Soil Indexes Influencing Tobacco Growing in Central China
Zhang Yanling Chen Liyan Dai Huaxin Wang Jianwei Guo Weimin Wang AiguoZhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of [email protected]
2018
_TW
C28
_Zha
ngY
anlin
g.pd
fT
WC
2018
(48)
- D
ocum
ent n
ot p
eer-
revi
ewed
1/18
Contents
• Backgrounds
• Materials and methods
• Results
• Summary
• Further interests
2018
_TW
C28
_Zha
ngY
anlin
g.pd
fT
WC
2018
(48)
- D
ocum
ent n
ot p
eer-
revi
ewed
2/18
Backgrounds• Extensive cultivation made soil degradation a common problem• A latest investigation exhibited several soil problems in tobacco
growing in China:
Reducing of biodiversity
Soil acidity esp. in southern areas
Nutrient imbalance e.g. N excess
Soil compactionShallower of the plough layer
2018
_TW
C28
_Zha
ngY
anlin
g.pd
fT
WC
2018
(48)
- D
ocum
ent n
ot p
eer-
revi
ewed
3/18
Backgrounds• Efforts in soil improvement has
been focused on chemical properties.
• Few attention has been put on physical and biological properties
• Practices about soil physics and biodiversity showed obvious effects on tobacco growing.
• However, lack of indexes makes it difficult to take exact practices to improve soil fertility and tobacco growing.
Deep ploughing
Green manure
2018
_TW
C28
_Zha
ngY
anlin
g.pd
fT
WC
2018
(48)
- D
ocum
ent n
ot p
eer-
revi
ewed
4/18
Backgrounds
• To find soil indexes relevant closely to tobacco growing and leaf quality
• To provide clear measurements for soil improvement
• To establish soil health assessment system for tobacco growing
The poppers of this study were: 2018
_TW
C28
_Zha
ngY
anlin
g.pd
fT
WC
2018
(48)
- D
ocum
ent n
ot p
eer-
revi
ewed
5/18
Materials and Methods• Select traditional tobacco
growing area in Henan province, Central China.
• Similar climate conditions with North Carolina
• Tobacco leaf with good quality.
2018
_TW
C28
_Zha
ngY
anlin
g.pd
fT
WC
2018
(48)
- D
ocum
ent n
ot p
eer-
revi
ewed
6/18
Materials and Methods• 76 sites were selected and 76 topsoil samples were collected• 27 indexes were analyzed
Physical Biological ChemicalTextureClay contentBulk densityTotal porosityAvailable water capacityWater-stable aggregate(<3mm)Field capacitySurface and subsurface hardness with penetrometer
Organic carbonActive carbonSoil proteinsEnzymetic activity (urease, phosphatase, catalase, sucrase)Amount and diversity of fungi and bacteria
pHAvailable N, P, K, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Soluble Cl
2018
_TW
C28
_Zha
ngY
anlin
g.pd
fT
WC
2018
(48)
- D
ocum
ent n
ot p
eer-
revi
ewed
7/18
Materials and Methods• Sampling sites were divided into three grades according to tobacco
yield, soil fertility, probability of high quality leaf, probability of soil-borne disease
Distribution of soil samples with different health grades
County high middle low
Biyang 3 19 3
Jia county 7 17 4
Xiangcheng 4 15 6
Total 14 51 13
• Relationships of soil grades and soil indexes were also studied.
2018
_TW
C28
_Zha
ngY
anlin
g.pd
fT
WC
2018
(48)
- D
ocum
ent n
ot p
eer-
revi
ewed
8 / 18
More than 1/3 samples showed lower water stable aggregate and higher soil hardness.
Results
2018
_TW
C28
_Zha
ngY
anlin
g.pd
fT
WC
2018
(48)
- D
ocum
ent n
ot p
eer-
revi
ewed
9 / 18
Results
Nearly half samples showed higher pH
2018
_TW
C28
_Zha
ngY
anlin
g.pd
fT
WC
2018
(48)
- D
ocum
ent n
ot p
eer-
revi
ewed
10 / 18
Results
Bulk density g.cm-3
Clay content %
Field capacity %
Total porosity %
Waterstan;e
aggregate %
Surface hardness kg.cm-2
Subsurface hardness kg.cm-2
High
Middle
Low
Significant differences
existed in field
capacity and water-
stable aggregate of
samples with different
grades.
2018
_TW
C28
_Zha
ngY
anlin
g.pd
fT
WC
2018
(48)
- D
ocum
ent n
ot p
eer-
revi
ewed
11 / 18
ResultsChemical properties of samples with different soil grades
Properties High Middle LowpH 6.81a 6.77a 7.40aAvailable N(mg·kg-1) 66.05aA 62.49aA 44.91bBAvailable P(mg·kg-1) 14.50a 13.91a 13.39aAvailable K(mg·kg-1) 119.43a 127.59a 121.42aSoluble Cl(mg·kg-1) 12.74a 13.97a 14.07aAvailable Fe(mg·kg-1) 21.37a 24.51a 13.69aAvailable Mn(mg·kg-1) 28.99a 28.03a 20.42aAvailable Zn(mg·kg-1) 0.93a 1.30a 1.09a
The content of available N increased with soil grades.
2018
_TW
C28
_Zha
ngY
anlin
g.pd
fT
WC
2018
(48)
- D
ocum
ent n
ot p
eer-
revi
ewed
12 / 18
Results
Active C, Protein content and Enzymetic activity of soils with different grades
Properties High Middle Low
Org C(g·kg-1) 17.09aA 15.15aA 10.91bB
Active C(mg·kg-1) 443.03aA 383.06bA 257.91cB
Soil Protein(mg·g-1) 2.64aA 2.37aA 1.61bBUrease(NH3,mg·g-1·d-1) 0.21a 0.23a 0.29aPhosphatase(phenol,mg·g-1·d-1) 0.99a 0.97a 0.61aCatalase(glucose,mg·g-1·d-1) 0.77a 0.76a 0.745a
sucrase(0.1 mol·L-1 KMnO4,ml·g-1·h-1) 8.02aA 6.44abAB 4.91bB
With the decrease of soil grades, the contents of org.C, active C and protein as well as the sucrase activity were all decreased gradually.
2018
_TW
C28
_Zha
ngY
anlin
g.pd
fT
WC
2018
(48)
- D
ocum
ent n
ot p
eer-
revi
ewed
13 / 18
ResultsFungi and Bacteria diversity of soil with different grades
Soil
grades
BacteriaQuantity(108 cfu·g-1) Chao index Shannon index
High 8.96a 2739a 6.17a
Middle 7.21a 2536a 6.13a
Low 7.22a 2921a 6.31a
Soil
grades
FungiQuantity(106 cfu·g-1) Chao index Shannon index
High 4.46a 496a 4.30aA
Middle 4.19a 478a 3.88bB
Low 3.98a 467a 4.00abAB
Shannon index of fungi in high grade soils was
significantly higher.
2018
_TW
C28
_Zha
ngY
anlin
g.pd
fT
WC
2018
(48)
- D
ocum
ent n
ot p
eer-
revi
ewed
14 / 18
Summary• The main problems in tobacco growing soils in central China
were higher pH, soil hardness and lower water stable aggregate.
• Indexes relevant closely to tobacco growing were soil org. C, available N, active C, protein, field capacity, total porosity,sucrase activity and water stable aggregate which increased with the increase of soil grades, as well as soil hardness which showed opposite tendency.
• Physical and biological properties should be put much attention on soil improvement in central China.
2018
_TW
C28
_Zha
ngY
anlin
g.pd
fT
WC
2018
(48)
- D
ocum
ent n
ot p
eer-
revi
ewed
15 / 18
Further interestsScoring functions(cumulative normal distribution)
More is better Less is better Optimum curve
2018
_TW
C28
_Zha
ngY
anlin
g.pd
fT
WC
2018
(48)
- D
ocum
ent n
ot p
eer-
revi
ewed
16/18
Further interestsSoil diagnose for tobacco growing 20
18_T
WC
28_Z
hang
Yan
ling.
TW
C20
18(4
8) -
Doc
umen
t not
pee
r-re
view
ed
17/18
Further interests
Establish soil health assessment systems suitable for different tobacco growing regions.
2018
_TW
C28
_Zha
ngY
anlin
g.pd
fT
WC
2018
(48)
- D
ocum
ent n
ot p
eer-
revi
ewed
Thanks for your attention!
2018
_TW
C28
_Zha
ngY
anlin
g.pd
fT
WC
2018
(48)
- D
ocum
ent n
ot p
eer-
revi
ewed