So YoungSo Corrupt?
Muckraking the Sangguniang KabataanProcurement Process
Submitted By:Christoffer Allan A. Liquigan
To:Mr. Jalton Taguibao
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 11.1 Statement of the Problem and Obectives 31.2 Scope and Limitation 4
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED STUDY AND LITERATURE 52.1 Sangguniang Kabataan 52.2 Procurement Process 62.3 Corruption 122.4 Significance of the Study 14
CHAPTER III THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 153.1 Theoretical Framework 153.2 Conceptual Framework 163.3 Conceptual and Operational Definition3.4 Methodology
1720
CHAPTER IV DATA PRESENTATION and Analysis 214.1 Demography 214.2 Indexing, Carting and Coding of Data 224.3 Analysis of SK Procurement System4.4 Rigged Bidding or Bidding-Biddingan4.5 The Grease and the Machine4.6 Standard Operating Procedures (S.O.P)4.7 Contractors: Regaining Profit4.8 Changes
345052535557
CHAPTER VI CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 606.1 Conclusion 606.2 Recommendation 62
BIBLIOGRAPHY 63
APPENDICES 69
CA Arco Liquigan 2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to give thanks to these people who made this paper possible:
First and foremost, to our greatest creator, Almighty Father, the Supreme Being and theDivine Providence, Thanks for equipping me with the wisdom and knowledge I needed for thispaper;
To my parents, Maricar A. Liquigan and Ferdinand Allan A. Liquigan for always taking careof me kahit na parati akong puyat at pasaway. Salamat mama, dady;
To my siblings, Karizza Liquigan and Karmina Liquigan, who never failed to give me hopewhen there is none;
To Hao, I love you, no word is suffice to describe how much I love you, thank you for alwaysbeing there for me;
To Quezon City SK Federation President and City Councilor Alexis Grace R. Matias, herChief of Staff, Mrs. Binky Ramillo, Tito Willie, and the rest of the SK Fed Staff andPersonnel, guys, super thanks for letting me not to go to office habang ginagawa ko to. Alexis!,I’m sorry I wasn’t able to help you with our projects these past few months, hindi komagampanan ang pagiging Vice President ng Federation sa ngayon. Graduation mode muna.
To the Department of Social Sciences, my first home in the University;
To all my professors, thank you;
To Professor Jalton Taguibao, the cool adviser, rock on!;
To my block mates and batch mates;
To Geronimo Mangalus Jr, Jhea Ebal, Reighben Labilles and John Robert Go , kainumanbodies and for helping me with my problems, thanks pips!;
To GianBernardo Florendo, for our untimely conversations, and for always being there for meespecially when it comes to my depression. Thanks bro, you’re the best and will always be thebest!
To my respondents, them who must not be named, thanks alot;
To the Youth to whom I really dedicate this paper;
FOR THE TRUE PUBLIC SERVICE AND ACCOUNTABILITY!
CA Arco Liquigan 3
“
Where are the youths who will dedicate their innocence, their idealism, their enthusiasm
to the good of the country? Where are they who will give generously of their blood to
wash away so much shame, crime and abomination? Pure and immaculate must the
victim be for the sacrifice to be acceptable. Where are you young men and young women,
who are to embody in yourselves the life-force that has been drained from our veins, the
pure ideals that have grown stained in our minds, the fiery enthusiasm that has been
quenched in our hearts? We await you, come for what we await you!”
-Padre FlorentinoEl Filibusterismo
CA Arco Liquigan 4
Introduction
It has been decades since the formal establishment of the Sangguniang Kabataan
under the 1991 Local Government Code. And yet there are serious doubts whether it has
been able to mobilize the youth to help carry out the national vision and program. In
short, its very purpose to become the mainstream youth organization that government
envisioned it to be has been questionable.
The youth in our country as categorized falls with in the age brackets of 15-20
years old. With this age group, apparently, it is evident that they comprise a very dynamic
portion of our population. Their youthfulness, being energetic and lively, when tapped
may contribute a lot to our society; ergo, an important sector which when empowered
will give full meaning to our democracy.1
According to Concern Inc. Philippines, this portion of our population is “not only
the most dynamic but also essentially enlightened in the sense that these young people are
more receptive to democratic ideas which they would like to put in practice”.
These are the distinct advantages of the Sangguniang Kabataan in executing
programs that will equip them with the “ideological and political consciousness”, which
can easily be conveyed to the other sectors of society which in return will help them
acquire the necessary skills in voicing out ideas in their participation in decision making
and in the formulation of policies and programs which will give meaning and substance
to people empowerment.2
But the institution faces problems that the national public would like to address.
SK has been alleged to be the “breeding ground of corruption”, and movements have
been arising left and right calling for the abolition of the institution. This paper seeks to1 Tayag, N. (1992). Sangguniang Kabataan Primer Book 1. Manila: Mary Jo Educational Supply.
2 Abletez, J.P. (1996). Sangguniang Kabataan: The Youth in Service. C.C. Barredo Publishing House.
CA Arco Liquigan 5
look at the issue of Corruption in the Sangguniang Kabataan in a deeper indulgence.
Considering the factors, the agents and the rationale behind the anomalies will help us
better understand the conflict and to the least determine solutions to unravel the problem.
In the Philippine political discussions, there are a number of materials on
Philippine Corruption. The exposes of corruption is an important part of our system of
political competition. In the Philippine system, the Political “outs” are the one’s who are
eager to expose the corruption of the political “ins”. But then, there has been no
methodical approach by politicians because once their back in the game, becoming once
again a political “in”, they can’t just voice out how corruption subsists. No one admits
their bad, especially in this arena.
Joel Rocamora in his article “Introduction Corruption in the Philippines: A
Beginner’s guide. Corruption is “like cancer: it is difficult to identify the exact pattern of
expansion of corrupt practice”.3
According to Rocamora:
It is easier to describe what it looks like once it has spread, plus some of
the reasons why cancer spread. Corruption is not just an individual act.
More often than not, it is a series of acts by several officials because of
the interlocking nature of government decision making and the need to
keep corrupt acts with in a discrete circle. In addition, a corrupt group
usually has other centers clustering around it because any set of corrupt
actions generates opportunities for other corrupt actions and the cluster
of groups can benefit from working with each other.4
Muckracking is the exposition of corruption in its different forms. Understanding
corruption is not all about knowing how they do it, but also regards how they manage to
3 Rocamora, J. (1998). Introdution Corruption in the Philippines: A Beginner's Guide. Pork and other Perks: Corruption and Governance in the Philippines, 10-13.4 Ibid.
CA Arco Liquigan 6
get away. In this research, I’m on my greatest hopes of creating a longstanding study
illustrating the necessity at this time that we should do something more serious and
effective in off-putting or eliminating corruption in the country.
Research Problem
What are the anomalies and irregularities in the procurement system of the Sangguniang
Kabataan , who are the actors, and which part of the system do these irregularities occur?
General Objective
To determine the forms, process, actors and ways on how corruption occurs in the
procurement system in the Sangguniang Kabataan.
Specific objectives
1. To determine the ways on how anomalies and irregularities happen in SK in the
Barangay level.
2. To determine on which parts of the procurement process in the SK these
irregularities occur.
3. To determine the most common forms of fraudulent practices made in the SK
4. To determine the agents of these practices in the SK Barangay level.
5. To provide an alternative solution to eradicate such conflicts in the SK.
CA Arco Liquigan 7
Scope and Limitations
This paper aims to identify the forms, ways and processes on how anomalies and
irregularities occur in the Procurement in the Sangguniang Kabataan.
The study is limited only to the Sangguniang Kabataan. Data will basically be
sourced from personal perception of SK Chairpersons and the accredited contractors on
how they think corruption occurs in the procurement in SK.
The problem that the researcher might encounter is the participation from the
subjects. Corruption is a very controversial issue, and we can not take away the fear of
the subjects to become exposed in light that their answers may render illegal practices
that people around them or those themselves have practiced. Their answers may be
altered by these facts given the preconceived notion that these in formations may be used
against them. So for the purposes of keeping the information disclosed, identities of the
subjects will be kept anonymous.
Another problem would be access to information with regard to the usage of the
SK funds. These are public documents, but access to them is strictly limited.
Furthermore, it would be costly to study all SK Chairpersons and all enlisted
dealers; therefore, samples will only be taken as representatives of the population.
Due to the sensitivity of the research subject, which could expose or incriminate a
Political Institution bodying the youth, the respondents may not have fully detached
themselves from the physical or professional risks involved, despite the assurances of the
researcher. Thus, the objectivity of some of their answers may have been affected by the
fear of reprisal.
CA Arco Liquigan 8
VI. Review of Related Literature
What is the Sangguniang Kabataan?
The Sangguniang Kabataan (SK) is the governing body in every chapter of the
Katipunan ng Kabataan (KK) in the Barangay. The KK is the basic political unit of the
SK, where the proposals and programs, affairs and concerns are encouraged or given due
course. The KK shall comprise of the broadest youth group in the barangay. Among the
KK members, they elect the SK Officials: seven council members ( Kagawad) and one
Chairperson. The Chairman of the Sangguniang Kabataan acts as the Chief Executive of
the Sanggunian while the Kagawad as the legislative council. The Kagawads approve
resolutions of the Sanggunian and appropriates the money allotted to the council, a share
in the revenue of the Barangay.5
The Sangguniang Kabataan is the youth legislature in every local village or
community. It is formerly known as the Kabataang Barangay (KB), which was formed as
a national propaganda under Former President Ferdinand Marcos administration in the
mid-1970s. It initiates policies, programs and projects for the development of youth in
their respective political territories.
Where does SK fund come from?
Section 329 (RA 7160). Barangay Funds. All income of the barangay derived
from whatever source shall accrue to its general fund and shall, at the option of the
barangay concerned, be kept as trust fund in the custody of the city or municipal
treasurer or be deposited in a bank, preferably government-owned, situated in or nearest
to its area of jurisdiction. Such funds shall be disbursed in accordance with the
provisions of this Title. Ten percent (10%) of the general fund of the barangay shall be
set aside for the Sangguniang Kabataan (SK).6
5 Abletez, J.P. (1996). Sangguniang Kabataan: The Youth in Service. C.C. Barredo Publishing House.6 Congress of the Philippines. ”Republic Act 9164”. 19 march 2002
CA Arco Liquigan 9
“The Sangguniang Barangay shall appropriate the Sangguniang Kabataan fund
in lump sump. The Sangguniang Kabataan shall have fiscal autonomy in its operations
as to disbursements and encashment of their income and expenses.”7
Related Studies
What are the external factor affecting the SK’s performance? – The support from
the local government officials, particularly barangay officials. Researchers found out that
the most effective SK members are those who receive support from the local government,
including barangay officials. However, one of the findings of the study shows that
“barangay officials in some areas are overly controlling when it comes to approving SK
projects”. This maybe because the barangay officials impose their ideas of what the youth
need, or of what the SK is supposed to do.” That is why the SK National Executive Board
presented as one of the provisions of the SK Reform bill the fiscal autonomy of the
Sangguniang Kabataan in the barangay. 8
Procurement System:
What is Procurement?
Procurement refers to the acquisition of Goods, Consulting Services, and the
contracting for Infrastructure Projects by the Procuring Entity. Procurement also includes
the charter of goods and real estate.9
The procurement in the Philippines should be guided by the following principles
in accordance with Article 1 Section 3 of the Philippine Government Procurement
Reform Act (GPRA):
7 Congress of the Philippines. ”Republic Act 9164”. 19 march 20028 UP-CIDS. ”Study on Impact of the Youth Participation in the Local Development Process: the Sangguniang Kabataan Experience”. Quezon City,Philippines.(2006).9 Congress of the Philippines. “Republic Act 9184”. The Government Procurement Reform Act. 22 July 2002
CA Arco Liquigan 10
a) Transparency in the procurement process and in the implementation of procurement
contracts.
b) Competitiveness by extending equal opportunity to enable private contracting parties
who are eligible and qualified to participate in public bidding.
c) Streamlined procurement process that will uniformly apply to all government
procurement. The procurement process shall be simple and made adaptable to advances
in modern technology in order to ensure an effective and efficient method.
d) System of accountability where both the public officials directly or indirectly involved
in the procurement process as well as in the implementation of procurement contracts and
the private parties that deal with government are, when warranted by circumstances,
investigated and held liable for their actions relative thereto.
e) Public monitoring of the procurement process and the implementation of awarded
contracts with the end in view of guaranteeing that these contracts are awarded pursuant
to the provisions of this Act and its implementing rules and regulations, and that all these
contracts are performed strictly according to specifications.
Further, to systematize the procurement process, avoid confusion and ensure
transparency, the procurement process, including the forms to be used, the Procurement
Process and forms has been standardized, pursuant to Article 1 section 6 of RA 9184.
For this purpose, the Government Procurement Policy Board shall pursue the
development of generic procurement manuals and standard bidding forms, the use of
which once issued shall be mandatory on all Procuring Entities.
CA Arco Liquigan 11
Legal and institutional framework
A comprehensive act governing public procurement, the Philippine Government
Procurement Reform Act (GPRA), was passed in 2003. This law, governed with its
implementing rules and regulations, standardizes public procurement conducted at all
government levels, as well as by state-owned or state-controlled companies. The
framework covers the procurement process from planning to implementation. 10
The procurement itself, from needs assessment to implementation, is conducted
by the individual government departments, offices, or agencies. Bids and awards
committees are established within each procuring entity to conduct the procurement
proceedings. The procurement act also established the Government Procurement Policy
Board (GPPB). This central body defines policies, implementing regulations, and
standard documents; produces guidelines and manuals; and oversees the training
conducted by procuring agencies.
Procurement methods and procedures
The Philippines’ procurement act designates competitive bidding as the standard
procurement method. Exceptions are permitted under conditions enumerated in the law
and predetermined in more detail in implementing regulations. No particular institutional
mechanisms exist that would normally subject the list of exceptionally permitted methods
to a review. 11
Procuring agencies are required to publish bidding schedules twice in nationwide
media to attract the greatest possible number of dealers, to help avoid involvements and
failure of bidding. The Internet is also widely used for announcing procurement
opportunities, and the Government is expanding this medium with the aim of enhancing
transparency. Further mechanisms to ensure transparency includes the development of
10 Asian Development Bank, (2006). Country Reports: Systems for Curbing Corruption in Public Procurement: Progress and Challenges in 25 Countries. P. 9311 Ibid.
CA Arco Liquigan 12
standard bidding and contract documents to make it practical. The use of these documents
has been compulsory.
To ensure the transparency of the bid opening, to monitor if bids have been
altered or destroyed, has to take place in public at a predefined place and time. The law
does not require bid opening right after the submission period, a requirement that is
generally considered to preserve fraudulent alterations of bids during the time between
the deadline for submission and the opening of bids.
In choosing a bidder, the procurement law sets down the selection of the eligible
bidder that has submitted the cheapest possible offer for the goods and works.
Safeguarding and enforcing integrity
The Philippines has not yet adopted a specific code of conduct for officials in
public procurement that takes into consideration the particular corruption risks in this
field, which makes the general law on the conduct of public officials applicable to
procurement personnel. This law does address issues such as conflict of interest and the
acceptance of gifts by public officials in the process. The Philippine procurement law
however tried to provide institutional means to prevent frauds in public procurement.
Decisions throughout the procurement process are made by panels composed of five to
seven officials. 12
Also, civil society organizations are permitted to monitor all stages of the
procurement process, and the Philippine Government has been encouraging the
involvement of civil society in the monitoring of project implementation.
No particular measures were reported to safeguard integrity among bidders and
their staff. Sanctions and Penalties are the main means of the government to safeguard
and enforce integrity. The Philippine procurement law itself establishes sanctions for
12 Asian Development Bank, (2006). Country Reports: Systems for Curbing Corruption in Public Procurement: Progress and Challenges in 25 Countries. Asian Development Bank. P. 94
CA Arco Liquigan 13
procurement specific corruption, in addition to offenses established by the Philippine
penal code. These offenses cover public officials as well as suppliers’ staff. Civil liability
is linked to conviction for these acts.
To sanction the contractor that profits from corruption in public procurement, the
procurement act also provides for ineligibility. It empowers the head of a procuring entity
to exclude a bidder for one or two years from public bidding as a penalty for providing
false information or unduly influencing the procurement process. The law does not
specify whether the exclusion decision has any consequences for public bidders by other
procuring entities. Blacklisted contractors are listed on the GPPB website.
As regards the prosecution of corruption in public procurement, no reporting
duties for public officials exist at this time, nor does a protection mechanism for those
who come forward and report corruption in the procurement process or in a particular
agency. Efforts to enact comprehensive whistleblower protection legislation or a reward
system are ongoing but have not yet resulted in a law.
Irregularities and corruption may also be detected in the course of complaint
procedures. Such procedures, which may also help reinforce bidders’ trust in the fairness
of the procedures, exist at the administrative level and, if administrative solutions are not
enough, through the judiciary. A non-refundable protest fee, amounting to 1% of the
contract value, must be paid to trigger the administrative review procedure.13
Aside from complaints by upset bidders, which may lead to the detection of
corruption in a procurement process, procuring entities are subject to audit. In addition,
observers from civil society are encouraged to develop and submit their own monitoring
reports. These reports, which may be sent to the Office of the Ombudsman, evaluate
whether an individual procuring entity did abide by the rules.
Problems of Procurement System
13 Congress of the Philippines. ”Republic Act 9164”. 19 march 2002
CA Arco Liquigan 14
Philippines Procurement Watch Inc
Monitoring of the Procurement of Local Government Units based on the
implementing Rules and Regulations of the Government Procurement Reform Act.
Problems of delays, collusion, lack of transparency, excessive use of discretionary
criteria, and lack of competition have long overwhelmed government procurement of
goods, consulting services and infrastructure projects. These problems have led to
rampant fraudulent practices and have increased the costs of doing business for both the
government and the private sector. Given the rising concerns over and pressing need to
combat graft and corruption in the public sector, reforming the public procurement
process is very timely. 14
Public procurement used to be governed by a number of laws, regulations and
procedures, which led to lack of transparency in the bidding of government contracts.
There was Presidential Decree No. 1594, the basic law on the procurement of works or
infrastructure projects, Executive Order (EO) No. 164 for procurement of consulting
services, and EO 262 for procurement of goods, which were being followed by the
national government agencies (NGAs).15
Although EO 40 was issued in CY 2001 to consolidate the three mentioned
procurement laws into just one, EO 40 only covered the pre-procurement and bidding and
award parts of the process. For the contract implementation phase, the pertinent
provisions of the three procurement laws were still in effect. Adding to the already
confusing environment, the local government units (LGUs) followed a different set of
procurement rules covered under republic Act No. 7160 or the Local Government Code
of the Philippines.
14 Agulhas, N., & (2006). 2006 Asian Regional Forum and Effectiveness Implementation, Monitoring and Evaluation: Procurement Reform in the Philippines.Manila.15 Ibid.
CA Arco Liquigan 15
The passage of RA 9184 laid the legal foundation for changing the whole public
procurement process. The GPRA applies to the three procurement types, namely,
infrastructure projects, goods, and consulting services, and covers both NGAs and
LGUs.16
Corruption
Corruption is often referred to as the use of government powers to cater one’s
own desire. It is a misuse of power to detriment the proposed purpose to be able to pursue
personal gains. Bribery, nepotism, graft, and patronage are only few of the forms of
corruption manifested on governments around the world.
Writings on corruption often limit it to actions of public officials. Like for
instance, corruption may pertain to a behavior of public officials which diverges from
accepted norms to serve personal gains. Some describes it as a practice of using power in
pursuing personal gains in not following laws.17
The most common definition of corruption that used by the World Bank and other
organizations, is “the abuse of public power for private gain”18. This definition can be
general, depending on how broadly one interprets “public power” and “private gain”.
Rose Hackerman19 gives a definition that is suited mostly to bribes: “an illegal payment
to a public agent to obtain a benefit that may or may not be deserved in the absence of
payoffs”.
As is evident from the above example, the typical definition of corruption
involves the notion of the “public” in a fundamental sense. For this reason it is customary
to regard the main locus of corruption as government and as invariably involving public
16 Congress of the Philippines. ”Republic Act 9164”. 19 march 200217 Coronel, S.S (1998). Pork and other Perks: Corruption and Governance in the Philippines. Philippine Center For Ivestigative Journalism.18 World Bank [1997a] World development report: the state in a changing world. NewYork: Oxford University Press.19 Rose-Ackerman [1998]. “Corruption and Development”, Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics, Washington: The World Bank.
CA Arco Liquigan 16
officials. Some recent usage, however, also speaks of “private corruption” as occurring in
business firms, or as it deals with organized crime. Some examples are overpricing
practiced by supply managers, excessive charging of personal bills at company expense,
and so on.
Corruption by type or object of transaction.
There are various ways to list the objects of corrupt transactions. Examples are
when parties can purchase from a politician, such as: government contracts, government
benefits, public revenues, time-saving and regulatory avoidance, influencing outcomes of
the legal and regulator process.20
Rose-Ackerman21 proposes the following list of types or objects of corrupt
transactions: (a)bids, purchases, and auctions; (b) sale of policies and rules; (c) rules-
evasion; (d) bureaucratic or political facilitation; (e) bureaucratic or political harassment;
(f) political favors and support.
1. Bids, purchases, and auctions
Bid-rigging, overpricing, over-purchasing
2. Sale of policies, laws, and regulations
Changes in ownership rules
3. Rules evasion
Customs-releases; tax evasion; bribes to cops
4. Bureaucratic or political facilitation
Queue-jumping; “grease money”
20 Rose-Ackerman [1998]. “Corruption and Development”, Annual World Bank Conference onDevelopment Economics, Washington: The World Bank.21 Ibid.
CA Arco Liquigan 17
5. Bureaucratic or political harassment
“AC-DC”; proxy wars; tax harassment
6. Political favour or support
Nepotism; vote-rigging
Significance of the Research
The Sangguniang Kabataan is the only institution in the South East Asia where
the youth is given direct representation in the government. The set-up may discern the
governance over the over-all population and the governance over the youth. The Filipino
youth comprises 30% of the entire Philippine population notifying the importance of the
institution.
Addressing the issue of corruption in the institution may bring forth better
organization of the Sangguniang Kabataan. It may incur development not only of its
system but of its constituents as well. With the gaining fame for movements seeking for
the abolition of the institution, this paper however, into a certain extent, may provide a
venue for a better option of addressing the problem. This may further lead to an
amelioration of the institution in complying with the expectations of the country. Looking
at both sides of the inquiry will lead to a more synergistic approach to the study.
CA Arco Liquigan 18
Theoretical Framework
The institutional approach will serve as the theoretical approach of the study.
Because we are dealing with an institution, it is best to look at it as a social structure: an
institution. Institutional analysis studies how institutions, the structures, the function of
the individuals with in the system in accordance with the governing empirical rule,
informal rules and or norms and the law. This analysis looks on how institutions function
in practice and the effects of these institutions on society.
Institutional theory attends to the deeper and more resilient aspects of social
structure. It considers the processes by which structures, including schemas; rules, norms,
and routines, become established as authoritative guidelines for social behavior. It
inquires into how these elements are created, diffused, adopted, and adapted over space
and time; and how they fall into decline and disuse.
For the purposes of this study, the researcher will be using a more specific
institutional approach, the New Institutionalism. New Institutionalism recognizes that
institutions operate in an environment consisting of other institutions, called the
institutional environment. Every institution is influenced by the broader environment (or
in simpler terms institutional peer pressure). In this environment, the main goal of
organizations is to adapt. In order to do so, they need to do more than succeed
economically; they need to establish legitimacy within the relations of institutions. Peer
pressure comprises a set of group dynamics whereby a group in which one feels
comfortable may override personal habits, individual moral inhibitions or desires to
impose a group norm of attitudes and behaviors.
CA Arco Liquigan 19
Conceptual Framework:
The Procurement Process may be done in its legal and lawful process or in a
fraudulent way. In the illegal process, fraudulent practices may take place between the
Contractor and the Barangay Mother Council. This is where the parties set the transaction
for procuring the SK Funds. The Political Power of the Mother Council and the Profit
Driven orientation of the contractor lead to the anomalies to subsist. The SK Council,
under the stern control of the Barangay Mother Council enters to the Procurement
process. The Sangguniang Kabataan Council however has its own funds and has the
power to solely administer over it. The pressure of higher officials to the SK to act in
accordance with the practices made by that of the mother council becomes a factor why
corruption is transmitted to the Sanggunaing Kabataan.
CA Arco Liquigan 20
Barangay Mother Council
Contractor/dealerFraudulent Practices
Procurement
Procurement of SK Funds IrregularitiesAnomalies
SK Council
Fraudulent Procurement Process
Legal Procurement Process
Stern ControlAnd
Pressure
The Process of Procuring the SK Fund produces forms of Corruption as off-shoots
of the system. The forms of Corruption manifested in the Mother Barangay Council differ
from that of the with the dealers. This is due to the nature of work and intent of
corruption marking. The nature of these practices depends upon the purpose why it is
done. It may be to expedite the processing of documents or to be able to get the project or
business.
Operational Definitions
1. Corruption- "It is the misuse of a public office for personal gain"22. Corruption
may be categorized in two ways: individualized or systemic23. Individual
corruption is where a person performs a secret moneymaking act in relation to his
duties as public official or government employee. While systemic corruption is
committed in an agency where "corruption has become so regularized and
institutionalized that organizational supports back wrong-doing and actually
penalizes those who live up to the old norms"24. It is "demonstrated when
bureaucrats and clients can describe the same illegal process, including such
details as bribery rates per service and the way these are shared among the
members of the syndicate throughout the agency. Those with “initiative” and
“daring” share the largesse with their colleagues with less opportunities, thus
engulfing everyone in an administrative culture that tolerates, even idolizes, the
fruits of corruption"25.
22 Klitgaard, 1995 As quoted in Sosmena, Gaudioso 1999 Concept of Bureaucratic Sedition. Vol II No.6. NDCP Occasional paper 23 Carino, Ledivina V., 1985 The Politicization of the Philippine Bureaucracy: Corruption or Commitment?, International Review of Administrative Sciences: A Journal of Comparative Public Administrations No.1 1985. P.1524 Caiden, Gerald and Naomi, 1977 Administrative Corruption. As quoted in Carino, Ledivina V. 1985. International Review of Administrative Sciences: A Journal of Comparative Public Administrations No.1 1985. P. 30625 Carino, Ledivina V., 1985 The Politicization of the Philippine Bureaucracy: Corruption or Commitment?, International Review of Administrative Sciences: A Journal of Comparative Public Administrations No.1 1985. P.15
CA Arco Liquigan 21
2. Barangay Mother Council- the Barangay Mother Council consists of A Barangay
Captain and 7 Barangay Kagawads (Councilors), the SK chairperson of the
Sangguniang Kabataam serves as the ex-officio in the council giving him/her the
same power, duties and function the Barangay kagawad entails.
3. Contractor- these are corporations, entrepreneur who are agents for the
procurement process.
4. Sangguniang Kabataan Council- the Sangguniang Kabataan is the youth
legislature in every local village or community. The Chairman of the Sangguniang
Kabataan acts as the Chief Executive of the Sanggunian (Council) while the
Kagawad (Councilor) serves as the legislative council.
5. Sangguniang Kabataan Funds- ten percent (10%) of the total budget of the
Barangay shall be allocated to the Sangguniang Kabataan Council, in which they
shall exercise full fiscal autonomy over the funds.
6. Bureaucratic Corruption — is "defined as a dysfunctional and pathological act
that negates the accomplishment of its constitutional mandate of promoting public
interest"26
7. Forms of procurement anomalies27
a. Lagay or Pampadulas — also known as SOP, commission, porsyento, for
the boys, etc. This is "grease money" given to the procurement official by
the dealer to facilitate the processing of documents or as a return favor for
a project given.
b. Tong — extortion or money demanded by the procurement official to a
dealer to facilitate the processing of documents.
c. Negotiated canvass or nego — an arrangement made by the dealer and the
procurement official to manipulate a canvass method of procurement to
ensure that the purchase order would be "won" by the said dealer. This is
26 Sosmena, Gaudioso, 1999 Concept of Bureaucratic Sedition. Vol II No.6. NDCP Occasional paper 27 These are lifted definitions from the research paper of Senator Trillanes. His definitios are best unaltered so no changes were made. (Trillanes, A.F. (2002). Corruption in the Philippine Navy Provurement System. Diliman, Philippines: University of the Philippines National College of Public Administration and Governance.)
CA Arco Liquigan 22
done by giving all the canvass papers of a certain project to the favored
dealer. Thus, effectively depriving other interested dealers.
d. Rigged bidding or bidding-biddingan — an arrangement made by the
dealer and the procurement official/s to manipulate a public bidding
method of procurement to ensure that the purchase order would be "won"
by the said dealer. This is done by the collusion between all the attending
bidders, which include the favored dealer, and the Bids and Awards
Committee.
e. Ghost delivery or conversion — the process in which government funds
allocated through budget releases are "converted" into cash. This is done
by preparing procurement documents taken from either a negotiated
canvass or a rigged bidding, then, instead of delivering the items stated in
the purchase order, the dealer would deliver the cash equivalent of the
goods in the purchase order, less certain percentages for the dealer's profit.
f. Over-pricing- to cover for the additional expenses incurred by the lagay,
the dealers and procurement official mutually agree on setting the price,
which are way above the authorized limits.
g. Under delivery — again to cover for the additional expenses incurred by
the lagay, the dealers and procurement official mutually agree that the
quantity of the delivery will be lower than the one specified in the
purchase order.
h. Substitution — to circumvent certain prohibitions of the law, specifically
the General Appropriations Act, where certain gov't agencies have no
capital outlay and, therefore, cannot buy equipment, the dealer and the
procurement official mutually agree to deliver items other than those
stated in the purchase order.
CA Arco Liquigan 23
Methodology
The researcher will be using the following methods in obtaining data for the
development of the study: A focus group discussion to acquire the personal perception on
the concept of corruption (forms, process and ways), and review of past studies related to
the topic. It may be difficult to interview the 12 respondents all in one sitting, so they will
be divided into smaller groups of 2 members each. Interviews on groups with only 2
members will make data gathering handy and more substantial.
Cluster random sampling will be used by the researcher in deciding the number of
SK Chairpersons who will be participating in the interviewes. This type of sampling is
going to be used to ensure that the different Chairpersons, in the case of the districts of
QC, will be equally represented in the sample. For the purposes of the research, 3 of the
population of each district will be interviewed, yielding a total of 12 respondents. A
descriptive analysis table designed by Krueger and Casey (2000)28 will be used in
organizing the gathered data.
Data shall be consolidated into matrixes, bar graphs and diagram to better show
their significance. With the aid of these tools, relationships: dichotomies and organization
can be better explained.
Data will be analyzed in light of the concepts of Phenomenology. Where in
bracketing and eidetic reduction would provide a very big aid to the researcher. Since the
researcher is part of the institution, it would bring about soundness and fairness to the
28 Krueger RA & Casey MA (2000) Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research, 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
CA Arco Liquigan 24
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
male
female
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
highschool
college
out of schoolyouth
study if the researcher will suspend all of his ideologies and notions when engaging with
the topic and let the data be perceived as what it is. Furthermore, it will make the study
more effective if raw data will be explained and analyzed thoroughly with out prior
impartiality.
Data Presentation and Data Analysis
Table 1: Demographic Data of Respondents (N=20)
Diagram 1. Graph of Demographic Data per Sex
Diagram 1. Graph of Demographic Data per Educational Attainment
CA Arco Liquigan
Demographic Data Number Frequency (%)Sex
Male
Female
6
6
50%
50%AgeEducational Attainment
High School
College
Out of School Youth
1
9
2
8.33%
75%
16.67%
25
Table 2.a Text Transcribed during the Process of Developing and Writing a paperregarding Barangay Corruoption and the Procurement Process.(Respondents: SKchairpersons): indexing and charting stage.
Line number Transcription Code*1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38.
I: In your opinion, is the Sangguniang Kabataan beingadministered with honesty and justice?Respondent 1 (Male): Yes.Respondent 2: (Female) Yes.Interviewer: paano ninyo po nasabi?Respondent 2: kasi pantay pantay naman yung mga members,tsaka may systema parin naman siya. Tuloy tuloy parin.I: so nagagawa ninyo parin ung mandates ninyo?Respondent 1 (Male): YesI: do you undergo procurement process?Respondent 1 (Male): Yes.Respondent 2: (Female) Yes.I: Sa procurement di po ba kumukuha po kayo ng contractor?R1: oo.R2. oo.I: kamusta naman po?R1:medyo minsan maguloR2: ConflictR1: Mahirap talagaI: bakit po siya mahirap?R1: kasi maraming dumarating, R2: may inooferR1: may inoofer yung kapitan mo, tapos may kung sino sinongcontractor na lumalapit, nahihirapan ka kung sino yung pipiliinmo kasi lahat gusto mong bigyan.I: so basically, sa kapitan madalas nang gagaling ungcontractor?R2: kapitan yung nagpapakilala sa contractor, kasi walanamang kilala ang mga SK.I: so ung gusto ng kapitan iyon ang nasusunod?R2: depende rinI: sa pagkuha ba ng contractor do you undergo bidding?R1: minsanR2: for formality langI: panung for formality lang?R2: biding-bidinganI: ano pong nangyayari sa biding bidingan?R2: nagbibiding, pero sila sila rin
CA Arco Liquigan 26
39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84.
R1: may mga contractor, tapos pipiliin nila kung sino ungpinaka mababa. Pero yung mga contractor na yun sa kanila rinyun, kumbaga, kunwari lang,I: so yun ang ginagawa to get the deal?R1: ooI: have you ever helped a contractor win a deal?R1: hindi, kasi nga magkakakilala sila eI: so sa pagkuha ninyo ng contractor, may nakukuha ba kayongincentive mula sa kanila?R2: meronI: anu po?R1: as usual, R2: ung S.O.PI: anu ung S.O.P na yun?R1: di ba may project ka?R2: percentageR1: automatic na yun, na may makukuha ka, halimbawa sa150,000, 20% nun.I: so 20% ng 150,000 automatic iyo na iyon. O nagiiba iba payung 20% na iyon?R2; depende sa contractor mu yun e, may mga galante nanagbibigay sa iyo ng mataas,I: so in form of a cash yun ung 20% na yun?R2: ooI: do you consider the procurement process transparent?R2: parang hindi namanI: sa mga projects ninyo na nagpapurchase kayo, meron pobang pagkakataon na ung mga items na binigay sa inyo kulang?R2: depende din yun eh, minsan talaga may mga maeencounterkang mga contractor na ganon, na tinitipid kaI: paanong tinitipid po? Bakit tinitipid?R2: strategy nila malamang para makatipid din silaR1: para mas malaki yung kita nilaI: Kanino ninyo po inaatribute yung kakulangan sa mga gamitna yun?R1: sa SK council,R2: hinde, sa contractor yunI: yung mother council walang kinalaman dun?R1:walaR2: meronR1: usapan ng sk yun e, between sk and contractor yun ehR2: samin pwedeng mother council, may mga pakilamera, maymga barangay kasing ganun ehI: nakikialam yung kapitan?I: Sa tingin ninyo ba, corruption occurs in the procurementprocess?
CA Arco Liquigan 27
85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115.
R1: oo naman, kasi may lagayan yun eI: maliban sa S.O.P at lagayan, may mga naencounter pabakayong anomalous dealings?R1: wala namanR2: ako wala namanI: sa mga gawaing iyan, may mga alam ba kayong nahuli?R2: walaR1: wala pa namanI: do you think may magbabago pa sa sistema na ito?R2: meron paR1: meron namanI: Anu ung dapat gawin sa kanya?R2: siyempre pangungurakotI: mismong proseso na yung dapat baguhin?R2: ooI: sa tingin ninyo ba dapat may mas makapangyarihan pa nainstitusyon para mapigilan yung mga ganito?R2: siguro mas maganda na magsimula na sa ganito, di nakailangan pa ng ibaR1: oo naman, pero depende narin naman kasi sa mothercouncil e, kung kaya na ng mother council, mother council nalang.I: do you consider the contractors corrupt?R1: medyo namanI: bakit medyo naman?R1: kasi trabaho nila yan e, dahil kailangan nilang kumitaR2: pero wag lang silang aabusoI: do you consider your mother council corrupt?R2: ooR1: ooI: do you consider your SK council corrupt?R1: noR2: noI: do you consider yourself corrupt?R1 and R2: noI: to whom do you attribute corruption then?R1 and R2: mother council, sila masusunod, sila bosing eR2: Kasi mas alam nila yung ginagawa nila
CA Arco Liquigan 28
116. 117. 118. 119. 120. 121. 122.
Table 2.b. Text Transcribed during the Process of Developing and Writing a paperregarding Barangay Corruoption and the Procurement Process.(Respondents: SKchairpersons): indexing and charting stage.
Line number Transcription Code*
CA Arco Liquigan 29
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46.
I: sa tingin ninyo po ba ang sangguniang kabataan aynapamumunuan with honesty and justice?R1(Female): yesR2( Male): yesI: sa tingin nyo po bakit?R1: kasi ako yung leader eI: so nagagawa ninyo naman po yung mandates sa inyo ngbatasR1: ooI: ano po ba yung main purpose ng SK?R1: to serve the youthI: to serve the youth…I: sa inyo po, sa inyong pananaw?R2:ah, syempre to serve the youth din.I: ganun po ba, dip o ba ung budget po ng sk nanggagaling poyan sa mother council hindi po ba?R2: from City councilI: pero bali 10% siya ngR2: Barangay BudgetI: kapag gumagamit po ba kayo ng budget sa proyekto ninyo,kumukuha po ba kayo ng contractor?R1: oo, pero hindi ako yung kumukuha nung contractorI: sino po?R1: yung kapitan naminI: so kapitan po ang nagbibigay ng contractor?R1: oo siyaI: so siya ang kausapR1: oo siyaI: sa inyo po?R2: meron namang mga project na kailangan ng contractor,meron ding hindi katulad ng mga project na below P10,000.00,din a kailangan ng contractorI: so pag below 10,000 lang ang gagastusin ninyo di nakailangan ng contractor?R2: yesI: pero pag above ten thousand gumagamit kayo ng contractor?R2: kailanganI: so makatuwind, nagundergo po kayo ng procurementprocess?R2: ooR1: ooI: sa pagkuha ng contractor, paano po yung proseso non? Anopo yung ginagawa?R2: papel munaI: panoo pong papel munaR2: resolution muna, tapos bidding
CA Arco Liquigan 30
47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92.
I: so nagbibiding muna bago kumuha ng contractor?R2: ooR1: ang totoong process kasi niyan e, Sk resolution, then,Barangay Resolution, ganayan, tapos magcoconduct siya ngbidding, tapos magkakaroon ng canvass, tapos un na iyon, kungsino yung mananalong contractor sa biddingR2: siya ang hahawak ng projectR1: sila ang magsusupply sa project na kailangan.I: sa bidding pano po ang nangyayari doon?R1: pababaan sila ng prseyo ng ipupurchase mo, then kung sinoyung pinakamababa, kumpleto yung maisusuply niya, yun yungkukunin doon na contractor.I: talaga po bang nangyayari yung bidding?R2: hindiI: paano pong hindi?R2: kasi pinapapirmahan na lang sa amin yung ano e, yungpapel eI: so wala talagang biddingR2: attendance lang na kunwari may nangyaring bidding.I: sa inyo po ba ganun din?R1: may mga project na wala ng bidding bidding, bidding-biddingan na lang,I: bidding-biddingan na langR2: ooR1: pero may mga project parin na kailangan parin ng bidding, I: so bago paman po yung bidding biddingan may kausap nakayong contractor talaga?R2: meron na kapag bidding biddinganI: dun po ba sa pagkuha ng contractor, nagbibigay po ba ngincentive yung contractor sa inyo kapag nakuha na nila yungproyekto?R2: ang karaniwan talagang nakakakuha niyan, ay BarangayCaptain, R1: oo Barangay CaptainI: so usually talaga Barangay Captain?R2: then yung mga Barangay Councilors kasi hindi pipirmanyang mga yan kung walang ganun e, kapag walang paabot,I: so kailangan may paabot? Usually gano kalaki yung paabotna yun?R2: anu yan e, depende sa kasunduan yan e, I: paano po? Pwede pong pakiliwanag?R2: meron kasing mga Barangay Captain, na 5% sa kanila,tapos 5% dun sa councilors, so suma total 10%. I: 10% Percent po iyon ng project?R2: oo I: sa SK po magkano lang ang napupunta dun?
CA Arco Liquigan 31
93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118. 119.
R2: kasi ang SK hindi naman nila alam yang S.O.P o lagaylagay e,I: S.O.P po ang tawag doon?R2: oo, S.O.P o standard operating procedure, ayung yung Sop,ung lagay lagay ng contractor e, minsan hindi alam yan ng mgaSK, I: sa paano po iyon, kapag binibigay po ng contractor yungS.O.P sinasabi po niya iyon, pnipaliwanag po ba niya kung anuyon?R2: hindi, hindi yun pinapaliwanagR1: ang naguusap lang dun ung Barangay Captain, taposaabutan na lang kami ng Barangay Captain.I: so sa inyo, kapitan ang nagbibigay sa inyo?R1: ooR2: siyaI: mga magkano po yun, kunwari po sa isang daan libo, mgamagkano po yung most likely na makuha ninyo doon?R2: halos ten percent din.I: so halos P10,000 agad yun,R2: ooI: nang gagaling yun sa kapitan?R1: binibigay ng kapitanI: na binibigay naman ng contractor sa kanila?R1: ah, ganun palaI: sa tingin ninyo po ba ang procurement process transparentsiya?R1: siguroR2: hindi, hindi malinis yan, I: dahil po sa mga nagyayari na ganun?R2: kasi kung malinis yan, walang lagay lagay na nagaganap, epag may lagay lagay ibig sabihinR1: may mali dyaan.I: ano po ba ang pagkakaiba ng suhol sa lagay?Ahh. Maaari sigurong yung binibigay ng contractor sa kapitansuholR1: oo suhol yonIpara pumirma suhol, tapos yung binibigay sa inyo na kapitanlagay?R1 and R2: ooR2: ika nga eh, hindi gagalaw ang makinarya, kung walanggasoline.I: so pera yung pinaka gasoline nila, hmmI: so may mga pagkakataon po ban a pag nagpapapurchase ka,kunwari sa sport po, kunwari bibili ng bola, may mgapagkakataon ban a minsan nakalagay sa papel sampung bolapero ang dumarating sa inyo limang bola lang,
CA Arco Liquigan 32
120. 121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142.
R1: oo, ooI: sa tingin ninyo bakit kaya may mga ganung nangyayari?R2: depende kasi yan e, kung sa totoo talaga, may mga projectang SK na hindi mo pwedeng ilagay sa development plan, soang nangyayari dyan kaya nagkakaganon, sampung bola perolima ang bibilhin mo, dahil yung budget para doon idivert mona lang para magamit mo sa ibang project moR1: katulad ng referee dibaR2: yung referee hindi mo R1: pwede isama sa development plamI: kaya kailangan mo nun, sa mga ganun, kanino ninyo poinaatribute yung problema?Sa contractor, sa mother council o sa SK council?R2: nakakahiya rin kasing magsabi sa mother council eI: pero parte po ba sila doon?R2: ooI: ang contractor po ba parte po ba?R2: ooR1: may parteI: sa mga pagkakataong may mga anumalya, may pagkakataonpo bang nahuli sila, o may nasampa ng kaso sa kanila, sabarangay ninyo po ba may mga ganitong pagkakataon?R2: wala pa namanI: sa tingin ninyo po bakit wala pang ganun na nangyayari?R1: e syempre, dahil nga sa lagay, R2: kaya rin naman walang nagbabalak ng ganyan, kasi, pagnakita mo yung papeles kumpleto, I: so sa papel sila bumbawiR2: oo, sa papel, sa papelR1: iyon lang naman ang hinahanap nila sa City hall, sa COA.I: sa tingin ninyo po ba, kailangan pa ng isa pang institusyonpara gabayan ang SK? Para hindi na to maging corrupt? Sapatna ba yung mother council?R1: kailangan pa siguro, I: kung may babaguhin kasyo s ask, ano yung dapat baguhin?R1: yung pagpirma ng mga kagawad, dapat hindi na silapumupirma, dapat yung mga SK kagawad na lang, kasi oag silana yung pumipirma, doon talga nagsisimula yung corruption,kasi nga nanghihingi sila ng suho, ng lagay, I: so mas magandang SK na lang talaga, mas may otonomiya?R2: kumbaga, separate na lang yung budget ng Mother Counciltsaka ng SK council.Para magkaroon ng sariling process ang SK para sa project,wala ng pirma pirmahan sa taas, SK na lang,I: sa ganung paraan mas mababawasan na ang kurapsyontalaga?
CA Arco Liquigan 33
143. 144. 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 160. 161. 162. 163. 164. 165.
R2: kung may isa pang institusyon na gagabay sa ganyan,katulad ng SK federation, sila na lang yung last na signatories,pag mag purchase ka o mag project ka,I: kung sa tingin ninyo ba naka separate na ang SK sa mothercouncil, magiging corrupt ba kayo? O sa tingin ninyo ba masmagiging corrupt talaga siya o hindi na?R2: hindi na, kasi ang kabataan naman, once na nagkaroon yanng layunin, layunin talaga, walang halong anumalya, kasi angkabataan pag nagisip, kagandahan, walang halong kahibangan,masasamang gawi.I: kinoconsider ninyo po ban a ang contractors ay corrupt?R2: oo, ksai kumukuha din isla ng pursyento sa mga project eh,R1: sakin mayroon naman talagang mga contractor na corrupt,tulad yun gproject mo parang kinakahoy nalang, imbis naibigay sayo yungR2: magaganda qualityR1: magaganda quality, ginagawa nila yung mga local, ganunyung pagka corrupt nung contractor eh, pero kung sacontractor, hindi naman talaga sila corrupt kasi dumadaan dinsila sa mga legal, yun nga lang talaga minsan nangangahoy sila.I: kino consider ninyo po ba ang mother council na corrupt?R2: iba iba kasing barangay e,I: sa barangay ninyo po?R2: sa barangay naming, hindi siguro, R1: sa amin hindi naman din siguro kasi wala pa naman akongnalalaman sa mga transaction nilaI: do you consider the SK Council corrupt?R1: no, wala silang alam sa mga S.O.P eh,I: so hindi nila alam yun?R2: ako bilang isang SK Chairman ng Barangay naming,walang corrupt sa amin, yabang, heheI: kino consider ninyo po ba ang sarili ninyong kurakot?R2: hindi ahR1: hindiI: bakit hindi?R2: kasi ayaw nga namin nyan eh, pinaglalaban naming yungmga ganyang Gawain eh, ayaw naming ganun, R1: sakin syempre ganun din hindi kasi sakin kuntento na ko sasinesweldo ko e, sa monthly salary ko e diba, nakakaano namankung kukunin mo yung para sa project pa talaga, ilang percentdin yunR2: tsaka pag naging corrupt ka, ikaw din yun mapuputukan eR1: kaya ngaR2: bakit kasi imbis na yung para sa projecy mu na lang,mahahati pa, wala rinm wala ring magandang project namaibibigay. Ikaw ang puputukan ng mga tao.
CA Arco Liquigan 34
166. 167. 168. 169. 170. 171. 172. 173. 174. 175. 176. 177. 178. 179. 180. 181. 182. 183. 184. 185. 186. 187. 188.
CA Arco Liquigan 35
189. 190. 191. 192. 193. 194. 195. 196. 197. 198. 199. 200. 201. 202. 203. 204. 205. 206. 207. 208. 209. 210. 211.
CA Arco Liquigan 36
212. 213. 214. 215. 216. 217. 218. 219. 220. 221. 222. 223. 224. 225. 226. 227. 228. 229. 230.
CA Arco Liquigan 37
Table 2.c. Text Transcribed during the Process of Developing and Writing a paperregarding Barangay Corruoption and the Procurement Process.(Respondents: SKchairpersons): indexing and charting stage.
Line number Transcription Code*
CA Arco Liquigan 38
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46.
I: In your opinion, is the Sangguniang Kabataan beingadministered with honesty and justice?R1: minsan hindi minsan ooI: paano pong minsan oo, minsan hinde?R1: kasi diba minsan ano, meron tayo ung kno convert yungmga ganun, yunbg mga bagay na illegal tapos konoconvert saibang bagay.I: sa inyo po?R2: anu siya, depende siya sa tao tsaka depende siya samismong kalagayan, kasi katulad nga ng sinabi niya, mayroonding mga times na kahit ayaw mong gawin, kailangan mongmagconvert, parang in other words, kunwari isang project,hindi talaga siya sa category na yun,I: ah, para dun sa mga project na hindi pwedeng ilagay sadevelopment plan? Ganun?R2: ooI: kapag po ba ginangamit ninyo yung barangay funds po baninyo, nagundergo po ba kayo ng procurement o yung pagkuhang contractor, R1: meronI: kayo po?R2: kapag kumukuha kami ng contractor, yung mismong, kasidiba, 70-30 un? Yung 70% magdirect buying kana, para hindina mas malaki yung mabawas dun sa budget,I: saan ninyo nakukuha yung contractor?R2: minsan kusa ng lumalapit yan e, kapag alam na nasapulitika kaI: sa inyo po?R1: kay kapI: sa kapitan, anu yun pinakilala niya sa inyo?R1 ooI; kapag halimbawa kukuha na kayo ng contractor, diba saprocurement process kailangan may bidding, nagpapa bidingdin ba kayo?R1: meron, kasi requirement yun, required na magkaroon ngbidding.I: anu po yung nangyayari sa bidding?R2: sa bidding kasi dun mnakikita yung may pinakamababangoffer ng ipupurchase mo, I: paano po yung process ng bidding na iyon?R2: anu yun, mageentertain ka ng mga contractor, na magooferng lower price, tapos, andun yung mga kagawad, BarangayCaptain and basta Barangay officials.I: may bidding ba talagang nangyayari?R1: ahm, hindi, actually wala, kasi bago paman magstart ngbidding, alam na kung sino yung panalo, para siyang scripted.
CA Arco Liquigan 39
47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92.
I: bidding biddingan na lang talga siya? Hindi talganagcocompete yung mga contractors? Anu yun magkakakilalana talaga sila?R1: may dala na talaga silang mga sariling tao na kunwari kabidI: para sila na rin ang mananalo at the end? Have you everhelped a contractor win a deal?R1: kasi before magkaroon ng bidding, mag bibigay narin silang advance, kaya kailangan manalo sila sa biddingI: sa inyo?R2: ganun din, I: nung nakuha na niya yung project, binigyan ba niya kayo ngincentives?R1: incentives siguro yung lunch tsaka miryenda during nungbiddingR2: sakin wala, kasi hindi naman ako ang nakikipagusap sacontractor eh, talagang si kapI: so kapitan din pala talaga, pag halimbawa pag katapos na ngproject do you receive any monetary compensation from thekapitan or from the contractors?R1: meron from kapitanR2: samin meron pero dun sa malalaking projects lang, perokung maliliit lang, halimwaba ten thousand, direct buying nayun.I: kanino nanggagaling yung mga binibigay nay un? Sa kapitano sa contractor?R1: sa contractorI: sa contractor pero pinapadaan sa kapitan, ganun?R1: ooI: sa tingin ninyo ba yung procurement process transparentsiya?R1: hindiI: bakit po hindi?R1: kasi meron paring mga corruption, R2: dir in siya ganun ka transparent, kasi may mga bagay nahindi mo pwedeng sabihin sa ibang tao, na parang sa inyo nalang yun mga barangay officials,I: sa tenure ninyo bilang SK Members, anu yung mga mostcommon forms of corruption na napapansin ninyo with in thesystem?R2: kasi puro yung mga projects, yung nakakakuha sila ngS.O.P, I: anu yung S.O.P nay un?R2; parang pinaka percent na napupunta sa mga sk, I: ilang percent?R2: mostly 20 siya e
CA Arco Liquigan 40
93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118. 119.
I: 20% ng entire budget yun?R2: ooI: nakaexperience naba kayo na sinuhulan kayo?R1: hindi pa namanI: nagkaroon ban g pagkakataon na minsan nagpapurchase kayotapos ang nakalagay sa papel 10 bola, pero ang dumating sainyo tatlo limang bola lang, R1: sa amin wala naman ganun, kasi sa amin sobrang strict, oklang na large ung allocated amounts pero dapat yung quantitysakto.R2: ganun din, pero minsan sa quality naman talo namanI: sa tingin ninyo po ba ung mga anomalies na ganun, nahuhulipo ba sila?R1: siguro may nahuhuli, pero kung sigurong kaso talga, siguroit takes a year or five years bago mapatunayan or tanggal ka nasa termino mo bago pa mapatunayanR2: actually siguro alam naman nay un nung mga nagaaprovenung budget, I: so sila sila rin talaga yun kaya walang lumalabas,nagtatakipan na lang sila?R1 and R2: ooI: sa tingin ninyo ba may magbabago pa sa SK?R1: nakadepende yan sa president eng pilipinasR2: para sakin depende din yun sa SK na nakaupo, tska dun samga mismong katipunan ng kabataan, nasa sakanila kasi kungmakikipagcooperate sila, at siyempre kahit papaano kailangandin yung SK tska officials para ganahan sila, na tulungan yungmga anoI: kung babaguhin ninyo yung sistema ngayun, anu yung gustoninyong baguhin?R1: una yung about dun sa pagkuha ng contractor, kasi masmalaki pa yung napupunta dun sa contractor doon sa project,I: talagang yung kinikita nila yung mas importante sa kanila?R1: sana yung mga Brgy, treasurers na lang yung nagaasikasonung tungkol doon sa mga papers, para mas napaprioritize ungprojects ng SK, R2; ako din yung mga contractors din, tska dun sa mga bagayna sinasabi nila illegal, pero makakatulong naman dun sa ano,dapat legalize na nila. Para hindi na kumuha pa ng contractorna nakababawas paI: sa tingin ninyo ba mas magiging effective ang SK kungmaliban sa Mother council, may iba pang institution na dapatgumabay sa SK para mawala yung mga corruption na ganyan.R1: sa tingin ko wag na, mas lalo lang gugulo, mas maramilang makikialam,I: mas lalaganap yung corruption pag ganun?
CA Arco Liquigan 41
120. 121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142.
R1: sa tingin ko, kasi, kung mayroong ibang departments namakikialam halimbawa, mas marami yung magtratrabaho, masmaraming papaswelduhin, yung office pa nila, kahit man powerlang, meron paring gastos, gugulo lang, marami namakikiinvolve, R2: siguro yung ano, yung hindi mismong makikialam, yungguidance lang, kapag hindi mo na kaya andyan lang isla, at tskayung volunteer syempre hindi yung aasa.yung walanginaasahang kapalit.I: So sa tingin ninyo naman, may magbabago pa naman.R1: oo naman.I: Do you consider the Contractors Corrupt?R1: yesR2: ooI: Do you consider your Barangay Mother council Corrupt?R1:yesR2:depende sa council, I: pero do you consider your Mother council corrupt?R2: medyoI: Do you consider your SK council Corrupt?R1: yesR2: yesI: Do you consider yourself corrupt?R1: yes, kasi sumwesweldo ako, parang wala naman akomasyadong ginagawa, tapos kahit na given na tax payer ako,pag dating dun sa mga projects ko, may nakukuha parin akongpercent dun sa amount ng project, mayroon parin akongnakukuhaR2: oo, kasi yung mga natatangap ko kapag may project, kasikahit na may sweldo ka na, parang kahit minsannakokonsyensya ka, dahil may mga pangangailangan kad in.
CA Arco Liquigan 42
143. 144. 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 160. 161. 162. 163. 164. 165.
CA Arco Liquigan 43
166. 167. 168. 169.
Table 3.a. Codification of table 2.aLine number Transcription Code*
CA Arco Liquigan 44
123. 124. 125. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144. 145.
I: In your opinion, is the Sangguniang Kabataan beingadministered with honesty and justice?Respondent 1 (Male): Yes.Respondent 2: (Female) Yes.Interviewer: paano ninyo po nasabi?Respondent 2: kasi pantay pantay naman yung mga members,tsaka may systema parin naman siya. Tuloy tuloy parin.I: so nagagawa ninyo parin ung mandates ninyo?Respondent 1 (Male): YesI: do you undergo procurement process?Respondent 1 (Male): Yes.Respondent 2: (Female) Yes.I: Sa procurement di po ba kumukuha po kayo ng contractor?R1: oo.R2. oo.I: kamusta naman po?R1:medyo minsan maguloR2: ConflictR1: Mahirap talagaI: bakit po siya mahirap?R1: kasi maraming dumarating, R2: may inooferR1: may inoofer yung kapitan mo, tapos may kung sino sinongcontractor na lumalapit, nahihirapan ka kung sino yung pipiliinmo kasi lahat gusto mong bigyan.I: so basically, sa kapitan madalas nang gagaling ungcontractor?R2: kapitan yung nagpapakilala sa contractor, kasi walanamang kilala ang mga SK.I: so ung gusto ng kapitan iyon ang nasusunod?R2: depende rinI: sa pagkuha ba ng contractor do you undergo bidding?R1: minsanR2: for formality langI: panung for formality lang?R2: biding-bidinganI: ano pong nangyayari sa biding bidingan?R2: nagbibiding, pero sila sila rinR1: may mga contractor, tapos pipiliin nila kung sino ungpinaka mababa. Pero yung mga contractor na yun sa kanila rinyun, kumbaga, kunwari lang,I: so yun ang ginagawa to get the deal?R1: ooI: have you ever helped a contractor win a deal?R1: hindi, kasi nga magkakakilala sila eI: so sa pagkuha ninyo ng contractor, may nakukuha ba kayong
1-1
1-1
1-2
CA Arco Liquigan 45
146. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 160. 161. 162. 163. 164. 165. 166. 167. 168.
incentive mula sa kanila?R2: meronI: anu po?R1: as usual, R2: ung S.O.PI: anu ung S.O.P na yun?R1: di ba may project ka?R2: percentageR1: automatic na yun, na may makukuha ka, halimbawa sa150,000, 20% nun.I: so 20% ng 150,000 automatic iyo na iyon. O nagiiba iba payung 20% na iyon?R2; depende sa contractor mu yun e, may mga galante nanagbibigay sa iyo ng mataas,I: so in form of a cash yun ung 20% na yun?R2: ooI: do you consider the procurement process transparent?R2: parang hindi namanI: sa mga projects ninyo na nagpapurchase kayo, meron pobang pagkakataon na ung mga items na binigay sa inyo kulang?R2: depende din yun eh, minsan talaga may mga maeencounterkang mga contractor na ganon, na tinitipid kaI: paanong tinitipid po? Bakit tinitipid?R2: strategy nila malamang para makatipid din silaR1: para mas malaki yung kita nilaI: Kanino ninyo po inaatribute yung kakulangan sa mga gamitna yun?R1: sa SK council,R2: hinde, sa contractor yunI: yung mother council walang kinalaman dun?R1:walaR2: meronR1: usapan ng sk yun e, between sk and contractor yun ehR2: samin pwedeng mother council, may mga pakilamera, maymga barangay kasing ganun ehI: nakikialam yung kapitan?I: Sa tingin ninyo ba, corruption occurs in the procurementprocess?R1: oo naman, kasi may lagayan yun eI: maliban sa S.O.P at lagayan, may mga naencounter pabakayong anomalous dealings?R1: wala namanR2: ako wala namanI: sa mga gawaing iyan, may mga alam ba kayong nahuli?R2: walaR1: wala pa naman
1-3
1-4
CA Arco Liquigan 46
169. 170. 171. 172. 173. 174. 175. 176. 177. 178. 179. 180. 181. 182. 183. 184. 185. 186. 187. 188. 189. 190. 191.
I: do you think may magbabago pa sa sistema na ito?R2: meron paR1: meron namanI: Anu ung dapat gawin sa kanya?R2: siyempre pangungurakotI: mismong proseso na yung dapat baguhin?R2: ooI: sa tingin ninyo ba dapat may mas makapangyarihan pa nainstitusyon para mapigilan yung mga ganito?R2: siguro mas maganda na magsimula na sa ganito, di nakailangan pa ng ibaR1: oo naman, pero depende narin naman kasi sa mothercouncil e, kung kaya na ng mother council, mother council nalang.I: do you consider the contractors corrupt?R1: medyo namanI: bakit medyo naman?R1: kasi trabaho nila yan e, dahil kailangan nilang kumitaR2: pero wag lang silang aabusoI: do you consider your mother council corrupt?R2: ooR1: ooI: do you consider your SK council corrupt?R1: noR2: noI: do you consider yourself corrupt?R1 and R2: noI: to whom do you attribute corruption then?R1 and R2: mother council, sila masusunod, sila bosing eR2: Kasi mas alam nila yung ginagawa nila
1-5
1-6
CA Arco Liquigan 47
192. 193. 194. 195. 196. 197. 198. 199. 200. 201. 202. 203. 204. 205. 206. 207. 208. 209. 210. 211. 212. 213. 214.
CA Arco Liquigan 48
215. 216. 217. 218. 219. 220. 221. 222. 223. 224. 225. 226. 227. 228. 229. 230. 231. 232. 233. 234. 235. 236. 237.
CA Arco Liquigan 49
238. 239. 240. 241. 242. 243. 244.
*codes relate to highlighted text
1-1. Process of identifying dealer1-2. Process of Rigged bidding or bidding-biddingan 1-3 Standard Operating Procedures (S.O.P)1-4. Under delivery1-5. Recommendation of Respondent on changes that must be made to improve SK.1.6. Evaluation of actors in the Procurement Process
Table 3.b. Codification of table 2.b
Line number Transcription Code*
CA Arco Liquigan 50
231. 232. 233. 234. 235. 236. 237. 238. 239. 240. 241. 242. 243. 244. 245. 246. 247. 248. 249. 250. 251. 252. 253.
I: sa tingin ninyo po ba ang sangguniang kabataan aynapamumunuan with honesty and justice?R1(Female): yesR2( Male): yesI: sa tingin nyo po bakit?R1: kasi ako yung leader eI: so nagagawa ninyo naman po yung mandates sa inyo ngbatasR1: ooI: ano po ba yung main purpose ng SK?R1: to serve the youthI: to serve the youth…I: sa inyo po, sa inyong pananaw?R2:ah, syempre to serve the youth din.I: ganun po ba, dip o ba ung budget po ng sk nanggagaling poyan sa mother council hindi po ba?R2: from City councilI: pero bali 10% siya ngR2: Barangay BudgetI: kapag gumagamit po ba kayo ng budget sa proyekto ninyo,kumukuha po ba kayo ng contractor?R1: oo, pero hindi ako yung kumukuha nung contractorI: sino po?R1: yung kapitan naminI: so kapitan po ang nagbibigay ng contractor?R1: oo siyaI: so siya ang kausapR1: oo siyaI: sa inyo po?R2: meron namang mga project na kailangan ng contractor,meron ding hindi katulad ng mga project na below P10,000.00,din a kailangan ng contractorI: so pag below 10,000 lang ang gagastusin ninyo di nakailangan ng contractor?R2: yesI: pero pag above ten thousand gumagamit kayo ng contractor?R2: kailanganI: so makatuwind, nagundergo po kayo ng procurementprocess?R2: ooR1: ooI: sa pagkuha ng contractor, paano po yung proseso non? Anopo yung ginagawa?R2: papel munaI: panoo pong papel munaR2: resolution muna, tapos bidding
2-1
2-2
CA Arco Liquigan 51
254. 255. 256. 257. 258. 259. 260. 261. 262. 263. 264. 265. 266. 267. 268. 269. 270. 271. 272. 273. 274. 275. 276.
I: so nagbibiding muna bago kumuha ng contractor?R2: ooR1: ang totoong process kasi niyan e, Sk resolution, then,Barangay Resolution, ganayan, tapos magcoconduct siya ngbidding, tapos magkakaroon ng canvass, tapos un na iyon, kungsino yung mananalong contractor sa biddingR2: siya ang hahawak ng projectR1: sila ang magsusupply sa project na kailangan.I: sa bidding pano po ang nangyayari doon?R1: pababaan sila ng prseyo ng ipupurchase mo, then kung sinoyung pinakamababa, kumpleto yung maisusuply niya, yun yungkukunin doon na contractor.I: talaga po bang nangyayari yung bidding?R2: hindiI: paano pong hindi?R2: kasi pinapapirmahan na lang sa amin yung ano e, yungpapel eI: so wala talagang biddingR2: attendance lang na kunwari may nangyaring bidding.I: sa inyo po ba ganun din?R1: may mga project na wala ng bidding bidding, bidding-biddingan na lang,I: bidding-biddingan na langR2: ooR1: pero may mga project parin na kailangan parin ng bidding, I: so bago paman po yung bidding biddingan may kausap nakayong contractor talaga?R2: meron na kapag bidding biddinganI: dun po ba sa pagkuha ng contractor, nagbibigay po ba ngincentive yung contractor sa inyo kapag nakuha na nila yungproyekto?R2: ang karaniwan talagang nakakakuha niyan, ay BarangayCaptain, R1: oo Barangay CaptainI: so usually talaga Barangay Captain?R2: then yung mga Barangay Councilors kasi hindi pipirmanyang mga yan kung walang ganun e, kapag walang paabot,I: so kailangan may paabot? Usually gano kalaki yung paabotna yun?R2: anu yan e, depende sa kasunduan yan e, I: paano po? Pwede pong pakiliwanag?R2: meron kasing mga Barangay Captain, na 5% sa kanila,tapos 5% dun sa councilors, so suma total 10%. I: 10% Percent po iyon ng project?R2: oo I: sa SK po magkano lang ang napupunta dun?
2-3
2-4
CA Arco Liquigan 52
277. 278. 279. 280. 281. 282. 283. 284. 285. 286. 287. 288. 289. 290. 291. 292. 293. 294. 295. 296. 297. 298. 299.
R2: kasi ang SK hindi naman nila alam yang S.O.P o lagaylagay e,I: S.O.P po ang tawag doon?R2: oo, S.O.P o standard operating procedure, ayung yung Sop,ung lagay lagay ng contractor e, minsan hindi alam yan ng mgaSK, I: sa paano po iyon, kapag binibigay po ng contractor yungS.O.P sinasabi po niya iyon, pnipaliwanag po ba niya kung anuyon?R2: hindi, hindi yun pinapaliwanagR1: ang naguusap lang dun ung Barangay Captain, taposaabutan na lang kami ng Barangay Captain.I: so sa inyo, kapitan ang nagbibigay sa inyo?R1: ooR2: siyaI: mga magkano po yun, kunwari po sa isang daan libo, mgamagkano po yung most likely na makuha ninyo doon?R2: halos ten percent din.I: so halos P10,000 agad yun,R2: ooI: nang gagaling yun sa kapitan?R1: binibigay ng kapitanI: na binibigay naman ng contractor sa kanila?R1: ah, ganun palaI: sa tingin ninyo po ba ang procurement process transparentsiya?R1: siguroR2: hindi, hindi malinis yan, I: dahil po sa mga nagyayari na ganun?R2: kasi kung malinis yan, walang lagay lagay na nagaganap, epag may lagay lagay ibig sabihinR1: may mali dyaan.I: ano po ba ang pagkakaiba ng suhol sa lagay?Ahh. Maaari sigurong yung binibigay ng contractor sa kapitansuholR1: oo suhol yonIpara pumirma suhol, tapos yung binibigay sa inyo na kapitanlagay?R1 and R2: ooR2: ika nga eh, hindi gagalaw ang makinarya, kung walanggasoline.I: so pera yung pinaka gasoline nila, hmmI: so may mga pagkakataon po ban a pag nagpapapurchase ka,kunwari sa sport po, kunwari bibili ng bola, may mgapagkakataon ban a minsan nakalagay sa papel sampung bolapero ang dumarating sa inyo limang bola lang,
CA Arco Liquigan 53
300. 301. 302. 303. 304. 305. 306. 307. 308. 309. 310. 311. 312. 313. 314. 315. 316. 317. 318. 319. 320. 321. 322.
R1: oo, ooI: sa tingin ninyo bakit kaya may mga ganung nangyayari?R2: depende kasi yan e, kung sa totoo talaga, may mga projectang SK na hindi mo pwedeng ilagay sa development plan, soang nangyayari dyan kaya nagkakaganon, sampung bola perolima ang bibilhin mo, dahil yung budget para doon idivert mona lang para magamit mo sa ibang project moR1: katulad ng referee dibaR2: yung referee hindi mo R1: pwede isama sa development plamI: kaya kailangan mo nun, sa mga ganun, kanino ninyo poinaatribute yung problema?Sa contractor, sa mother council o sa SK council?R2: nakakahiya rin kasing magsabi sa mother council eI: pero parte po ba sila doon?R2: ooI: ang contractor po ba parte po ba?R2: ooR1: may parteI: sa mga pagkakataong may mga anumalya, may pagkakataonpo bang nahuli sila, o may nasampa ng kaso sa kanila, sabarangay ninyo po ba may mga ganitong pagkakataon?R2: wala pa namanI: sa tingin ninyo po bakit wala pang ganun na nangyayari?R1: e syempre, dahil nga sa lagay, R2: kaya rin naman walang nagbabalak ng ganyan, kasi, pagnakita mo yung papeles kumpleto, I: so sa papel sila bumbawiR2: oo, sa papel, sa papelR1: iyon lang naman ang hinahanap nila sa City hall, sa COA.I: sa tingin ninyo po ba, kailangan pa ng isa pang institusyonpara gabayan ang SK? Para hindi na to maging corrupt? Sapatna ba yung mother council?R1: kailangan pa siguro, I: kung may babaguhin kasyo s ask, ano yung dapat baguhin?R1: yung pagpirma ng mga kagawad, dapat hindi na silapumupirma, dapat yung mga SK kagawad na lang, kasi oag silana yung pumipirma, doon talga nagsisimula yung corruption,kasi nga nanghihingi sila ng suho, ng lagay, I: so mas magandang SK na lang talaga, mas may otonomiya?R2: kumbaga, separate na lang yung budget ng Mother Counciltsaka ng SK council.Para magkaroon ng sariling process ang SK para sa project,wala ng pirma pirmahan sa taas, SK na lang,I: sa ganung paraan mas mababawasan na ang kurapsyontalaga?
2-5
2-6
CA Arco Liquigan 54
323. 324. 325. 326. 327. 328. 329. 330. 331. 332. 333. 334. 335. 336. 337. 338. 339. 340. 341. 342. 343. 344. 345.
R2: kung may isa pang institusyon na gagabay sa ganyan,katulad ng SK federation, sila na lang yung last na signatories,pag mag purchase ka o mag project ka,I: kung sa tingin ninyo ba naka separate na ang SK sa mothercouncil, magiging corrupt ba kayo? O sa tingin ninyo ba masmagiging corrupt talaga siya o hindi na?R2: hindi na, kasi ang kabataan naman, once na nagkaroon yanng layunin, layunin talaga, walang halong anumalya, kasi angkabataan pag nagisip, kagandahan, walang halong kahibangan,masasamang gawi.I: kinoconsider ninyo po ban a ang contractors ay corrupt?R2: oo, ksai kumukuha din isla ng pursyento sa mga project eh,R1: sakin mayroon naman talagang mga contractor na corrupt,tulad yun gproject mo parang kinakahoy nalang, imbis naibigay sayo yungR2: magaganda qualityR1: magaganda quality, ginagawa nila yung mga local, ganunyung pagka corrupt nung contractor eh, pero kung sacontractor, hindi naman talaga sila corrupt kasi dumadaan dinsila sa mga legal, yun nga lang talaga minsan nangangahoy sila.I: kino consider ninyo po ba ang mother council na corrupt?R2: iba iba kasing barangay e,I: sa barangay ninyo po?R2: sa barangay naming, hindi siguro, R1: sa amin hindi naman din siguro kasi wala pa naman akongnalalaman sa mga transaction nilaI: do you consider the SK Council corrupt?R1: no, wala silang alam sa mga S.O.P eh,I: so hindi nila alam yun?R2: ako bilang isang SK Chairman ng Barangay naming,walang corrupt sa amin, yabang, heheI: kino consider ninyo po ba ang sarili ninyong kurakot?R2: hindi ahR1: hindiI: bakit hindi?R2: kasi ayaw nga namin nyan eh, pinaglalaban naming yungmga ganyang Gawain eh, ayaw naming ganun, R1: sakin syempre ganun din hindi kasi sakin kuntento na ko sasinesweldo ko e, sa monthly salary ko e diba, nakakaano namankung kukunin mo yung para sa project pa talaga, ilang percentdin yunR2: tsaka pag naging corrupt ka, ikaw din yun mapuputukan eR1: kaya ngaR2: bakit kasi imbis na yung para sa projecy mu na lang,mahahati pa, wala rinm wala ring magandang project namaibibigay. Ikaw ang puputukan ng mga tao.
CA Arco Liquigan 55
346. 347. 348. 349. 350. 351. 352. 353. 354. 355. 356. 357. 358. 359. 360. 361. 362. 363. 364. 365. 366. 367. 368.
CA Arco Liquigan 56
369. 370. 371. 372. 373. 374. 375. 376. 377. 378. 379. 380. 381. 382. 383. 384. 385. 386. 387. 388. 389. 390. 391.
CA Arco Liquigan 57
392. 393. 394. 395. 396. 397. 398. 399. 400. 401. 402. 403. 404. 405. 406. 407. 408. 409. 410. 411. 412. 413. 414.
CA Arco Liquigan 58
415. 416. 417. 418. 419. 420. 421. 422. 423. 424. 425. 426. 427. 428. 429. 430. 431. 432. 433. 434. 435. 436. 437.
CA Arco Liquigan 59
438. 439. 440. 441. 442. 443. 444. 445. 446. 447. 448. 449. 450. 451. 452. 453. 454. 455. 456. 457. 458. 459. 460.
CA Arco Liquigan 60
*codes relate to highlighted text
2-1. Process of identifying dealer2-2. Simplified Procurement Process rundown.2-3. Process of Rigged bidding or bidding-biddingan 2-4. Standard Operating Procedures (S.O.P) Lagay and Suhol2-5. Under delivery2-6. Recommendation of Respondent on changes that must be made to improve SK.2-7. Evaluation of actors in the Procurement Process
Table 3.c. Codification of table 2.c
Line number Transcription Code*
CA Arco Liquigan 61
170. 171. 172. 173. 174. 175. 176. 177. 178. 179. 180. 181. 182. 183. 184. 185. 186. 187. 188. 189. 190. 191. 192.
I: In your opinion, is the Sangguniang Kabataan beingadministered with honesty and justice?R1: minsan hindi minsan ooI: paano pong minsan oo, minsan hinde?R1: kasi diba minsan ano, meron tayo ung kno convert yungmga ganun, yunbg mga bagay na illegal tapos konoconvert saibang bagay.I: sa inyo po?R2: anu siya, depende siya sa tao tsaka depende siya samismong kalagayan, kasi katulad nga ng sinabi niya, mayroonding mga times na kahit ayaw mong gawin, kailangan mongmagconvert, parang in other words, kunwari isang project,hindi talaga siya sa category na yun,I: ah, para dun sa mga project na hindi pwedeng ilagay sadevelopment plan? Ganun?R2: ooI: kapag po ba ginangamit ninyo yung barangay funds po baninyo, nagundergo po ba kayo ng procurement o yung pagkuhang contractor, R1: meronI: kayo po?R2: kapag kumukuha kami ng contractor, yung mismong, kasidiba, 70-30 un? Yung 70% magdirect buying kana, para hindina mas malaki yung mabawas dun sa budget,I: saan ninyo nakukuha yung contractor?R2: minsan kusa ng lumalapit yan e, kapag alam na nasapulitika kaI: sa inyo po?R1: kay kapI: sa kapitan, anu yun pinakilala niya sa inyo?R1 ooI; kapag halimbawa kukuha na kayo ng contractor, diba saprocurement process kailangan may bidding, nagpapa bidingdin ba kayo?R1: meron, kasi requirement yun, required na magkaroon ngbidding.I: anu po yung nangyayari sa bidding?R2: sa bidding kasi dun mnakikita yung may pinakamababangoffer ng ipupurchase mo, I: paano po yung process ng bidding na iyon?R2: anu yun, mageentertain ka ng mga contractor, na magooferng lower price, tapos, andun yung mga kagawad, BarangayCaptain and basta Barangay officials.I: may bidding ba talagang nangyayari?R1: ahm, hindi, actually wala, kasi bago paman magstart ngbidding, alam na kung sino yung panalo, para siyang scripted.
3-1
3-2
3-3.
CA Arco Liquigan 62
193. 194. 195. 196. 197. 198. 199. 200. 201. 202. 203. 204. 205. 206. 207. 208. 209. 210. 211. 212. 213. 214. 215.
I: bidding biddingan na lang talga siya? Hindi talganagcocompete yung mga contractors? Anu yun magkakakilalana talaga sila?R1: may dala na talaga silang mga sariling tao na kunwari kabidI: para sila na rin ang mananalo at the end? Have you everhelped a contractor win a deal?R1: kasi before magkaroon ng bidding, mag bibigay narin silang advance, kaya kailangan manalo sila sa biddingI: sa inyo?R2: ganun din, I: nung nakuha na niya yung project, binigyan ba niya kayo ngincentives?R1: incentives siguro yung lunch tsaka miryenda during nungbiddingR2: sakin wala, kasi hindi naman ako ang nakikipagusap sacontractor eh, talagang si kapI: so kapitan din pala talaga, pag halimbawa pag katapos na ngproject do you receive any monetary compensation from thekapitan or from the contractors?R1: meron from kapitanR2: samin meron pero dun sa malalaking projects lang, perokung maliliit lang, halimwaba ten thousand, direct buying nayun.I: kanino nanggagaling yung mga binibigay nay un? Sa kapitano sa contractor?R1: sa contractorI: sa contractor pero pinapadaan sa kapitan, ganun?R1: ooI: sa tingin ninyo ba yung procurement process transparentsiya?R1: hindiI: bakit po hindi?R1: kasi meron paring mga corruption, R2: dir in siya ganun ka transparent, kasi may mga bagay nahindi mo pwedeng sabihin sa ibang tao, na parang sa inyo nalang yun mga barangay officials,I: sa tenure ninyo bilang SK Members, anu yung mga mostcommon forms of corruption na napapansin ninyo with in thesystem?R2: kasi puro yung mga projects, yung nakakakuha sila ngS.O.P, I: anu yung S.O.P nay un?R2; parang pinaka percent na napupunta sa mga sk, I: ilang percent?R2: mostly 20 siya e
3-4
CA Arco Liquigan 63
216. 217. 218. 219. 220. 221. 222. 223. 224. 225. 226. 227. 228. 229. 230. 231. 232. 233. 234. 235. 236. 237. 238.
I: 20% ng entire budget yun?R2: ooI: nakaexperience naba kayo na sinuhulan kayo?R1: hindi pa namanI: nagkaroon ban g pagkakataon na minsan nagpapurchase kayotapos ang nakalagay sa papel 10 bola, pero ang dumating sainyo tatlo limang bola lang, R1: sa amin wala naman ganun, kasi sa amin sobrang strict, oklang na large ung allocated amounts pero dapat yung quantitysakto.R2: ganun din, pero minsan sa quality naman talo namanI: sa tingin ninyo po ba ung mga anomalies na ganun, nahuhulipo ba sila?R1: siguro may nahuhuli, pero kung sigurong kaso talga, siguroit takes a year or five years bago mapatunayan or tanggal ka nasa termino mo bago pa mapatunayanR2: actually siguro alam naman nay un nung mga nagaaprovenung budget, I: so sila sila rin talaga yun kaya walang lumalabas,nagtatakipan na lang sila?R1 and R2: ooI: sa tingin ninyo ba may magbabago pa sa SK?R1: nakadepende yan sa president eng pilipinasR2: para sakin depende din yun sa SK na nakaupo, tska dun samga mismong katipunan ng kabataan, nasa sakanila kasi kungmakikipagcooperate sila, at siyempre kahit papaano kailangandin yung SK tska officials para ganahan sila, na tulungan yungmga anoI: kung babaguhin ninyo yung sistema ngayun, anu yung gustoninyong baguhin?R1: una yung about dun sa pagkuha ng contractor, kasi masmalaki pa yung napupunta dun sa contractor doon sa project,I: talagang yung kinikita nila yung mas importante sa kanila?R1: sana yung mga Brgy, treasurers na lang yung nagaasikasonung tungkol doon sa mga papers, para mas napaprioritize ungprojects ng SK, R2; ako din yung mga contractors din, tska dun sa mga bagayna sinasabi nila illegal, pero makakatulong naman dun sa ano,dapat legalize na nila. Para hindi na kumuha pa ng contractorna nakababawas paI: sa tingin ninyo ba mas magiging effective ang SK kungmaliban sa Mother council, may iba pang institution na dapatgumabay sa SK para mawala yung mga corruption na ganyan.R1: sa tingin ko wag na, mas lalo lang gugulo, mas maramilang makikialam,I: mas lalaganap yung corruption pag ganun?
3-5
3-6
CA Arco Liquigan 64
239. 240. 241. 242. 243. 244. 245. 246. 247. 248. 249. 250. 251. 252. 253. 254. 255. 256. 257. 258. 259. 260. 261.
R1: sa tingin ko, kasi, kung mayroong ibang departments namakikialam halimbawa, mas marami yung magtratrabaho, masmaraming papaswelduhin, yung office pa nila, kahit man powerlang, meron paring gastos, gugulo lang, marami namakikiinvolve, R2: siguro yung ano, yung hindi mismong makikialam, yungguidance lang, kapag hindi mo na kaya andyan lang isla, at tskayung volunteer syempre hindi yung aasa.yung walanginaasahang kapalit.I: So sa tingin ninyo naman, may magbabago pa naman.R1: oo naman.I: Do you consider the Contractors Corrupt?R1: yesR2: ooI: Do you consider your Barangay Mother council Corrupt?R1:yesR2:depende sa council, I: pero do you consider your Mother council corrupt?R2: medyoI: Do you consider your SK council Corrupt?R1: yesR2: yesI: Do you consider yourself corrupt?R1: yes, kasi sumwesweldo ako, parang wala naman akomasyadong ginagawa, tapos kahit na given na tax payer ako,pag dating dun sa mga projects ko, may nakukuha parin akongpercent dun sa amount ng project, mayroon parin akongnakukuhaR2: oo, kasi yung mga natatangap ko kapag may project, kasikahit na may sweldo ka na, parang kahit minsannakokonsyensya ka, dahil may mga pangangailangan kad in.
3.7
CA Arco Liquigan 65
262. 263. 264. 265. 266. 267. 268. 269. 270. 271. 272. 273. 274. 275. 276. 277. 278. 279. 280. 281. 282. 283. 284.
CA Arco Liquigan 66
285. 286. 287. 288. 289. 290. 291. 292. 293. 294. 295. 296. 297. 298. 299. 300. 301. 302. 303. 304. 305. 306. 307.
CA Arco Liquigan 67
308. 309. 310. 311. 312. 313. 314. 315. 316. 317. 318. 319. 320. 321. 322. 323. 324. 325. 326. 327. 328. 329. 330.
CA Arco Liquigan 68
331. 332. 333. 334. 335. 336. 337. 338.
*codes relate to highlighted text
3-1. Conversion3-2. Process of identifying dealer3-3. Process of Rigged bidding or bidding-biddingan3-4. Standard Operating Procedures (S.O.P) Lagay and Suhol3-5. Under delivery3-6. Recommendation of Respondent on changes that must be made to improve SK.3-7. Evaluation of actors in the Procurement Process
Sangguniang Kabataan: with honesty and justice?
CA Arco Liquigan 69
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
yes
no
When the respondents were asked if in their opinion, the Sangguniang Kabataan
is still being administered with honesty and justice, here is the result:
Diagram 3. Graphed answer of respondents regarding administering of SK with honesty
and justice.
Most of the SK chairpersons who were interviewed still view the institution
positively. Eight (8) out of twelve (12) of the respondents stated that they still think that
the Sangguniang Kabataan is being administered with honesty and justice. While on the
other hand, only four out of the twelve respondents said that they are not confident
anymore to say that the institution is still being administered as such.
Those who viewed the institution positively argued that they are still true to their
mandates to serve the youth, that’s why it is still being administered with honesty and
justice. Also, that there is still a system of governance working. As long as the leaders at
post are true to their purpose in accordance with the functions provided for by the
constitution, the institution will be honest and just.
Conversely, respondents who viewed the institution pessimistically said that with
the fraudulent practices they are witnessing with in the system, the institution is no longer
honest and just. If these illegal acts will still be practiced, the institution will never regain
the truthfulness and impartiality it once had.
Sangguniang Kabataan and the Procurement Process
CA Arco Liquigan 70
Among the respondents, only one said he never had a chance to procure any items
during his term as an SK Chairperson. He said his Barangay Captain never allowed him
to utilize the SK funds with the use of contractors. When asked why, he said they were
having political conflict among the officials, who came from different parties during the
election. They bring projects that involve money in a standstill.
While eleven (11) of the respondents said they undergo procurement when
utilizing their budgets. But identifying and acquiring the dealers differ among the
respondents.
The usual process of procurement in the Sangguniang Kabataan funds starts with
the paper works. Two resolutions should be first satisfied before the procurement: one
coming from the SK Council and the other form the Mother Barangay Council. As I
quote one of the respondents (Table 3.b, 2-2, lines 49-52)
“Ang totoong process kasi niyan e, SK Resolution, then, Barangay
Resolution, ganyan, tapos magcoconduct siya ng bidding, tapos
magkakaroon ng canvass, tapos yun na iyon, kung sino yung mananalong
contractor sa bidding”
The procurement process as stated earlier is conducted by different Government
offices, where the Bids and Awards committees are established to conduct the
procurement proceedings.
Since RA 9184 made the procurement standard method standard, processing
became uniform.Where to start the process; it is required to do publications, in media,
posters, announcements or even the internet. The Standard bidding process and contract
documents were made compulsory to safeguard practicality and transparency. But this
part of the process has induced a lot of problems.
Rigged bidding or bidding-biddingan
CA Arco Liquigan 71
It is clear in the the Republic Act that the Bids and Awards committee should
safeguard transparency of the process. They have the task to corroborate whether there
has been alteration, and to ensure that it has to take place in a predefined place and time.
But the committee whose taks is to safeguard the truthfulness of the transaction seems to
be the one responsible for the fraudulent practices going on.
Almost all of the respondents who have undergone procurement said there is no
real bidding happening. Those were just “bidding biddingan” and are only done for
formality sake.
In the rigged bidding, a contractor is introduced to the Council. In most cases (8
out of the 11 respondents who have undergone procurement), the Barangay Captain
introduces the contractor to the SK. The Brgy. Captain chooses the contractor for the
projects of the SK when it has to purchase supplies needed in undertaking government
programs. So even before the bidding takes place, the contractor who will win the
contract has already been decided. According to the respondents:
“Actually wala, kasi bago pa man magstart ang bidding, alam na kung
sino yung panalo, para siyang scripted. May dala na talaga silang mga
sariling tao na kunwari ka bid” ( Table3.c, 3-3, 25, lines 45,50)
“Nagbibiding, pero sila sila rin. May mga contractor, tapos pipiliin nila
kung sino ung pinaka mababa. Pero yung mga contractor na yun sa
kanila rin yun, kumbaga, kunwari lang,” (Table 3.a, 1-2, lines 38-41)
The bidding processes in the procurement in the Barangay Level doles out only
for formality purposes. To ensure that there will be no other dealers on the set bidding
venue, no publications or announcements are made. Only the officials and the contractor
know where the bidding shall take place.
CA Arco Liquigan 72
Annesx A is an Invitation for interested suppliers, Dealers and Distributors to
attend bidding. But this invitation was never sent to any other dealers neither it was
posted to public places to announce that a bidding will happen.
Annexx C is the Certification that officially states that the Notice of
Bidding was posted on places with in the Barangay. The only signatory to the said
Certification is the Barangay Captain. Following the principle of nego, signing such
documents could be part of the “deal” between him and the Contractor
On some cases, no bidding even takes place. The officials will just sign on the
attendance sheet to signify that they were on the behest. The Bids and Awards Committee
members will just sign the contract papers which will indicate that there has been no
alteration in the bidding and that the contract was awarded to the dealer with the cheapest
offer.
Annex D is the attendance of the public bidding of the project, according to the
source of this data; these officials were just asked to sign on the attendance sheet even if
they were not on the said bidding. It can also be seen here that no representative from
COA or DILG came to witness the bidding.
But at some cases where representatives from the Commission on Audit and the
Department of Local Government attend the bidding, a scripted bidding takes place. A
legal bidding process should comprise of three different dealers willing to offer the
products needed for the project on its lowest price. Before the transaction, there are
already business deals between the Barangay Captain and the contractor. This deal
between the contractor and the Barangay Captain is usually referred to as Negotiated
Canvass or nego. So in the bidding, the contractor will bring two other contractors that
could either be hers as well, or dealers she’s acquainted with who are willing to offer the
items on a higher price, making her the lowest bidder.
CA Arco Liquigan 73
Negotiated canvass or nego is an arrangement made by the dealer and the
procurement official to manipulate a canvass method of procurement to ensure that the
purchase order would be "won" by the said dealer. This is done by giving all the canvass
papers of a certain project to the favored dealer. Thus, effectively depriving other
interested dealers.29
Annex A shows a letter addressed to the City Auditor requesting for a
representative in bidding dated Thursday, March 6, 2008 at 10:00 am. But no
representative came to witness and facilitate in the said bidding.
In return, the Procurement official asks for the Tong. Tong is the monetary
inducement demanded by the procurement official from the dealer.
The Grease and the Machine
For the speedy disposition of transactions, and to make the procurement easier,
Pampadulas is used. Pampadulas, Lagay, or “Grease Money” is used for bribing
procurement officials to : sign necessary documents, inducement as a return favor for a
project given, amd keep the transaction confidential.
In the Barangay, Pampadulas is often given to the Barangay Captain and the
Barangay Councilors:
“Ang karaniwan talagang nakakakuha niyan, ay Barangay
Captain, then yung mga Barangay Councilors kasi hindi pipirma yang
mga yan kung walang ganun e, kapag walang paabot, ika nga eh, hindi
gagalaw ang makinarya, kung walang gasolina” (Table3.b, 2-4, lines
78,82,132)
The amount of bribe depends upon the budget allocated to the project: the
higher the allotted budget, the higher the bribe. The percentage of lagay they
acquire from the contractors is often referred to as S.O.P.
29 Trillanes, A.F. (2002). Corruption in the Philippine Navy Provurement System. Diliman, Philippines: University of the Philippines National College of Public Administration and Governance.
CA Arco Liquigan 74
“Meron kasing mga Barangay Captain, na 5% sa kanila, tapos 5% dun sa
councilors, so suma total 10%. ng project” ” (Table3.b, 2-4, lines 88-91)
Standard Operating Procedure or S.O.P.
On the interviews I made, the term S.O.P. often crops up. But they all
refer to one consistent idea. That S.O.P is a monetary reward they get either from
the contractor or the Barangay Captain as their percentage on the project.
R1:”di ba may project ka?”
R2: “percentage”
R1: “automatic na yun, na may makukuha ka, halimbawa sa 150,000,
20% nun.” (Table 3.a, 1-3, lines 53-55)
“Oo, S.O.P o standard operating procedure, ayung yung Sop, ung
lagay lagay ng contractor e, minsan hindi alam yan ng mga SK” (Table
3.b, 2-4, lines 96-98)
I: “anu yung S.O.P na yun?”
R2; “parang pinaka percent na napupunta sa mga SK”
I: “ilang percent?”
R2: “mostly 20 siya e” (Table 3.c, 3-4, lines 89-92)
S.O.P, as stated earlier is the monetary reward procurement officials acquire from
the contractors as their share in the profit. This also serves as a magnet for contractors, so
that, when the Barangay officials need to procure items, they will get the highest chance
to get the project again. It has become their business technique.
S.O.P varies from one transaction on to the other. The percentage of the S.O.P
may differ depending upon the set negotiation between the Barangay Captain and the
CA Arco Liquigan 75
contractor. The most common share is 20%. This is the least percentage possible. And the
greediest sharing of funds in the Barangay level is the 70%-30-%.
. So for instance in an SK project with allocated budget of P500,000. in a 20%
nego, P100,000 goes to the Procurement Officials.
In the Barangay level, the customary division of the S.O.P in a 20% nego is 10-5-
5. 10% goes to the Barangay Captain, 5% percent to the Brg.y Councilors and 5% to the
SK council. The S.O.P is often given to the Barangay Captain, so he will be in charge in
the dividing the dividends.
In a 70%-30% deal however, comes a more ravenous form of funds sleaze. In this
nego, 70% of the entire budget becomes a clean cut for the Official. So in a project with
allotted budget of P500,000, 70 % of it which is P350,000 goes directly to the official.
The contractor will be in charge of the paper works to prevent future possible leaks that
may render potential cases filed against them, while the Procurement official will be in
charge in greasing other officials and the Bids and Awards Committee members to keep
the transaction off the record.
The Barangay Captain then, may be able to directly purchase items needed for the
project. This cut may be beneficial if the purpose of the Barangay Captain is to maximize
the utility that may be brought about with the money. So instead of the contractor
providing them with the goods they need, usually in a higher price and poorer quality, the
official may be able to freely purchase items in the market.
But this kind of deal nonetheless is more prone to forms of corruption such as
ghost deliveries. Like the example above, ghost delivery or conversion is the process in
which government funds allocated through budget releases are "converted" into cash.
This is done by preparing procurement documents taken from either a negotiated canvass
or a rigged bidding, then, instead of delivering the items stated in the purchase order, the
CA Arco Liquigan 76
dealer would deliver the cash equivalent of the goods in the purchase order, less certain
percentages for the dealer's profit.30
Contractors: Regaining Profit
For the contractors to be able to gain back the losses brought by S.O.P and other
forms of Lagay and Suhol, here are their most common strategies:
Over-pricing. To cover for the additional expenses incurred by the lagay, suhol, and
S.O.P, the dealers and procurement official mutually agree on setting the price, which are
way above the authorized limits. The Commission on Audit has their own limits on the
price but inevertheless provides an over-priced list as well.
Annexes E, F, I, J, M, and N show the bids of the Contractors, namely the
DONG-E Trading, Lucky Mary Traders and Contractors, and Golden Altis Enterprises,
on both of the projects.
It can be seen here that even the lowest bidder offered an over-priced value for a
Personal Computer – Intel Pentium Dual Core 1.8 GHz, ECS 2160, HD Sata, and 80 GB.
This specs for a computer, with the table and monitor only costs at most P30, 000 in the
market. The lowest bidder offered it for 69,500. This is a good example for over pricing.
Every so often, the items are not just over priced but inferior in quality as well.
The respondents refer to this incident as “kinakahoy”.
“Sakin mayroon naman talagang mga contractor na corrupt, tulad yun
gproject mo parang kinakahoy nalang, imbis na ibigay sayo yung
magaganda quality, ginagawa nila yung mga local” (Table 3.c, 2-7, lines
201-204)
30 Trillanes, A.F. (2002). Corruption in the Philippine Navy Provurement System. Diliman, Philippines: University of the Philippines National College of Public Administration and Governance.
CA Arco Liquigan 77
Under delivery. Again to cover for the additional expenses incurred by the lagay, suhol,
and S.O.P, the dealers and procurement official mutually agree that the quantity of the
delivery will be lower than the one specified in the purchase order.
Annexes F, J and N on the other hand didn’t show much for over pricing. But the
Key Informant said that he didn’t receive the exact quantity on the bid that when it was
delivered it was less expected. This is a good example for Ghost Deliveries and
Conversion.
In the SK projects, under delivery is done to finance projects that are not fundable
by the government. For instance, SK funds may not be appropriated to pay for personal
services and man-labor. During summer basketball leagues (which is the most common
projects the SK does), the payment for the services rendered by the referees may not be
subjected under SK funds. These tactics are done to compensate for these instances.
This is the case for substitution. To circumvent certain prohibitions of the law,
specifically the General Appropriations Act, where certain government agencies have no
capital outlay and, therefore, cannot buy equipment, the dealer and the procurement
official mutually agree to deliver items other than those stated in the purchase order. In
the SK case, it is not purchasing equipments but backing personal service fees.
CA Arco Liquigan 78
What changes should be done?
When the respondents were asked if a higher institution should be made to guide
the SK here are their answers:
Diagram 4. Graphed answer of respondents regarding a new overseeing institution.
More respondents said it would be beneficial to the SK if there is another
overseeing institution that will guide the body. This is to ensure that the institution will be
directed with honesty and justice. The overseeing body should also ensure that there is no
fraudulent acts that are being practiced in the system. But some of the respondents, this
will only be necessary if the mother council is not functioning well, where in accord with
the data gathered, has already been corrupted.
The no respondents on the other hand said that creating another overseeing body
will be costly. It will only be effective if the people working in that institution are
volunteers, or otherwise they might just make things worse. They said that making a
higher overseing body means another body to bribe. The respondents view on having a
new body is quite skeptical and pessimistic. They are afraid that instead of guiding them,
it could possibly make the system even worse, with more people to bribe, and more
people to be shelled out.
CA Arco Liquigan 79
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Mother Council Contractor SK Council Self
Yes
No
Some even said that to be able to eradicate corruption in the system, the entire
process should be modified. That as long as this is the system, corruption will continue to
subsist. One modification they saw possible is changing the procurement system.
They said, with out the contractors, there would be less corruption. Since
contractors are profit-orriented, they have to gain revenues in engaging business with the
government; earning yields means getting more from the budget and less money for the
pursuance of the program. If contractors will be eliminated, there will be more money for
projects.
The problem why using contractors sometimes seems to be the best resort, is its
expediency. With the contractors, the projects can be done on time. It may be less, or
shorter, but it comes on time, since the contractors finances for the project and just
reimburses it. If officials will wait for the government funds to come, it will take longer
than using a contractor.
When they were asked if they consider the Mother Council, the Contractor, the
SK Council, and their selves corrupt these are their responses:
Diagram 5. Evaluation
CA Arco Liquigan 80
None of the respondents said that the mother council and the contractor are not
corrupt. They all perceived these institutions corrupt. When they were asked about their
SK Council, and their selves, results have been parted: 8 out of 12 respondents consider
their SK Council not corrupt, leaving only 4 of them who consider their Council Corrupt.
However, there has been an equal split when they were asked if they consider themselves
corrupt. 6 of the respondents said they consider themselves corrupt, while the other half
considers they are not corrupt. Two of the Yes respondents projected uncertainty by
answering: “siguro oo” and “50/50”.
When the respondents were asked why they consider themselves corrupt or not
corrupt, most of the respondents refereed to the SOP. The Yes respondents to the
question considered themselves corrupt because they get and acquire part of the SOP.
The SOP becomes a major factor for the SK Chairpersons in contexting corruption. Other
affirmed because they themselves felt they were bribed and they bribed.
The No Respondents to the question still referred to the idea of SOP by which
they acquire. But almost all of the 6 respondents placed the fault to their Barangay
Captains and Barangay Kagawad. It was them according to the respondents who are the
major agents of corruption and not them. They are only co-opted to follow the practice of
these higher officials. What they get from the Barangay Captains and Contractors,
according to the respondents, are just “balato”. Others considered themselves not corrupt
for the reason that even if they get the SOP, they use it for other projects they want to
implement. They redirect the SOP back by utilizing it for programs and activities they
want do in their respective Barangay.
CA Arco Liquigan 81
Conclusion
From the data gathered, and through the analyses done to these data. It may be
concluded, that, there is corruption happening in the Sangguniang Kabataan.
Through the analyses of perception and notions of the respondents, and the
processes in their institutions, giving light to the structure and other institutions
influencing it, manifestations of corruption were explicitly observed. These
manifestations of corruption sprouted synergistically with the relationships of the three
institutions: the Mother Barangay Council, the Contractor, and the SK Council. As they
advance their relationships, and interact with each other, the driving forces of these
institutions synthesize, yielding corruption as the synthesis.
It can be seen in the data that two of the most common forms of corruption
surrounding the SK are lagay and suhol. The process deems the intrusion of such forms
necessary due to the pressure and enticement surrounding structures of the SK by which
these institutions provoke. Discerning the concept of new institutionalism, the pressure of
other two institutions in the interactions (the Mother Barangay Council and the
Contractor) schemed an effect to the SK. In this theory, the main goal of structures is to
adapt. Because of the pressure and the loopholes in the system, the institution began to
acclimatize with surrounding institutions, providing a gravity of manipulation in the
processes occurring inside the structure. Due to this adaptation, new processes with in the
conventional procedure soon developed. In this study, I used the term “corruption gates”
(Charts 1 and 2) to show the transition of the process form the uncorrupt to the corrupt
system. The intrusion of these gates became a part of the process because of the constant
practice of the acts. Agents has become habituated with the interference of these “extra
processes”, it has infringed and became a part of it. With the constant practice of the
operations, the gates were able to sink in at the process, deceiving the agents as if it has
been there ever since the commencement of the procurement process.
CA Arco Liquigan 82
Furthermore, it could be inferred that the major agents of Corruption in the course
are the Officials in the Mother Barangay and the Contractor. The two bodies are the
propagators of the fraudulent practices and SK serves only as the victim of their actions.
The Corruption gates are all offshoots of the anomalies dealings done by these agents.
The only participation of the SK in the corruption process is to deliver and provide
passageway for corruption to shift from one step of the process to the next. SK is used as
the link to make corruption move with in the system. Consequently, SK is only used as a
tool by these institutions to bring about their own interests.
The neglected concept of autonomy in the SK contributes to these ideas. The SK,
provided for by RA 7160 or the Local Government Code of 1991, is entitled to enjoy
fiscal and legislative autonomy over its entity. But the autonomy the provision whines is
incompatible with the current set-up. Process in the real deal does not entail autonomy
but rather intervention from other institutions. The autonomy here remains abstract.
Their interaction, putting SK in the middle of the interface, makes the structure
move to the direction the two institutions are heading. Hence, patterns of behavior are
transmitted from the two institutions to the SK. SK is opted to follow and behave in
accordance with the two because of the pressure, factors of force and deception, and
enticement these structures project. Institutional pressure comprises a set of group
dynamics whereby a group in which one feels comfortable may take the place of personal
habits, individual moral desires to impose a group norm of attitudes and behaviors.
CA Arco Liquigan 83
Recommendation
The ameliorate the situation of the Sangguniang Kabataan, one possible solution
is to cooperate and coordinate with people and non-governmental organization that long
before have been institutionalized and which have been existing for many years. One is
the phenomenon that the Philippine government seems to have more than its share of
graft and corruption. The abuse of power and misuse of government funds as forms of
corruption has become a malignant disease in the country that defeats the very purpose
why the institution was created. At this point, the Sangguniang Kabataan must be
vigilant, militant and cautious before involving itself with other bodies that are specious
to begin with, doubtful in credentials and is self-gain motivated.
The youth should also take charge to do amendments and changes in the
processes in the government. The process occurring with in the SK must have a total
make-over to bring back the true essence of youth governance. The procurement system
needs an over-haul. The transparency in the process remains abstract. To be able to
eradicate possible frauds and anomalous dealings, the system should become austere and
stringent. The Government should keep their eye on the loopholes of the process and do
something about it. Therefore, political reform must be pushed through.
Furthermore, true legal aids should reinforce autonomy of the Sangguniang
Kabataan. Autonomy in a sense that it would eradicate unnecessary processes in the line
of the SK. Autonomy that would provoke the total annihilation of the corruption gates.
Honesty and integrity would still play a crucial role in the continued existence of
these organizations and their future impact upon the existence of this country. The
Sangguniang Kabataan can make the government to implement its goal by changing the
quality of politics from personalities to principles.
CA Arco Liquigan 84
Bibliography:
1) Abletez, J.P. (1996). Sangguniang Kabataan: The Youth in Service. C.C. Barredo
Publishing House.
2) Asian Development Bank, (2006). Country Reports: Systems for Curbing
Corruption in Public Procurement: Progress and Challenges in 25 Countries.
"Curbing Corruption in Public Procurement in Asia and the Pacific" presents the
findings of the ADB/OECD Anti-Corruption Initiative for Asia and the Pacific's 2005-
2006 thematic review on curbing corruption in public procurement. It highlights trends,
approaches, and achievements covering the Initiative's 25 member countries and
jurisdictions in Asia and the Pacific in a comparative overview that provides details on
existing policies and key elements of legal and institutional frameworks.
3) Caiden, Gerald and Naomi, 1977 Administrative Corruption. As quoted in Carino,
Ledivina V. 1985. International Review of Administrative Sciences: A Journal of
Comparative Public Administrations No.1 1985.
This book is a comprehensive guide to reference works, journals and books in
public administration. All entries for abstracts, indexes and journals are included. The
selected writings contain core texts, case studies, supplemental specialized
bibliographies, etc. And it includes an introductory essay on the scope of public
administration. Furthermore, discussion of Corruption helps us better define the concept,
in view of the fact that this concept shall be important in this study.
4) Carino, Ledivina V., 1985 The Politicization of the Philippine Bureaucracy:
Corruption or Commitment?, International Review of Administrative Sciences: A
Journal of Comparative Public Administrations No.1 1985.
CA Arco Liquigan 85
Carino discussed bureaucratic corruption in this journal. The thrust of this journal
is the idea in which the Philippines, as it illustrates is some ways the proposition that
politicization of the bureaucracy brings about greater possibilities for, and manifestations
of, corruption and maladministration, resulting in disregard of public interest. In this
article she discussed the relationship between variables in the politicization of
bureaucracy in the Philippines and the forms of corruption that have resulted in the
process.
5) Congress of the Philippines. ”Republic Act 9164”. 19 march 2002
RA 9164, other wise know as “AN ACT PROVIDING FOR SYNCHRONIZED
BARANGAY AND SANGGUNIANG KABATAAN ELECTIONS” provides
amendments on some of the provisions under RA 7160 or the Local Government Code of
1991. This updates the Existing Sangguniang Kabataan Consitution and By-laws.
6) Congress of the Philippines. “Republic Act 9184”. The Government Procurement
Reform Act. 22 July 2002
The procurement (acquisition of goods, services, and contracting for
infrastructure projects) law was enacted to lay down rules and regulations to modernize,
standardize, and regulate the procurement of domestically-funded activities of the
government. It is a response to the clamor of the citizenry to provide value for taxpayer
money and show Government commitment to good governance and deter corruption.
This will steer us with the legal process with in the procurement system.
7) Coronel, S.S (1998). Pork and other Perks: Corruption and Governance in the
Philippines. Philippine Center For Ivestigative Journalism.
Department of Interior & Local Government. ”Local Government code of 1991 (RA
7160)”.Bureau of local Government Development. (no date)
CA Arco Liquigan 86
As stated in Article 1 Section 1 of RA 7160, it is thereby declared that the policy
of the State that the territorial and political subdivisions of the State shall enjoy genuine
and meaningful local autonomy to enable them to attain their fullest development as self-
reliant communities and make them more effective partners in the attainment of national
goals. Toward this end, the State shall provide for a more responsive and accountable
local government structure instituted through a system of decentralization whereby local
government units shall be given more powers, authority, responsibilities, and resources.
The process of decentralization shall proceed from the national government to the local
government units. This will set the legal foundations of the study.
8) Department of Interior & local Government. “The Sangguniang Kabataan”.
National Barangay Operations Office, Institutional linkages and Networking
Division (ILAND).(no date).
This will provide to this paper the institutional structure, system, and other
information about the Sangguniang Kabataan. The Composition, the Members and the
process on how SK Councils are elected are also included here. This shall be the legal
foundation on the Sangguniang Kabataan.
9) DiMaggio, Paul J. and Walter W. Powell. 1991. "Introduction." The New
Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis, edited by Walter W. Powell and Paul
J. DiMaggio. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
In their introduction, the editors discuss points of convergence and disagreement
with institutionally oriented research in economics and political science, and locate the
"institutional" approach in relation to major developments in contemporary sociological
theory. Several chapters consolidate the theoretical advances of the past decade, identify
and clarify the paradigm's key ambiguities, and push the theoretical agenda in novel ways
by developing sophisticated arguments about the linkage between institutional patterns
and forms of social structure.
CA Arco Liquigan 87
10) Grose ."Crony: An intimate companion, a camrade; also a confederate in a
robbery" - Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue, 1785 [1811].
This is a discussion of Crony, one of the most common forms of corruption, by
Grose. The study however is outdated since it was written in 1785, and the political set-
up at that time is different from what we have in the present. The definition and the
indicators of crony discussed in this book is nonetheless essential to this study.
11) Hall, Peter A. and Rosemary C.R. Taylor. 1996. "Political Science and the Three
New Institutionalisms." Political Studies 44(5):936-957.
The ‘new institutionalism’ is a term that now appears with growing frequency in
political science. However, there is considerable confusion about just what the ‘new
institutionalism’ is, how it differs from other approaches, and what sort of promise or
problems it displays. The object of this essay is to provide some preliminary answers to
these questions by reviewing recent work of literature.
12) Klitgaard, 1995 As quoted in Sosmena, Gaudioso 1999 Concept of Bureaucratic
Sedition. Vol II No.6. NDCP Occasional paper
This paper discussed the concept of Bureaucratic Sedition. This will help us better
understand the form of corruption in the procurement system that may arise as we go on
with the paper. His discussions and definitions are very helpful in determining the form
of corruption and its classification.
13) Krueger RA & Casey MA (2000) Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for AppliedResearch, 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
14) Rose-Ackerman [1998]. “Corruption and Development”, Annual World Bank
Conference on Development Economics, Washington: The World Bank.
CA Arco Liquigan 88
This is a Report of Rose-Ackerman in the Annual World Bank Conference on
Development Economics. She gave an overview on the effect of corruption in a macro
perspective. She also identified most common forms of corruption and their
classifications.
15) Sosmena, Gaudioso, 1999 Concept of Bureaucratic Sedition. Vol II No.6. NDCPOccasional paper.
This is the paper in which Klitgaard conceptualized his discussions. This is a
deeper approach on understanding problems with in the Bureaucracies. His definitions
and discussions on corruption are also helpful for the elaboration of the anomalies in the
procurement system in the Sangguniang Kabataan.
16) Tayag, N. (1992). Sangguniang Kabataan Primer Book 1. Manila: Mary Jo
Educational Supply.
17) Trillanes, A.F. (2002). Corruption in the Philippine Navy Provurement System.
Diliman, Philippines: University of the Philippines National College of Public
Administration and Governance.
Senator Antonio Trillanes, as his thesis for Masters Education in the University of
the Philippines Diliman National College of Public Administration, made a study about
the anomalies occurring in the Procurement System in the Navy. Since the Procurement
Process and forms has been standardized, this study may help us in the possible effective
ways of gathering data and approach on how to analyze them.
18) UP-CIDS. ”Study on Impact of the Youth Participation in the Local Development
Process: the Sangguniang Kabataan Experience”. Quezon City,Philippines.(2006).
This is a study of the UP-CIDS on the effectiveness of the Sangguniang Kabataan
in coping with the purpose of its mandate. The most common forms of projects, activities
CA Arco Liquigan 89
and program SK Council around Metro Manila has been included in the study. This will
help us in supplying needed information in the study.
19) Velasco, Djorina. ”Rejecting “old style” politics? Youth Participation in the
Philippines.”http://www.fes.org.ph/pdf/yp/countrypapers philippines Accessed 15
January 2008.
Velasco discussed here the problems of the Sanggunaing Kabataan. This is almost
similar to the Study made by UP-CIDS. However, Velasco offered insights and
recommendations on how the SK could regain the promises of its mandate. He discussed
the common misconceptions and negative stereotypes about the SK and how it could be
resolved.
20) World Bank [1997a] World development report: the state in a changing world.
NewYork: Oxford University Press.
Government is in the spotlight in this 20th annual edition of World Development
Report. This year the World Bank's flagship publication is devoted to the role and
effectiveness of the state, a topic that ranks high on the agenda in developing and
industrial countries alike. The Report looks at what the state should do, how it should do
it, and how it can do it better in a rapidly changing world.
CA Arco Liquigan 90
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
male
female
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
highschool
college
out of schoolyouth
Appendices
Table 1: Demographic Data of Respondents (N=20)
Diagram 1. Graph of Demographic Data per Sex
Diagram 2. Graph of Demographic Data per Educational Attainment
CA Arco Liquigan
Demographic Data Number Frequency (%)Sex
Male
Female
6
6
50%
50%AgeEducational Attainment
High School
College
Out of School Youth
1
9
2
8.33%
75%
16.67%
91
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
yes
no
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Mother Council Contractor SK Council Self
Yes
No
Diagram 3. Graphed answer of respondents regarding administering of SK with honesty
and justice
.
Diagram 4. Graphed answer of respondents regarding a new overseeing institution.
Diagram 5. Evaluation
CA Arco Liquigan 92