Software Development: Software Development: Tools and ProcessesTools and Processes
Lecture Lecture --9: PA discussion9: PA discussion
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CMMI Process AreaCMMI Process AreaIn continuous representation there are In continuous representation there are four categories of Pasfour categories of Pas•• Process managementProcess management•• Project managementProject management•• EngineeringEngineering•• SupportSupport
Each categories has PA which can either Each categories has PA which can either be basic or advancedbe basic or advancedExcept Support Except Support PAsPAs, all other categories , all other categories PAsPAs, are linked with each other, are linked with each other
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Organization of Process Areas
Requirements Management Total 6 PARequirements DevelopmentTechnical SolutionProduct IntegrationVerificationValidation
Engineering
ProjectManagement
Project Planning Total 8 PAProject Monitoring and ControlSupplier Agreement ManagementIntegrated Project Management(IPPD)Integrated Supplier Management (SS)Integrated Teaming (IPPD)Risk ManagementQuantitative Project Management
Organizational Process Focus Total 5 PAOrganizational Process DefinitionOrganizational TrainingOrganizational Process PerformanceOrganizational Innovation and Deployment
ProcessManagement
Configuration Management Total 6 PAProcess and Product Quality AssuranceMeasurement and AnalysisCausal Analysis and ResolutionDecision Analysis and ResolutionOrganizational Environment for Integration (IPPD)
Support
Category Process Area
4CMMI Combined Tutorial Feb 16, 2004
Process Management Process Areas
• There are five Process Management Process Areas:–Organizational Process Focus–Organizational Process Definition–Organizational Training–Organizational Process Performance–Organizational Innovation and Deployment
5CMMI Combined Tutorial Feb 16, 2004
Understanding Process Management Process Areas
•The process management PAs apply across the organization as a whole and provide details that support the Capability Level 3 Generic Goal.
6CMMI Combined Tutorial Feb 16, 2004
Organizational Process Definition
• Purpose:
• Establish and maintain a usable set of organizationalprocess assets.
7CMMI Combined Tutorial Feb 16, 2004
Organizational Process Definition - Context
Establish the Organization’s Measurement
Repository
Establish the Organization’s
Process AssetLibrary
ProcessImplementers
EstablishTailoring
Criteria andGuidelines
Establish Life-Cycle
Model Descriptions
Establish Standard
Processes
Establish Organizational Process Assets
Life Cycle Models
Organizational Standard Processes
Organizational Library of Process
Documentation
Organizational Measurement
Repository
Improvements
OPF
Deploy-ment
Tailoring Guidelines
8CMMI Combined Tutorial Feb 16, 2004
Organizational Process Focus
• Purpose:
• Plan and implement organizational process improvement based on a thorough understanding of the current strengths and weaknesses of the organization’s processes and process assets.
9CMMI Combined Tutorial Feb 16, 2004
Organizational Process Focus - Context
Selected Improvements
Improvement Initiatives
Pilots, Action
Teams
• Strengths •& Weakness
Appraise Org’s
Processes
Identify Org.’sProcess
Improve- ments
EstablishOrganizational
ProcessNeeds
Process Needs and Objectives
DetermineProcessImprovementOpportunities
Establish Process Action Plans
ImplementProcessActionPlans
Process Action plans
Organizational Process Assets
IncorporateProcess-Related
Experiences
Deploy Organizational
ProcessAssets
Planand ImplementProcessImprove-mentActivities
10CMMI Combined Tutorial Feb 16, 2004
Organizational Training
•Purpose:
•Develop the skills and knowledge of people so they can perform their roles effectively and efficiently.
11CMMI Combined Tutorial Feb 16, 2004
Organizational Training - Context
DeliverTraining
Materials
Records Change Requests
AssessTraining
EffectivenessEstablishTrainingRecords
Surveys
Records
Provide Necessary Training
Establish the Strategic Training
Needs
Analysis Needs Strategy Reqmts
Determinewhich TrainingNeeds are theResponsibility
of the Org.
Obtaining Materials
Training Repository
Establish an Organizational Training Capability
Establish Training
Capability
Establish anOrganizational
TrainingTactical Plan
12CMMI Combined Tutorial Feb 16, 2004
Organizational Process Performance
•Purpose:
•Establish and maintain a quantitative understanding of the performance of the organization’s set of standard processes in support of quality and process-performance objectives, and to provide the process performance data, baselines, and models to quantitatively manage the organization’s projects.
13CMMI Combined Tutorial Feb 16, 2004
Organizational Process Performance - Context
ML 4 Process Area
EstablishQuality and
ProcessPerformance
Measures
Organizational Process Performance Baselines
Process Performance
Models
Organization’sStandard Processes
Project ProcessMeasurements
SelectProcesses
Selected Subprocesses from Org. Std. Processes
BusinessObjectives
Organizational Process Performance Objectives
EstablishProcess
PerformanceModels
Establish Process
PerformanceObjectives
EstablishProcess
PerformanceBaselines
•Org set of measures
QPM
QPM
BusinessObjectives
Establish Performance Baselines and Models
MA
14CMMI Combined Tutorial Feb 16, 2004
Organizational Innovation and Deployment
• Purpose:
• Select and deploy incremental and innovativeimprovements that measurably improve the organization’s processes and technologies. The improvements support the organization’s quality and process-performance objectives as derived from the organization’s business objectives.
15CMMI Combined Tutorial Feb 16, 2004
Organizational Innovation and Deployment - Context
ML 5 Process Area
Manage theDeployment
MeasureImprovements
EffectsPlan the
Deployment
Deploy Improvements
Collectand AnalyzeImprovement
Proposals
MeasurementResults
PilotImprovements
Improvement Proposalsand Analysis
Select Improvements
for Deployment
Improvements
Select Improvements
Identifyand AnalyzeInnovations
16CMMI Combined Tutorial Feb 16, 2004
Project Management Process Areas
• There are six Project Management Process Areas.–Project Planning–Project Monitoring and Control–Supplier Agreement Management–Integrated Project Management–Quantitative Project Management–Risk Management
17CMMI Combined Tutorial Feb 16, 2004
Project Planning
• Purpose:
• Establish and maintain plans that define project activities.
18CMMI Combined Tutorial Feb 16, 2004
Project Planning - Context
PlanningData
EstablishEstimates
ObtainCommitmentto the Plan
Develop a Project Plan
PMC
Project Plans
19CMMI Combined Tutorial Feb 16, 2004
Project Planning - Context
Determine Estimates
of Effortand Cost
Establish Estimates
Estimate the Scope
of the Project
EstablishEstimates of
Work Product and Task Attributes
Define ProjectLife Cycle
PlanningData
20CMMI Combined Tutorial Feb 16, 2004
Project Planning - Context
Establish the Budget
andSchedule
Planning Data
Develop a Project Plan
Planfor Data
Management
Plan Stakeholder
Involvement
Plan forProject
Resources
Project Plans
Establishthe Project
Plan
IdentifyProject Risks
Plan forNeeded
Knowledge and Skills
21CMMI Combined Tutorial Feb 16, 2004
Project Planning - Context
Obtain Commitment to the Plan
ReconcileWork andResource
Levels
ReviewPlans that
Affect the Project
ObtainPlan
Commitment
ProjectPlans
22CMMI Combined Tutorial Feb 16, 2004
Project Monitoring and Control
• Purpose:
• Provide understanding into the project’s progress so that appropriate corrective actions can be taken when the project’s performance deviates significantly from the plan.
23CMMI Combined Tutorial Feb 16, 2004
Project Monitoring and Control- Context
Project Plans
Monitor Project Risks
Monitor Commitments
AnalyzeIssues
TakeCorrective
Actions
ConductMilestoneReviews
MonitorData
Management
Monitor Project
PlanningParameters
ManageCorrective Actions
to ClosureMonitor Project Against Plans
ConductprogressReviews
Monitor StakeholderInvolvement
ManageCorrective Actions PP
24CMMI Combined Tutorial Feb 16, 2004
Supplier Agreement Management
• Purpose:
• Manage the acquisition of products from suppliers for which there exists a formal agreement.
25CMMI Combined Tutorial Feb 16, 2004
Supplier Agreement ManagementContext
Product
List of Products
EstablishSupplier
Agreements
Supplier Agreement
ReviewCOTS
Products
Determine Acquisition
Type
TransitionProducts
Accept the Acquired
Product
SelectSuppliers
Supplier Requirements
Executethe SupplierAgreement
Establish Supplier Agreements
Satisfy Supplier Agreements
26CMMI Combined Tutorial Feb 16, 2004
Integrated Project Management
• Purpose:
• Establish and manage the project and the involvement of the relevant stakeholders according to an integrated and defined process that is tailored from the organization’s set of standard processes.
27CMMI Combined Tutorial Feb 16, 2004
Integrated Project Management - Context
ManageStakeholderInvolvement
ManageDependencies
ResolveCoordination
Issues
Coordinate with Relevant
Stakeholders
Documented Technical
Issues
Documented Critical
Dependencies
Agendas and Schedules for Collaborative
Activities
Use the Project’s Defined Process Defined Process Based
Project Plan
Project’s Defined Process
Use Org Proc Assets for Planning
ProjectActivities
Integrate PlansOPD
• Estimates and Measures• Documentation• Lessons Learned
Other Project& Org Functions
Establishthe Project’s
Defined Process
Contributeto Org
ProcessAssets
ManageProject Using
Integrated Plans
28CMMI Combined Tutorial Feb 16, 2004
Risk Management
• Purpose:
• Identify potential problems before they occur, so that risk handling activities may be planned and invoked as needed across the life of the product or project to mitigate adverse impacts on achieving objectives.
29CMMI Combined Tutorial Feb 16, 2004
Risk Management - Context
IdentifyRisks
Evaluate, Categorize, and
PrioritizeRisks
Identify and Analyze Risks
From Project Planning and Project Monitoring
and Control
DevelopRisk
MitigationPlans
ImplementRisk
MitigationPlans
Mitigate Risks
DAR
Risk Repository
DetermineRisk
Sourcesand
Categories
DefineRisk
Parameters
Prepare for Risk Management
Establish a Risk
ManagementStrategy
30CMMI Combined Tutorial Feb 16, 2004
Quantitative Project Management
• Purpose:
• Quantitatively manage the project’s defined process to achieve the project’s established quality and process-performance objectives.
31CMMI Combined Tutorial Feb 16, 2004
Quantitative Project Management - Context
SubprocesseCapabilityMeasure
Statistically Manage Subprocess Performance
RecordStatistical
ManagementData
MonitorPerformance of Selected
Subprocesses
ApplyStatistical
Methods toUnderstand
Variation
SelectMeasures
and AnalyticTechniques
StableSub-
processes
SelectedSubprocesses
OPP
Predictions ofQuality and
Process Performance
OrganizationMeasurement
Repository
EstablishProject’s
Objectives
Compose the Defined
Process
Quality and ProcessPerformance Objectives
Remedial Actions
Selectthe
Subprocessesthat will beStatisticallyManaged
Quantitatively Manage the Project
ManageProject
Performance
Project’sDefinedProcess
Definitions ofMeasures;
DerivedObjectives
32CMMI Combined Tutorial Feb 16, 2004
Support Process Areas
There are five Support Process Areas:
• Configuration Management
• Process and Product Quality Assurance
• Measurement and Analysis
• Causal Analysis and Resolution
• Decision Analysis and Resolution
33CMMI Combined Tutorial Feb 16, 2004
Understanding Support Processes
• Support process areas cover the practices that support product development, maintenance, and acquisition.
• They provide essential processes used by all the CMMI process areas, and are typically used in the context of performing other processes.
34CMMI Combined Tutorial Feb 16, 2004
Basic Support Process Areas
PPQAMA
CM
All process areas
Information needs
Configuration items;change requests
Processes and work products;standards and procedures
Quality and noncompliance issues
Measurements,analyses
Baselines;audit reports
35CMMI Combined Tutorial Feb 16, 2004
Configuration Management
• Purpose:
• Establish and maintain the integrity of work products using configuration identification, configuration control, configuration status accounting, and configuration audits.
36CMMI Combined Tutorial Feb 16, 2004
Configuration Management - Context
EstablishConfig Mgmt
Records
PerformConfiguration
Audits
Audit Results
Status
Establish Integrity
Change RequestDatabase
ChangeRequests
Create orRelease
Baselines
Establisha Config.
ManagementSystem
IdentifyConfiguration
Items
Establish Baselines
ControlConfiguration
Items
TrackChange
Requests
Track andControlChanges
ConfigurationManagement
System
ActionItems
37CMMI Combined Tutorial Feb 16, 2004
Process and Product Quality Assurance
• Purpose:
• Provide staff and management with objective insight into processes and associated work products.
38CMMI Combined Tutorial Feb 16, 2004
Process and Product Quality Assurance - Context
Work Products
Reports and Records
Objectively
EvaluateProcesses
ObjectivelyEvaluate
Work Products
& Services
Objectively Evaluate Processes and Work Products
EstablishRecords
Communicateand Ensure
Resolution ofNon-compliance
Issues
Provide Objective Insight
39CMMI Combined Tutorial Feb 16, 2004
Measurement and Analysis
• Purpose:
• Develop and sustain a measurement capability that is used to support management information needs.
40CMMI Combined Tutorial Feb 16, 2004
Measurement & Analysis - Context
Measurement Indicators
CollectMeasurement
Data Communicate
Results
StoreData &Results
Analyze Measurement
Data
Provide Measurement Results
Measurement Personnel
Measurement Repository
Measurement Objectives Procedures, Tools
SpecifyMeasures
EstablishMeasurement
Objectives
SpecifyAnalysis
Procedures
SpecifyData
Collectionand StorageProcedures
Align Measurement Analysis Activities
41CMMI Combined Tutorial Feb 16, 2004
Causal Analysis and Resolution
• Purpose:
• Identify causes of defects and other problems and take action to prevent them from occurring in the future.
42CMMI Combined Tutorial Feb 16, 2004
Causal Analysis and Resolution - Context
SelectData for Analysis
AnalyzeCauses
Defect &Problem
Data
DetermineCauses of Defects
ImplementAction
Proposals
EvaluateEffect ofChanges
RecordData
ActionProposal
Action Plans
CAR Records
PerformanceMeasures
Address Causesof Defects
43CMMI Combined Tutorial Feb 16, 2004
Decision Analysis and Resolution
• Purpose:
• Analyze possible decisions using a formal evaluation process that evaluates identified alternatives against established criteria.
44CMMI Combined Tutorial Feb 16, 2004
Decision Analysis and Resolution -Context
Establish Guidelinesfor Decision
Analysis
Guidelines
Evaluate Alternatives
SelectEvaluationMethods
Methods Criteria
Establish Evaluation
Criteria
SelectSolutions
IdentifyAlternative Solutions
ProposedAlternatives
EvaluateAlternatives
Other PAs
45CMMI Combined Tutorial Feb 16, 2004
Engineering Process Areas
• There are six Engineering Process Areas.
• Requirements Management
• Requirements Development
• Technical Solution
• Product Integration
• Verification
• Validation
46CMMI Combined Tutorial Feb 16, 2004
Requirements Management
•Purpose:
•Manage the requirements of the project’s product and product components and identify inconsistencies between those requirements and the project’s plans and work products.
47CMMI Combined Tutorial Feb 16, 2004
Requirements Management Context
Requirements
Obtain anUnderstanding
of Requirements
CL2Obtain
Commitmentto
Requirements
IdentifyInconsistenciesbetween Project
Work and Reqmts
TraceabilityHierarchy
CL2Maintain
Bi-directional Requirements Traceability
Manage Requirements
Manage Requirements
Changes
48CMMI Combined Tutorial Feb 16, 2004
Requirements Development
• Purpose:
• Produce and analyze customer, product, and product component requirements.
49CMMI Combined Tutorial Feb 16, 2004
Requirements Development -Context
Develop Customer
Requirements
CustomerRequirements
ProductRequirements
DevelopProduct
Requirements
Analyze andValidate
Requirements
ValidatedRequirements
50CMMI Combined Tutorial Feb 16, 2004
Requirements Development Context
Develop theCustomer
Requirements
CustomerRequirements
Develop Customer Requirements
Collect Stakeholder
Needs
CL2 Elicit Needs
51CMMI Combined Tutorial Feb 16, 2004
Requirements DevelopmentContext
EstablishProduct &Product
ComponentRequirements
ProductRequirements
Develop Product Requirements
AllocateProduct and
Product-Component
Requirements
IdentifyInterface
Requirements
CustomerRequirements
52CMMI Combined Tutorial Feb 16, 2004
Requirements DevelopmentContext
EstablishOperationalConcepts
& Scenarios
Establish a Definition of
RequiredFunctionality
CL3Analyze
Requirementsto Achieve
Balance
Analyze Requirements
ProductRequirements
ValidatedRequirements
Analyze and Validate Requirements
ValidateRequirements
CL2Validate
Requirementswith
ComprehensiveMethods
53CMMI Combined Tutorial Feb 16, 2004
Technical Solution
• Purpose:
• Design, develop, and implement solutions to requirements. Solutions, designs and implementations encompass products, product components, and product related life-cycle processes either singly or in combinations as appropriate.
54CMMI Combined Tutorial Feb 16, 2004
Technical Solution - Context
Select Product-Component
Solutions
ValidatedRequirements
DeliveredProduct
Develop the Design
Implement theProduct Design
Alternative Designsand Evaluation Criteria
Design Detail &Documentation
55CMMI Combined Tutorial Feb 16, 2004
Technical Solution - Context
DevelopAlternative
Solutions andSelectionCriteria
Select Product Component Solutions
CL 2Develop Detailed
Solutions andSelectionCriteria
Alternative SolutionsSelection Criteria
New Technology Evaluations
SelectProduct
ComponentSolutionsSelection Decisions
Compliance w/ Reqmts
DAR
CL 2Evolve
OperationalConcepts &Scenarios
Operational ScenariosTimeline Analysis
Use CasesValidated
Requirements
56CMMI Combined Tutorial Feb 16, 2004
Designthe Product or ProductComponent
Develop the Design
Establish aTech DataPackage
Tech DataPackage
EstablishInterface
Descriptions
CL 3Design
InterfacesUsing Criteria
I/F Design DocumentationI/F SpecificationI/F Control Documents
PerformMake, Buy,
or ReuseAnalyses
Selection CriteriaMake/Buy Analysis
Design MethodsDesign ToolsDesign Processes
Technical Solution - Context
57CMMI Combined Tutorial Feb 16, 2004
Technical Solution - Context
Parts FabricatedSoftware CodedData DocumentedProcesses DocumentedFacilities Constructed
ImplementThe
Design
Implement the Product Design
Develop ProductSupport
Documentation
Training ManualsUsers ManualOperator’s ManualMaintenance ManualOn-line Help
58CMMI Combined Tutorial Feb 16, 2004
Product Integration
• Purpose:
• Assemble the product from the product components, ensure the product, as integrated, functions properly and deliver the product.
59CMMI Combined Tutorial Feb 16, 2004
Product Integration - Context
Assemble Product Components
and Deliver the Product
IntegrationPlan
Prepare forProduct Integration
Technical Solution
Ensure Interface
Compatibility
Sub-assemblies
DAR
Assemblies
60CMMI Combined Tutorial Feb 16, 2004
Product Integration - Context
Prepare for Product Integration
Decision Analysis& Resolution
DetermineIntegrationSequence
CL3EstablishProduct
IntegrationProcedures and
Criteria
CL2Establish
the ProductIntegration
Environment
Integration Plan- Integration Resources- Integration Procedures- Interface Data
Technical Solution
61CMMI Combined Tutorial Feb 16, 2004
Product Integration - Context
Ensure Interface Compatibility
ReviewInterface
Descriptionsfor
Completeness
ManageInterfaces
Integration Plan- Integration Resources- Integration Procedures- Interface Data
Technical Solution
62CMMI Combined Tutorial Feb 16, 2004
Product Integration - Context
Assemble Product Components and Deliver Product
Confirm Readiness ofComponents
forIntegration
AssembleProduct
Components
EvaluateAssembled
ProductComponents
PackageAnd Deliverthe Productor Product Component
Integration Plan- Integration Resources- Integration Procedures- Interface Data
Technical Solution
63CMMI Combined Tutorial Feb 16, 2004
Verification versus Validation
• Verification–Did you build the product right?–That is, did you meet the requirements
specification?
• Validation–Did you build the right product?–That is, did you meet the operational need?
64CMMI Combined Tutorial Feb 16, 2004
Verification
• Purpose:
• Ensure that selected work products meet their specified requirements.
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Verification - Context
Verification Plan
Prepare for Verification
CorrectiveActions
Verify SelectedWork Products
PerformPeer Reviews
66CMMI Combined Tutorial Feb 16, 2004
Verification - Context
Select Work Products
forVerification
Requirements,Methods, Processes,Evaluation Criteria
Prepare for Verification
CL2Establish theVerificationEnvironment
CL3Establish
VerificationProcedures and Criteria
Verification Plan- Verification Resources- Verification Procedures
Technical Solution
67CMMI Combined Tutorial Feb 16, 2004
Verification - Context
PrepareFor Peer Reviews
Requirement for Data CollectionEntry and Exit CriteriaPeer Review Plan
Review ResultsReview IssuesReview DataAction ItemsConduct
PeerReviews
Perform Peer Reviews
CL 2Analyze
Peer ReviewData
68CMMI Combined Tutorial Feb 16, 2004
Verification - Context
Verification ResultsDeficienciesVerification DataCorrective Actions
Verify Selected Work Products
PerformVerification
CL2Analyze
VerificationResults and
IdentifyCorrective
Actions
69CMMI Combined Tutorial Feb 16, 2004
Validation
• Purpose:
• Demonstrate that a product or product component fulfills its intended use when placed in its intended environment.
70CMMI Combined Tutorial Feb 16, 2004
Validation - Context
Prepare for Validation
Validate Product orProduct Components
- Conformance- Deficiencies
- Customer Requirements- Product Requirements- Products- Validation Requirements
- Requirements Validation Plan- Product Validation Plan- Process and Support Needs
71CMMI Combined Tutorial Feb 16, 2004
Validation - ContextRequirements
Select ProductsFor Validation
- Validation Plan- Support Needs- Environment Needs- Resources
- Test Case Scenario- Validation Procedures
Prepare for Validation
CL3EstablishValidation
Proceduresand
Criteria
CL2Establish the
ValidationEnvironment
72CMMI Combined Tutorial Feb 16, 2004
Validation - Context
Validate Product or Product Components
PerformValidation
Validation ReportsValidation ResultsCross Reference MatrixAs run procedures logOperational Demonstrations
AnalyzeValidation
Results
Validation Deficiency ReportsValidation IssuesProcedure Change Request