CHEMICALS FOR CONSUMERS
SOAP AND
DETERGENTChe Nur Nadira Groups’ 5ST2 2014
MEANING OF SOAP
SOAP IS THE SALT
FORMED WHEN A FATTY
ACID IS NEUTRALIZED BY
AN ALKALI.
MEANING OF DETERGENT
DETERGENT IS THE SALT
FORMED WHEN ALKYL
HYDROGEN SULPHATE IS
NEUTRALIZED BY AN ALKALI.
PREPARATION OF SOAP
OILS AND FATS ARE ESTERS FORMED FROM
GLYCEROL AND FATTY ACIDS .
SOAP IS MADE THROUGH HEATING OILS OR FATS
WITH AN ALKALI SUCH AS SODIUM HYDROXIDE, NaOH.
SAPONIFICATION OF OILS
OR FATS
NEUTRALIZATION OF
FATTY ACIDS
PREPARATION OF
DETERGENT
DETERGENTS ARE MADE
USING RAW MATERIALS
OBTAINED FROM PETROLEUM.
PRODUCTION OF LAURYL
HYDROGEN SULPHATE
CH3(CH2)9CH2OH+H2SO4
CH3(CH2)9CH2OSO3H+H2O
NEUTRALIZATION OF LAURYL HYDROGEN
SULPHATE
CH3(CH2)9CH2OSO3H+NaOH
CH3(CH2)9CH2OSO3Na+H2O
THE CLEANSING ACTION
OF SOAP AND DETERGENT
SOAP AND DETERGENT DISSOLVE IN WATER TO FORM
SODIUM ION, Na+ AND THE ANIONS .
ONE PART OF THE SOAP AND DETERGENT ANION IS
NEGATIVELY CHARGED
THIS IS THE POLAR END. IT DISSOLVES IN WATER. IT IS
HYDROPHILIC .
THE OTHER PART HAS NO CHARGE. THIS IS NON-POLAR
END. IT IS HYDROPHOBIC.
T H E E F F E C T I V E N E S S O F T H E
C L E A N S I N G AC T I O N O F S OA P A N D
D E T E RG E N T
WATER THAT CONTAINS CALCIUM IONS AND
MAGNESIUM IONS IS CALLED HARD WATER.
SOAP CANNOT CLEAN WELL IN HARD WATER.
THIS IS BECAUSE SOAP ANIONS FORM SALTS WITH THE
CALCIUM IONS AND MAGNESIUM IONS.
THESE SALTS ARE INSOLUBLE AND APPEAR AS A
STICKY SCUM.
SOAP CANNOT LATHER WELL IN HARD WATER.
THE DETERGENT ANIONS FORM SOLUBLE SALTS.
THEREFORE, ITS CLEANING POWER IS NOT AFFECTED
BY HARD WATER .
PROPERTY SOAP DETERGENT
CLEANING
POWER
LESS POWERFUL MORE
POWERFUL
EASE OF RINSING DIFFICULT TO
WASH AWAY ALL
SOAP ON
CLOTHES.
RINSES OUT
WELL FROM
CLOTHES
pH SLIGHTLY
ALKALINE
CAN BE
CONTROL TO
SUIT THE
CLEANING TASK
MOLECULAR
STRUCTURE
DETERMINED
BY THE
STRUCTURE OF
FATTY ACIDS
FOUND IN THE
OIL OR FAT
USED TO
PRODUCE SOAP
CAN BE
MODIFIED TO
SUIT THE
CLEANING TASK.
FORMATION OF
SCUM
FORMS SCUM
WITH HARD
WATER
DOES NOT FORM
SCUM WITH
HARD WATER
PREPARED BY :
CHE NUR NADIRA BINTI CHE DA
ROSIZATUN NAJLIN BINTI ROSLI
SITI AISHAH BINTI NAZARUDDIN
NURUL IMANINA BINTI ABDUL RAZAK
PRESENTED BY :
AZRIN BAIZURA BINTI HAMDAN
NUR HAZWANI BINTI HAMRAJNAN
NUR FARZANA