Lidya
sulbactam, kakak Soyichin, Handi Besar, Riza tinggi, Nana mungil,
v
Sakin-kin subhanallah, Apres dan Virgin, kak Icha ikan kudu, linda
kentir, sejoli gokil Tigor dan Yolla dll, Terimakasih telah membuat
penulis merasakan warna-warni dunia kuliah yang lebih seru daripada
Ftv.
9. Iddo Brian, yang ter-asik dalam segala hal. Terimakasih atas segala
support, bantuan 24/7, canda tawa, doa dan love supply yang lebih dari
cukup untuk penulis sehingga skripsi ini dapat terselesaikan.
10. Teman-teman kelompok skripsi solida co-processed excipient
merangkap paduan suara informal laboratorium: kakak Adisya, Fina,
Resty, Nanan, dan Irvan. Terimakasih sudah bersabar menghadapi ke-
tulalit-an dan kerjasama, support serta bantuannya dalam penelitian ini.
11. Semua teman-teman farmasi 2011 kelas A,B,C,D dan E Sakoplek,
kakak-kakak 2010, teman-teman farmasi 2012 (geng TELO) dan 2013
terimakasih atas dukungan dan suka duka yang sudah kita jalani
selama kuliah.
12. Orang-orang baik hati yang banyak membantu saat penulis
mengerjakan skripsi ini: Mr.Yonni, Mas Odi dan Kak Villa, Mas
nowval, Mas Dani, Mas Ferdi, Mas Pablo dll. Serta Pihak-pihak yang
tidak dapat disebutkan satu per satu yang telah memberikan bantuan
dan motivasi sehingga skripsi ini dapat terselesaikan.
Penulis menyadari bahwa masih banyak kekurangan yang terdapat
pada skripsi ini. Oleh karena itu penulis mengharapkan kritik dan saran yang
bersifat membangun dari berbagai pihak untuk kesempurnaan skripsi ini. Semoga
skripsi ini bermanfaat bagi semua pihak, khususnya bagi penulis dan para
pembaca pada umumnya.
Malang, 11 Juni 2015
Maulida Rizkia Umroh
x
DAFTAR ISI
HALAMAN JUDUL ............................................................................................ i
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN ................................................................................ ii
LEMBAR PENGUJIAN .................................................................................... iii
KATA PENGANTAR ....................................................................................... iv
RINGKASAN .................................................................................................... vi
ABSTRAK ....................................................................................................... viii
DAFTAR ISI ....................................................................................................... x
DAFTAR TABEL ............................................................................................ xiii
DAFTAR GAMBAR ....................................................................................... xiv
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ..................................................................................... xv
DAFTAR SINGKATAN ................................................................................. xvi
BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN .................................................................................. 1
1.1 Latar Belakang ................................................................................. 1
1.2 Rumusan Masalah ............................................................................ 4
1.3 Tujuan Penelitian .............................................................................. 4
1.4 Hipotesis ............................................................................................ 5
1.5 Manfaat Penelitian ............................................................................ 5
BAB 2 TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ....................................................................... 6
2.1 Tablet.............................................................................................. 6
2.1.1 Kempa Langsung ................................................................. 7
2.1.2 Granulasi Basah ................................................................... 8
2.1.3 Granulasi Kering.................................................................. 9
2.2 Paracetamol .................................................................................... 9
2.3 Tinjauan Tentang Eksipien ......................................................... 10
2.3.1 Eksipien Ko-proses ............................................................ 10
2.3.2Laktosa ................................................................................ 11
2.3.3Avicel.................................................................................. 13
2.3.4 polyvynilpyrrolidone (PVP K-30) ..................................... 14
2.4 Uji Mutu Fisik Granul ................................................................ 15
2.4.1 Uji Kecepatan Alir dan Sudut Istirahat .............................. 15
xi
2.4.2 Kompresibilitas .................................................................. 16
2.4.3 Uji Kandungan Lengas ...................................................... 17
2.4.4 Uji Kompaktibilitas ........................................................... 17
2.4.5 Distribusi Ukuran Partikel ................................................. 18
2.5 Uji Potensial Pengenceran .......................................................... 18
2.6 Uji Mutu Fisik Tablet ................................................................ 18
2.6.1 Uji Kekerasan Tablet.......................................................... 19
2.6.2Uji Kerapuhan Tablet ........................................................ 19
2.6.3Uji Waktu Hancur Tablet .................................................... 20
2.6.4Uji Keseragaman Bobot Tablet ........................................... 20
2.7 Permasalahan Pada Tablet .......................................................... 21
2.7.1Capping ............................................................................... 21
2.7.2 Lamination ......................................................................... 21
2.7.3Cracking ............................................................................. 21
2.7.4Sticking ................................................................................ 21
2.7.5Picking................................................................................. 21
BAB III KERANGKA KONSEPTUAL .......................................................... 22
3.1 Uraian Kerangka Konseptual ...................................................... 22
3.2 Alur Kerangka Konseptual .......................................................... 24
BAB IV METODE PENELITIAN .................................................................. 25
4.1 Bahan Penelitian.......................................................................... 26
4.2 Alat .............................................................................................. 26
4.3 Rancangan Penelitian .................................................................. 26
4.4 Metode Penelitian........................................................................ 28
4.4.1 Pemeriksaan Bahan Penlitian ............................................. 29
4.4.2 Pembuatan Granul Koproses Eksipien ............................... 30
4.4.3 Pembuatan Tablet Paracetamol Kempa Langsung ............ 30
4.4.4 Pemeriksaan Mutu Fisik Granul ........................................ 33
4.4.5 Pemeriksaan Mutu Fisik Tablet Kempa Langsung............ 35
4.5 Analisa Statistik .......................................................................... 35
xii
BAB V HASIL PENELITIAN ......................................................................... 36
5.1 Pemeriksaan Kualitatif Bahan Penelitian .................................. 36
5.1.1 Pemeriksaan Kualitatif Laktosa ......................................... 36
5.1.2 Pemeriksaan Kualitatif Avicel PH 101 .............................. 36
5.1.3 Pemeriksaan Kualitatif PVP K-30 ..................................... 37
5.1.4 Pemeriksaan Kualitatif Paracetamol .................................. 38
5.2 Pemeriksaan Mutu Fisik Granul Eksipien Ko-proses ................ 38
5.3 Pemeriksaan Mutu Fisik Tablet ................................................. 40
5.3.1Hasil Uji Kekerasan Tablet ................................................. 41
5.3.2Hasil Uji Kerapuhan Tablet ................................................. 42
5.3.3Hasil Uji Waktu Hancur Tablet............................................ 44
BAB VI PEMBAHASAN ................................................................................. 46
BAB VII KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN ......................................................... 52
7.1 Kesimpulan ................................................................................. 52
7.2 Saran ........................................................................................... 52
xiii
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel Halaman
II.1 Hubungan Kecepatan Alir dan Sifat Aliran Granul ....................................... 16
II.2 Hubungan Sudut Istirahat dan Daya Alir ....................................................... 16
II.3 Hubungan antara % kompresibilitas dan kemampuan aliran ......................... 17
II.4 Penyimpangan Bobot Rata-rata ...................................................................... 20
IV.1 Rancangan Formula Koproses Eksipien Kempa Langsung .......................... 27
IV.2 Rancangan Formula Tablet Parasetamol Kempa Langsung ......................... 27
V.1 Hasil Pemeriksaan Spektrum Inframerah Laktosa……..…………………... 36
V.2 Hasil Pemeriksaan Spektrum Inframerah Avicel PH 101..…………………. 37
V.3 Hasil Pemeriksaan Spektrum Inframerah PVPK-30……………………….. 37
V.4 Hasil Pemeriksaan Spektrum Inframerah Paracetamol………………………. 38
V.5 Hasil Pemeriksaan Mutu Fisik Granul Eksipien ko-proses…………………. 39
V.6 Hasil Uji Potensial Pengenceran Terhadap Mutu Fisik Tablet
Parasetamol Metode Kempa Langsung dengan Pengikat PVP K-30 3%...... 40
V.7 Kekerasan Tablet……………………………………………………………. 41
V.8 Hasil uji HSD Kekerasan Tablet……………………………………………. 42
V.9 Kerapuhan Tablet…………………………………………………………… 43
V.10 Hasil Uji HSD Kerapuhan Tablet…………………………………………. 43
V.11 Waktu Hancur Tablet……………………………………………………… 44
V.12 Hasil Uji HSD Waktu Hancur Tablet……………………………………… 45
xiv
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar Halaman
2.1 Struktur Kimia Paracetamol ............................................................................ 9
2.2 Struktur Kimia Laktosa ................................................................................... 12
2.3 Struktur Kimia Avicel ..................................................................................... 13
2.4 Struktur Kimia PVP K-30 ............................................................................... 14
2.5 Moisture Content Analyzer ............................................................................. 16
2.6 Alat Pencetak Tablet Hidrolik ......................................................................... 17
2.7 Sieve Shaker .................................................................................................... 18
2.8 Tablet Hardness Tester ................................................................................... 19
2.9 Friability Tester .............................................................................................. 19
2.10 Disintegration Tester .................................................................................... 20
3.1 Skema Kerangka Konseptual .......................................................................... 25
4.1 Skema Metode Penelitian ................................................................................ 28
4.2 Skema Pembuatan Granul ............................................................................... 31
4.3 Skema Pembuatan Tablet ................................................................................ 32
5.1 Grafik Distribusi Ukuran Granul……………………………………………. 39
5.2 Grafik Pengaruh Tekanan dan Kadar Bahan Pengikat Terhadap
Kompaktibilitas Tablet………………………………………………………. 40
5.3 Hubungan Kadar GranulTerhadap Kekerasan Tablet Parasetamol................. 41
5.4 Hubungan Kadar Granul Terhadap Kerapuhan Tablet Parasetamol………... 42
5.5 Hubungan Kadar Granul Terhadap Waktu Hancur Tablet Parasetamol…… 44
xv
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
Lampiran Halaman
1. Daftar Riwayat Hidup ..................................................................................... 58
2. Surat Pernyataan Bebas Plagiasi ..................................................................... 59
3. Sertifikat Analisis paracetamol ....................................................................... 60
4. Sertifikat Analisis PVP K-30 .......................................................................... 61
5. Sertifikat Analisis Laktosa .............................................................................. 62
6. Hasil FTIR Paracetamol .................................................................................. 63
7. Hasil FTIR Laktosa ......................................................................................... 65
8. Hasil FTIR Avicel PH 101 .............................................................................. 67
9. Hasil FTIR PVP K-30 ..................................................................................... 69
10. Tabel Gugus Fungsi FTIR ............................................................................... 71
11. Hasil Pemeriksaan Mutu Fisik Granul Eksipien Ko-Proses Dengan Bahan
Pengikat PVP K-30 ………………………………………………………….. 72
12. Pemeriksaan Mutu Fisik Tablet……………………………………………… 75
13. Hasil Analisis Statistik Kekerasan Tablet……………………………………. 78
14. Hasil Analisis Statistik Kerapuhan Tablet…………………………………… 81
15. Hasil Analisis Statistik Waktu Hancur Tablet………………………………. 84
16. Foto Granul Eksipien Ko-proses……………………………………………. 87
17. Foto Tablet Hasil Uji Potensial Pengenceran Dengan Berbagai Perbandingan
Komposisi……………………………………………………………………. 88
18. Daftar F Tabel……………………………………………………………….. 89
19. Tabel Konversi Mesh ...................................................................................... 90
xvi
DAFTAR SINGKATAN
PVP : Polivinilpirolidon
tan : tangen
cm : centimeter
g : gram
mg : mili gram
kg : kilogram
oC : derajat Celcius
MC : Moisture Content
53
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