SOLAR TRACKER WITH WIRELESS CHARGING
PATRUS MAXSION ANAK TINGGAL
Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) in Electronics
(Telecommunications)
2017
UNlVERSITI MALAYSIA ARAWAK
Grade _ ____
Please tick (J)
Fuutl Year Projlct Report IZJ Masters 0 PhD D
DECLARATION OF ORIGINAL WORK
Thi declaration is made on the I~~ day of )~L 2017
Students Declaration
r _~~bull~~_L~JJ-~~ -~)---gt-~~ - (PLEASE INDICATE TUDENt-S NAME MATHIe NO AND FACULTY) hereby dcclare that the work en bt1-~ - 1bulllt _ _ middotk 1)- ( )_-___ 11 __-U- 18 my ongmaI
work I have not oopild from any other students work or from any other sources except when due reference or acknowledgement u made explicitly In the text nor haa an) part been written for me by another pel1On
241~ y 20)7 P fJ J gt 1 ( J Date 8ubmittcd Name of the stud nt (Matrje No)
SupervIsors Declaration
~ j I ~1_ middotmiddotbullbullmiddot middot (SUPERVISOR S NAME) hereby certUics that he
tIed _( _ bull _ _______________- ric~_ _ _ ___ ------(TITI ) waS prepared y t hework cnh _~ Jobullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull II ___ _ bullbullbullbull A~ b
above named student and was submitted to the -FAClLTY 8S 0 bull partJalsectII fulfillment for lhe
r t I If ( T bull~ ~ bullbullbull1 (PLEASE INDICATE TffEconlennent 0 ---T---bull c~------ _ bullbullbull _shy
DEGREE) and the aforementionld work to the best of my knowled~ II the sRid students work
Date [1117Recevro (or oxamination by
I declare that Projecttrhesis is classified as (pIe tick (-4raquo
o CONFIDENTIAL (Contains ~nfidenLial tnCormation under the Official Secret Act 1972)middot o RESTRICTED (Contsi retncted information as speclfied by the orgoniaation where
rescnrch was done) [LJOPEN ACCESS
VamplidalioD of ProjectlTbe8i8
I therefore duly affirmed with free consent Aod willingness declare that this said ProjectlThesiR hall be placed officialJy in the Centre for Acadomic Information Service with the abiding interest and rights as follows
bull This Projecttrhesis is th 60Ie legal property of Univcrelti Malaysls Sarawak (UNIMAS)
bull The Centre for Academic Information Service has the lawful right to make copies for tbe purpose of academIC and research only and not for other purpose
bull Th Centre for Academic Information Services has the lawful right to digltalilie lbe content for the Local Content Database
bull The Ceotre for AcademiC lnformatim SeJVces has the lawful right to mok copies f the ProjectlThesi for academic exchange between Higber Learning IMtitute
bull No dispute Or any clrum shall arise from the student illelf neither third party un tllia ProJecttrhesis onoo it becomes the sole property of NIMAS
bull This Projectflbesis or Any material data and information relatltgtd to It sholl not be diBtributed publiabed or disclosed to any party by Lhe etudent except with UNlMAS perrnjssion
Student SIgnature _Q=--~ __-_____ (Date) ( I )
Current Address
Notes bull If the ProjectflheHia is CONFIDENTIAL or RESTRlCTED please attach together 88
annexure a letter from the organisation with the period and rea60ns of confidentiality and re5triction
[The inslrument is duly prepared by The Centre for Academic lnfonnation Servoos)
SOLAR TRACKER WITH WIRELESS CHARGING
PATRUS MAXSION ANAK TINGGAL (43714)
A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment
of the requirement ror the degree or
Bachelot of Engineering (Hons) in Electronics
(Telecommunicalion)
Faculty of Engineering
Universiti Malaysia Satawak
2017
To my beloved family and friends
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Thanks to the Lord in the Highest and His blessing in guiding me to complete this report
Special appreciation goes to my supervisor Madam Nazreen binti Junaidi for her supervision and
also support Her invaluable help of constructive comments and suggestion throughout the entire
completion of the thesis and hardware Special thanks to all the lecturer and staff of Electrical
and Electronic Department for all the support and information they had gave in order to complete
this report Not forgotten to all my friends that help me directly or indirectly and for the time
they have spent in order to help me Last but not least my deepest gratitude goes to my beloved
family for their support and guidance throughout this semester To those who contributed
indirectly in this research your kindness means the world to me Thank you very much
ii
ABSTRACT
Sunlight is a renewable resources because everyday sun will rises and thus produces sun
light Furthermore sunlight can be harvested and it is eco-friendly and does not pollute the
environment Plus by reducing the usage of cables is good for environmental and humanrsquos
health It is called as wireless in short Do we know by combining harvesting sunlight and
wireless able to reduce large amount of money Why It is because materials needed to produce
the cables can be cut and human able to avoid themselves from electric shock and by harvesting
the sunlight the electricity bill can be reduced This project is to design develop investigate and
analyze the efficiency of wireless charging solar tracker This solar tracker able to rotate till 3600
by using two servo motors and LDR as a sensor in order to harvest sunlight till maximum and
combine with wireless charging by using magnetic resonance coupling method instead of using
cable as medium to charge a battery
iii
ABSTRAK
Cahaya matahari adalah sumber yang boleh diperbaharui kerana matahari setiap hari akan terbit
dan dengan itu akan menghasilkan cahaya matahari Tambahan pula cahaya matahari boleh
dituai dan ia adalah mesra alam dan tidak mencemarkan alam sekitar Seterusnya dengan
mengurangkan penggunaan kabel adalah baik untuk alam sekitar dan kesihatan manusia Ia
dipanggil sebagai wireless secara ringkasnya Adakah kita tahu dengan menggabungkan
penggunaan solar dan wireless dapat mengurangkan perbelanjaan dengan mendadak Mengapa
Ini kerana bahan-bahan yang diperlukan untuk menghasilkan kabel boleh dikurangkan dan
manusia dapat mengelakkan diri mereka daripada kejutan elektrik dan penggunaan solar bil
elektrik dapat dikurangkan Projek ini adalah untuk mereka bentuk membina menyiasat dan
menganalisis kecekapan pengecasan tanpa wayar tracker solar Penjejak solar ini dapat berputar
hingga 3600 dengan menggunakan dua motor servo dan LDR sebagai sensor untuk menuai
cahaya matahari sehingga maksimum dan menggabungkan pengecasan tanpa wayar dengan
menggunakan kaedah resonans gandingan magnet dan bukannya menggunakan kabel sebagai
medium untuk mengecas bateri
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i
ABSTRACT ii
ABSTRAK iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iv
LIST OF FIGURES vi
LIST OF TABLES viii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ix
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
11 Project Overview 1
12 Problem Statements 3
13 Objectives 5
14 Scope of Project 5
15 Expected Outcome 7
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 9
21 Overview 9
22 Solar Energy10
23 Comparison between Mono-crystalline and Multi-crystalline PV cells 11
24 The Results between Mono-crystalline and Poly-crystalline at Jordan and Malaysia 14
25 Solar Tracker 17
251 Methods Used by Other Researchers to Let Solar Tracker to Rotate in 360o
to Increase the Efficiency of Output Power 17
252 Comparison between single axis dual axis solar tracker and static solar
panel 18
26 Wireless Transmission and Charging 20
27 Main Components Needed to Build Inductive Coupling Wireless Charger 22
271 Main Components Needed to Build Inductive Coupling Wireless Charger 22
272 Main Components Needed to Build Magnetic Resonance Coupling
Wireless Charger 24
v
273 Output Produced by using Magnetic Resonance Coupling Method 25
28 Far Field Wireless Charging using RF signal 26
281 Antenna 27
282 Transmitter and Receiver 28
283 Full Wave Rectifier Circuit 28
284 High Q-Resonator 29
285 Output Power Produced by Harvesting RF signal 30
29 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Methods 30
210 Research Gaps 31
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY32
31 Overview 32
32 Engineering Design Process 33
33 Project Aim 34
34 Gantt Chart 36
35 Component Used 37
36 Microcontroller 37
361 Arduino UNO R3 ATmega 328P 38
362 ATmega 328 (IC Chip) 40
37 Solar Panel 42
38 Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) 43
39 Servo Motor 44
310 Motor Shield 45
311 Flowchart of Solar Tracker with Wireless Charging 47
312 Block Diagram of Solar Tracker 48
313 Block Diagram of Wireless Charger 49
314 Conceptual Design of Solar Tracker with Wireless Charging 50
315 Solar Tracker Design 50
316 Conceptual Circuit Diagram of Solar Tracker 52
vi
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 53
41 Overview 53
42 Fabrication and Development of Miniature 53
421 Wireless Charger 53
422 Solar Tracker 57
423 Redesigning Solar Tracker With Wireless Charging 61
43 Program 63
44 Results 64
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 73
51 Conclusion 73
52 Future Scope 74
REFERENCES 75
APPENDIX A 78
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
Figure 11 Fixed Solar Panel 2
Figure 12 Messy cables on the table 3
Figure 13 Exposed cable 4
Figure 14 Existing product of wireless charging 4
Figure 15 Flowchart of activity 6
Figure 21 Electron-hole that are separated by potential barrier is created and
generate voltage that drift the current via an external circuit 11
Figure 22 PV system schematic diagram 12
Figure 23 Power output efficiencyrsquos formula 13
Figure 24 Outcome of output current made by mono- and poly-crystalline panel 14
Figure 25 Efficiencies of both panels 15
Figure 26 4 LDR is placed at west north east and south side 17
Figure 27 Basic transformer 21
Figure 28 Transmitter and Receiver circuit 23
Figure 29 Primary and Secondary coil 24
Figure 210 Block diagram of magnetic capacitance coupling of wireless charger 24
Figure 211 Voltage versus distance of separation of the coils 25
Figure 212 Block diagram of RF wireless charger 26
Figure 213 ASTRO bowl antenna 27
Figure 214 Full-wave rectifier circuit 29
Figure 31 Engineering Design Process 33
Figure 32 How solar panel track the sun using LDR 35
viii
Figure 33 Microcontroller block diagram 38
Figure 34 Arduino UNO R3 ATmega 328 P board 40
Figure 35 Atmega 328 Pin Mapping Configuration 41
Figure 36 ATmega 328P 42
Figure 37 LDR 43
Figure 38 How LDR works 44
Figure 39 Servo Motor 45
Figure 310 Motor shield 46
Figure 311 Flowchart of Solar Tracker with Wireless Charging system 47
Figure 312 Block diagram of solar tracker system 48
Figure 313 Block diagram of wireless charger 49
Figure 314 Conceptual idea of wireless charging 49
Figure 315 Solar Tracker with Wireless charging concept 50
Figure 316 Solar tracker views 51
Figure 317 Circuit diagram of solar tracker 52
Figure 41 Transmitter schematic diagram 55
Figure 42 Receiver schematic diagram 56
Figure 43 Soldering process 56
Figure 44 Base of solar tracker58
Figure 45 Base of servo motor 59
Figure 46 Vertical servorsquos motor holder 59
Figure 47 Completed vertical servo holder 59
Figure 48 Both bases and holder are completed59
Figure 49(a) Completed solar tracker 60
Figure 49(b) Fully furnished solar tracker 60
ix
Figure 410 Redesign solar tracker miniature 61
Figure 411 Redesign of conceptual idea of solar tracker with wireless charging 62
Figure 412 Instructions for tolerance of LDR 63
Figure 413 Vertical servo instruction 64
Figure 414 Graph for Day 4 72
x
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
Table 1 Summary of average power output and average efficiency of both
panels in 4 days 14
Table 2 Results of static and tracking panel 19
Table 3 Output power produce by static and tracking panel 19
Table 4 The summary of the result gain by static and dual axis 20
Table 5 Voltage current and power over distance 30
Table 6 Comparisons of Wireless Charging Methods 31
Table 7(a) Ganttrsquos Chart for FYP1 36
Table 7(b) Ganttrsquos Chart for FYP2 36
Table 8 Technical Aspects 39
Table 9 Parameter of the Atmega 328 41
Table 10 Motor Drive Specification 46
Table 11 Shield motor pin is divided by channel 46
Table 12 List of component 54
Table 13 Main components of solar tracker 57
Table 14(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 1 64
Table 14(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 65
Table 15(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 2 65
Table 15(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 2 66
Table 16(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 3 66
Table 16(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 3 67
Table 17(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 4 67
xi
Table 17(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 4 68
Table 18(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 5 68
Table 18(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 5 69
xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
A - Ampere
AC - Alternating Current
DC - Direct Current
EMF - Electromotive Force
FYP1 - Final Year Project 1
FYP2 - Final Year Project 2
LDR - Light Dependent Resistor
PIC - Peripheral Interface Controller
PV - Photovoltaic
PWM - Pulse Width Modulation
RF - Radio Frequency
RX - Receiver
TX - Transmitter
V - Volt
W - Watt
Ω - Ohm
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
11 Project Overview
Energy sources obtained from coal oil and natural gas and very efficient for the
progress of economic in this world The cons using these sources are damaging to the
environment and also human health For an example oil will be used in vehicles thus it will
produce smoke or poisonous gas into the air and lead to greenhouse effect and affect the ozone
layer For human it is dangerous for respiratory system especially children and who are sensitive
to the surrounding To solve the problems developers and scientists nowadays try to reduce
pollution by exploring more on renewable energy Renewable energy can be found massively in
the Earth and it will not finish such as petroleum Examples of renewable energy are biomass
wind solar hydropower and geothermal The costs of wind and solar power are decreasing
considerably in the past 30 years till today but oil and gas are increasing either usage or effect to
the environment [1] Therefore to avoid this energy harm the earth renewable energy is
increasingly used
Solar power is a renewable energy because solar energy is gained from the sun or
harvesting energy from sun Sun is one of the natural resources that naturally replenished
Actually the energy is in the form of radiation that will creates electrical power or electricity
Electricity can be generated or produced from photovoltaic known as PV cells Photovoltaic
means ldquolightrdquo and ldquoelectricrdquo literally Solar cell is a device that harvest the solar energy and
convert it directly into electricity either from photovoltaic effect or change into heat energy first
or chemical then into electricity There are some factors that affect the output of the solar energy
that is category and area of the material sunlightrsquos intensity and the sunlightrsquos wavelength Solar
power is one of cleanest resources in earth It is pollution-free and do not produced radiation
2
Therefore most people want to maximize the solar energy and maximize the efficiency of solar
panel [7]
Wireless charging is the transmission of an energy from power source to a device that
need to be charged without using wires or cables Nikola Tesla is the ldquoFather of Wirelessrdquo
because he is the one who comprehended the idea of Wireless Power Transmission and also
verified without using wires [2] Wireless power transmission or wireless charging still new in
this modern days although it has been discovered a long time ago because it is not practically
widely and the technology still improving but will not end Wireless charging will help and make
the userrsquos life easier because they need no wire to charge their phone and it is safe
This project will focus on the construction of solar sun tracker with wireless charging
using Arduino Uno microcontroller As what as we know solar tracker is not commercially
implemented Because of the solar tracker is not in the market most of the people only use fixed
solar panel Figure 1 shows fixed solar panel
Figure 11 Fixed Solar Panel
To step up the effectiveness of harvesting sunlight solar tracker is built to achieve
maximum power and to reduce the usage of cables or wires wireless charging is built Solar
tracker will track the movement of the sun every day in a year different with fixed solar panel
that only fix in a certain angle and do not maximize the sunlight
3
12 Problem Statements
Solar panel today mostly fixed solar panel and there is no solar panel that follow the sun
from east to west Fixed solar panel is designed for fixed angle or only one direction and cannot
follow sunrsquos movement Therefore it will produce low power than solar tracker panel and the
efficiency is low compare to the solar tracker panel For a family that needs more output than
normal and wants to reduce electricity bill they need to set up fixed solar panel at east and west
where sun is rises and sun is sets Therefore needs a lot of money to install on the house To
overcome the problem solar tracker panel is the solution because solar tracker panel can go to
180o and 360o by following the sun throughout a year and can generate more output power than
fixed angle Next this system can reduce the time for the users to change the position of fixed
solar panel
Most of the users have a problem to charge their own phone if using ordinary charger
(wired) Furthermore the charger cable can be a mess if it is not placed in a suitable place It is
dangerous for children because the children can get electric shock if we forget to turn off the
power supply because the cable is exposed Without wire or cable room become tidy and safe
for the children Figure 12 and 13 shows messy cables on the table and exposed wire
Figure 12 Messy cables on the table
4
Figure 13 Exposed cables
Today many people want to charge their phone without wire because it is more safer but
the efficiency of wireless charging still not able to compete with cable charging The distance
and the efficiency of charging is limited Therefore wireless charging solar will be developed
and the efficiency is investigated and analyzed to see whether this eco-friendly device able to
charge a battery efficiently Wireless charging consists of many methods Thus to choose which
methods have best efficiency will be discussed and able to produce better efficiency Figure 14
shows existing product of wireless charging
Figure 14 Existing product of wireless charging
5
13 Objectives
The objectives of these project are
To design and develop a wireless charging solar tracker by using Arduino
microcontroller
To investigate and analyze the efficiency of wireless charging solar panel by using
Arduino microcontroller
To investigate the selected method of wireless charging
14 Scope of Project
Figure 15 shows the flow chart of the activity The main function of flowchart is to guide
researchers on how to start manage and completed a project
According to the flow chart the first step a title of the project must be focused on Once the
title is confirmed the objectives must be set based on the appropriate reasons and lacks
Problems that affect the project need to be discovered Without problems that related to the
objectives the objectives that have been set will not be answered Then research must be
conducted about the title of the project and previous works This process helps the researcher to
discover the weakness and solution for the project Writing a report (introduction literature
review and methodology) is started once the data from research are completed For the next step
focuses on software designing and hardware For this part it is very difficult because critical
thinking is needed There will be many circumstances and troubleshooting Implementation
process must be done after designing process has finished Thus in implementation process just
referring the design implementing works will be easier Lastly the completed miniature will be
tested If it works perfectly experiment must be conducted This is to make sure that the results
gain from the experiment is valid When there is some glitches troubleshooting process must be
done to discover the reasons behind the problems If the results are accurate finalizing process
will be done This is the final touch up to makes the miniature and report are fully complete
6
NO
YES
YES
Figure 15 Flowchart of activity
PLANNING
IDENTIFY PROBLEMS amp
RESEARCH
DESIGN SOFTWARE amp
HARDWARE
HARDWARE
IMPLEMENTATION
TESTING AND
DEBUGGING
EXPECTED
RESULT
FINALIZING
END
START
7
15 Expected Outcome
Solar tracker with wireless charging can help the users to get more output power than fixed
panel solar This is because Solar Tracker With Wireless Charging is able to harvest the sunlight
more than static panel with high efficiency User is also able to charge their phone without using
wire or cable and it is safer because this is a combination between solar and wireless charging
16 Report Structure Overview
Project Outline
This report consists of six chapters (Introduction Literature Review Methodology
Project Development and Analysis Discussion and Conclusions and Recommendations) For
FYP 1 three chapters that need to be done that is Introduction Literature Review and
Methodology For FYP 2 in the next semester the remaining chapters will be done Below tells
the short detail about each chapter
Chapter 1 Introduction
In this chapter will explain what is Solar Tracker With Wireless Charging project
overview statement of the problems objectives of the project work planning and expected
outcomes
Chapter 2 Literature Reviews
Literature review discuss the information that related to the project All the research and
studies that obtained from the journals is summarized so that it will correspond to the title This
chapter also discuss the components needed for the project and the full design of Solar Tracker
With Wireless Charging
UNlVERSITI MALAYSIA ARAWAK
Grade _ ____
Please tick (J)
Fuutl Year Projlct Report IZJ Masters 0 PhD D
DECLARATION OF ORIGINAL WORK
Thi declaration is made on the I~~ day of )~L 2017
Students Declaration
r _~~bull~~_L~JJ-~~ -~)---gt-~~ - (PLEASE INDICATE TUDENt-S NAME MATHIe NO AND FACULTY) hereby dcclare that the work en bt1-~ - 1bulllt _ _ middotk 1)- ( )_-___ 11 __-U- 18 my ongmaI
work I have not oopild from any other students work or from any other sources except when due reference or acknowledgement u made explicitly In the text nor haa an) part been written for me by another pel1On
241~ y 20)7 P fJ J gt 1 ( J Date 8ubmittcd Name of the stud nt (Matrje No)
SupervIsors Declaration
~ j I ~1_ middotmiddotbullbullmiddot middot (SUPERVISOR S NAME) hereby certUics that he
tIed _( _ bull _ _______________- ric~_ _ _ ___ ------(TITI ) waS prepared y t hework cnh _~ Jobullbullbullbullbullbullbullbull II ___ _ bullbullbullbull A~ b
above named student and was submitted to the -FAClLTY 8S 0 bull partJalsectII fulfillment for lhe
r t I If ( T bull~ ~ bullbullbull1 (PLEASE INDICATE TffEconlennent 0 ---T---bull c~------ _ bullbullbull _shy
DEGREE) and the aforementionld work to the best of my knowled~ II the sRid students work
Date [1117Recevro (or oxamination by
I declare that Projecttrhesis is classified as (pIe tick (-4raquo
o CONFIDENTIAL (Contains ~nfidenLial tnCormation under the Official Secret Act 1972)middot o RESTRICTED (Contsi retncted information as speclfied by the orgoniaation where
rescnrch was done) [LJOPEN ACCESS
VamplidalioD of ProjectlTbe8i8
I therefore duly affirmed with free consent Aod willingness declare that this said ProjectlThesiR hall be placed officialJy in the Centre for Acadomic Information Service with the abiding interest and rights as follows
bull This Projecttrhesis is th 60Ie legal property of Univcrelti Malaysls Sarawak (UNIMAS)
bull The Centre for Academic Information Service has the lawful right to make copies for tbe purpose of academIC and research only and not for other purpose
bull Th Centre for Academic Information Services has the lawful right to digltalilie lbe content for the Local Content Database
bull The Ceotre for AcademiC lnformatim SeJVces has the lawful right to mok copies f the ProjectlThesi for academic exchange between Higber Learning IMtitute
bull No dispute Or any clrum shall arise from the student illelf neither third party un tllia ProJecttrhesis onoo it becomes the sole property of NIMAS
bull This Projectflbesis or Any material data and information relatltgtd to It sholl not be diBtributed publiabed or disclosed to any party by Lhe etudent except with UNlMAS perrnjssion
Student SIgnature _Q=--~ __-_____ (Date) ( I )
Current Address
Notes bull If the ProjectflheHia is CONFIDENTIAL or RESTRlCTED please attach together 88
annexure a letter from the organisation with the period and rea60ns of confidentiality and re5triction
[The inslrument is duly prepared by The Centre for Academic lnfonnation Servoos)
SOLAR TRACKER WITH WIRELESS CHARGING
PATRUS MAXSION ANAK TINGGAL (43714)
A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment
of the requirement ror the degree or
Bachelot of Engineering (Hons) in Electronics
(Telecommunicalion)
Faculty of Engineering
Universiti Malaysia Satawak
2017
To my beloved family and friends
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Thanks to the Lord in the Highest and His blessing in guiding me to complete this report
Special appreciation goes to my supervisor Madam Nazreen binti Junaidi for her supervision and
also support Her invaluable help of constructive comments and suggestion throughout the entire
completion of the thesis and hardware Special thanks to all the lecturer and staff of Electrical
and Electronic Department for all the support and information they had gave in order to complete
this report Not forgotten to all my friends that help me directly or indirectly and for the time
they have spent in order to help me Last but not least my deepest gratitude goes to my beloved
family for their support and guidance throughout this semester To those who contributed
indirectly in this research your kindness means the world to me Thank you very much
ii
ABSTRACT
Sunlight is a renewable resources because everyday sun will rises and thus produces sun
light Furthermore sunlight can be harvested and it is eco-friendly and does not pollute the
environment Plus by reducing the usage of cables is good for environmental and humanrsquos
health It is called as wireless in short Do we know by combining harvesting sunlight and
wireless able to reduce large amount of money Why It is because materials needed to produce
the cables can be cut and human able to avoid themselves from electric shock and by harvesting
the sunlight the electricity bill can be reduced This project is to design develop investigate and
analyze the efficiency of wireless charging solar tracker This solar tracker able to rotate till 3600
by using two servo motors and LDR as a sensor in order to harvest sunlight till maximum and
combine with wireless charging by using magnetic resonance coupling method instead of using
cable as medium to charge a battery
iii
ABSTRAK
Cahaya matahari adalah sumber yang boleh diperbaharui kerana matahari setiap hari akan terbit
dan dengan itu akan menghasilkan cahaya matahari Tambahan pula cahaya matahari boleh
dituai dan ia adalah mesra alam dan tidak mencemarkan alam sekitar Seterusnya dengan
mengurangkan penggunaan kabel adalah baik untuk alam sekitar dan kesihatan manusia Ia
dipanggil sebagai wireless secara ringkasnya Adakah kita tahu dengan menggabungkan
penggunaan solar dan wireless dapat mengurangkan perbelanjaan dengan mendadak Mengapa
Ini kerana bahan-bahan yang diperlukan untuk menghasilkan kabel boleh dikurangkan dan
manusia dapat mengelakkan diri mereka daripada kejutan elektrik dan penggunaan solar bil
elektrik dapat dikurangkan Projek ini adalah untuk mereka bentuk membina menyiasat dan
menganalisis kecekapan pengecasan tanpa wayar tracker solar Penjejak solar ini dapat berputar
hingga 3600 dengan menggunakan dua motor servo dan LDR sebagai sensor untuk menuai
cahaya matahari sehingga maksimum dan menggabungkan pengecasan tanpa wayar dengan
menggunakan kaedah resonans gandingan magnet dan bukannya menggunakan kabel sebagai
medium untuk mengecas bateri
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i
ABSTRACT ii
ABSTRAK iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iv
LIST OF FIGURES vi
LIST OF TABLES viii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ix
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
11 Project Overview 1
12 Problem Statements 3
13 Objectives 5
14 Scope of Project 5
15 Expected Outcome 7
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 9
21 Overview 9
22 Solar Energy10
23 Comparison between Mono-crystalline and Multi-crystalline PV cells 11
24 The Results between Mono-crystalline and Poly-crystalline at Jordan and Malaysia 14
25 Solar Tracker 17
251 Methods Used by Other Researchers to Let Solar Tracker to Rotate in 360o
to Increase the Efficiency of Output Power 17
252 Comparison between single axis dual axis solar tracker and static solar
panel 18
26 Wireless Transmission and Charging 20
27 Main Components Needed to Build Inductive Coupling Wireless Charger 22
271 Main Components Needed to Build Inductive Coupling Wireless Charger 22
272 Main Components Needed to Build Magnetic Resonance Coupling
Wireless Charger 24
v
273 Output Produced by using Magnetic Resonance Coupling Method 25
28 Far Field Wireless Charging using RF signal 26
281 Antenna 27
282 Transmitter and Receiver 28
283 Full Wave Rectifier Circuit 28
284 High Q-Resonator 29
285 Output Power Produced by Harvesting RF signal 30
29 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Methods 30
210 Research Gaps 31
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY32
31 Overview 32
32 Engineering Design Process 33
33 Project Aim 34
34 Gantt Chart 36
35 Component Used 37
36 Microcontroller 37
361 Arduino UNO R3 ATmega 328P 38
362 ATmega 328 (IC Chip) 40
37 Solar Panel 42
38 Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) 43
39 Servo Motor 44
310 Motor Shield 45
311 Flowchart of Solar Tracker with Wireless Charging 47
312 Block Diagram of Solar Tracker 48
313 Block Diagram of Wireless Charger 49
314 Conceptual Design of Solar Tracker with Wireless Charging 50
315 Solar Tracker Design 50
316 Conceptual Circuit Diagram of Solar Tracker 52
vi
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 53
41 Overview 53
42 Fabrication and Development of Miniature 53
421 Wireless Charger 53
422 Solar Tracker 57
423 Redesigning Solar Tracker With Wireless Charging 61
43 Program 63
44 Results 64
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 73
51 Conclusion 73
52 Future Scope 74
REFERENCES 75
APPENDIX A 78
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
Figure 11 Fixed Solar Panel 2
Figure 12 Messy cables on the table 3
Figure 13 Exposed cable 4
Figure 14 Existing product of wireless charging 4
Figure 15 Flowchart of activity 6
Figure 21 Electron-hole that are separated by potential barrier is created and
generate voltage that drift the current via an external circuit 11
Figure 22 PV system schematic diagram 12
Figure 23 Power output efficiencyrsquos formula 13
Figure 24 Outcome of output current made by mono- and poly-crystalline panel 14
Figure 25 Efficiencies of both panels 15
Figure 26 4 LDR is placed at west north east and south side 17
Figure 27 Basic transformer 21
Figure 28 Transmitter and Receiver circuit 23
Figure 29 Primary and Secondary coil 24
Figure 210 Block diagram of magnetic capacitance coupling of wireless charger 24
Figure 211 Voltage versus distance of separation of the coils 25
Figure 212 Block diagram of RF wireless charger 26
Figure 213 ASTRO bowl antenna 27
Figure 214 Full-wave rectifier circuit 29
Figure 31 Engineering Design Process 33
Figure 32 How solar panel track the sun using LDR 35
viii
Figure 33 Microcontroller block diagram 38
Figure 34 Arduino UNO R3 ATmega 328 P board 40
Figure 35 Atmega 328 Pin Mapping Configuration 41
Figure 36 ATmega 328P 42
Figure 37 LDR 43
Figure 38 How LDR works 44
Figure 39 Servo Motor 45
Figure 310 Motor shield 46
Figure 311 Flowchart of Solar Tracker with Wireless Charging system 47
Figure 312 Block diagram of solar tracker system 48
Figure 313 Block diagram of wireless charger 49
Figure 314 Conceptual idea of wireless charging 49
Figure 315 Solar Tracker with Wireless charging concept 50
Figure 316 Solar tracker views 51
Figure 317 Circuit diagram of solar tracker 52
Figure 41 Transmitter schematic diagram 55
Figure 42 Receiver schematic diagram 56
Figure 43 Soldering process 56
Figure 44 Base of solar tracker58
Figure 45 Base of servo motor 59
Figure 46 Vertical servorsquos motor holder 59
Figure 47 Completed vertical servo holder 59
Figure 48 Both bases and holder are completed59
Figure 49(a) Completed solar tracker 60
Figure 49(b) Fully furnished solar tracker 60
ix
Figure 410 Redesign solar tracker miniature 61
Figure 411 Redesign of conceptual idea of solar tracker with wireless charging 62
Figure 412 Instructions for tolerance of LDR 63
Figure 413 Vertical servo instruction 64
Figure 414 Graph for Day 4 72
x
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
Table 1 Summary of average power output and average efficiency of both
panels in 4 days 14
Table 2 Results of static and tracking panel 19
Table 3 Output power produce by static and tracking panel 19
Table 4 The summary of the result gain by static and dual axis 20
Table 5 Voltage current and power over distance 30
Table 6 Comparisons of Wireless Charging Methods 31
Table 7(a) Ganttrsquos Chart for FYP1 36
Table 7(b) Ganttrsquos Chart for FYP2 36
Table 8 Technical Aspects 39
Table 9 Parameter of the Atmega 328 41
Table 10 Motor Drive Specification 46
Table 11 Shield motor pin is divided by channel 46
Table 12 List of component 54
Table 13 Main components of solar tracker 57
Table 14(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 1 64
Table 14(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 65
Table 15(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 2 65
Table 15(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 2 66
Table 16(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 3 66
Table 16(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 3 67
Table 17(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 4 67
xi
Table 17(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 4 68
Table 18(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 5 68
Table 18(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 5 69
xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
A - Ampere
AC - Alternating Current
DC - Direct Current
EMF - Electromotive Force
FYP1 - Final Year Project 1
FYP2 - Final Year Project 2
LDR - Light Dependent Resistor
PIC - Peripheral Interface Controller
PV - Photovoltaic
PWM - Pulse Width Modulation
RF - Radio Frequency
RX - Receiver
TX - Transmitter
V - Volt
W - Watt
Ω - Ohm
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
11 Project Overview
Energy sources obtained from coal oil and natural gas and very efficient for the
progress of economic in this world The cons using these sources are damaging to the
environment and also human health For an example oil will be used in vehicles thus it will
produce smoke or poisonous gas into the air and lead to greenhouse effect and affect the ozone
layer For human it is dangerous for respiratory system especially children and who are sensitive
to the surrounding To solve the problems developers and scientists nowadays try to reduce
pollution by exploring more on renewable energy Renewable energy can be found massively in
the Earth and it will not finish such as petroleum Examples of renewable energy are biomass
wind solar hydropower and geothermal The costs of wind and solar power are decreasing
considerably in the past 30 years till today but oil and gas are increasing either usage or effect to
the environment [1] Therefore to avoid this energy harm the earth renewable energy is
increasingly used
Solar power is a renewable energy because solar energy is gained from the sun or
harvesting energy from sun Sun is one of the natural resources that naturally replenished
Actually the energy is in the form of radiation that will creates electrical power or electricity
Electricity can be generated or produced from photovoltaic known as PV cells Photovoltaic
means ldquolightrdquo and ldquoelectricrdquo literally Solar cell is a device that harvest the solar energy and
convert it directly into electricity either from photovoltaic effect or change into heat energy first
or chemical then into electricity There are some factors that affect the output of the solar energy
that is category and area of the material sunlightrsquos intensity and the sunlightrsquos wavelength Solar
power is one of cleanest resources in earth It is pollution-free and do not produced radiation
2
Therefore most people want to maximize the solar energy and maximize the efficiency of solar
panel [7]
Wireless charging is the transmission of an energy from power source to a device that
need to be charged without using wires or cables Nikola Tesla is the ldquoFather of Wirelessrdquo
because he is the one who comprehended the idea of Wireless Power Transmission and also
verified without using wires [2] Wireless power transmission or wireless charging still new in
this modern days although it has been discovered a long time ago because it is not practically
widely and the technology still improving but will not end Wireless charging will help and make
the userrsquos life easier because they need no wire to charge their phone and it is safe
This project will focus on the construction of solar sun tracker with wireless charging
using Arduino Uno microcontroller As what as we know solar tracker is not commercially
implemented Because of the solar tracker is not in the market most of the people only use fixed
solar panel Figure 1 shows fixed solar panel
Figure 11 Fixed Solar Panel
To step up the effectiveness of harvesting sunlight solar tracker is built to achieve
maximum power and to reduce the usage of cables or wires wireless charging is built Solar
tracker will track the movement of the sun every day in a year different with fixed solar panel
that only fix in a certain angle and do not maximize the sunlight
3
12 Problem Statements
Solar panel today mostly fixed solar panel and there is no solar panel that follow the sun
from east to west Fixed solar panel is designed for fixed angle or only one direction and cannot
follow sunrsquos movement Therefore it will produce low power than solar tracker panel and the
efficiency is low compare to the solar tracker panel For a family that needs more output than
normal and wants to reduce electricity bill they need to set up fixed solar panel at east and west
where sun is rises and sun is sets Therefore needs a lot of money to install on the house To
overcome the problem solar tracker panel is the solution because solar tracker panel can go to
180o and 360o by following the sun throughout a year and can generate more output power than
fixed angle Next this system can reduce the time for the users to change the position of fixed
solar panel
Most of the users have a problem to charge their own phone if using ordinary charger
(wired) Furthermore the charger cable can be a mess if it is not placed in a suitable place It is
dangerous for children because the children can get electric shock if we forget to turn off the
power supply because the cable is exposed Without wire or cable room become tidy and safe
for the children Figure 12 and 13 shows messy cables on the table and exposed wire
Figure 12 Messy cables on the table
4
Figure 13 Exposed cables
Today many people want to charge their phone without wire because it is more safer but
the efficiency of wireless charging still not able to compete with cable charging The distance
and the efficiency of charging is limited Therefore wireless charging solar will be developed
and the efficiency is investigated and analyzed to see whether this eco-friendly device able to
charge a battery efficiently Wireless charging consists of many methods Thus to choose which
methods have best efficiency will be discussed and able to produce better efficiency Figure 14
shows existing product of wireless charging
Figure 14 Existing product of wireless charging
5
13 Objectives
The objectives of these project are
To design and develop a wireless charging solar tracker by using Arduino
microcontroller
To investigate and analyze the efficiency of wireless charging solar panel by using
Arduino microcontroller
To investigate the selected method of wireless charging
14 Scope of Project
Figure 15 shows the flow chart of the activity The main function of flowchart is to guide
researchers on how to start manage and completed a project
According to the flow chart the first step a title of the project must be focused on Once the
title is confirmed the objectives must be set based on the appropriate reasons and lacks
Problems that affect the project need to be discovered Without problems that related to the
objectives the objectives that have been set will not be answered Then research must be
conducted about the title of the project and previous works This process helps the researcher to
discover the weakness and solution for the project Writing a report (introduction literature
review and methodology) is started once the data from research are completed For the next step
focuses on software designing and hardware For this part it is very difficult because critical
thinking is needed There will be many circumstances and troubleshooting Implementation
process must be done after designing process has finished Thus in implementation process just
referring the design implementing works will be easier Lastly the completed miniature will be
tested If it works perfectly experiment must be conducted This is to make sure that the results
gain from the experiment is valid When there is some glitches troubleshooting process must be
done to discover the reasons behind the problems If the results are accurate finalizing process
will be done This is the final touch up to makes the miniature and report are fully complete
6
NO
YES
YES
Figure 15 Flowchart of activity
PLANNING
IDENTIFY PROBLEMS amp
RESEARCH
DESIGN SOFTWARE amp
HARDWARE
HARDWARE
IMPLEMENTATION
TESTING AND
DEBUGGING
EXPECTED
RESULT
FINALIZING
END
START
7
15 Expected Outcome
Solar tracker with wireless charging can help the users to get more output power than fixed
panel solar This is because Solar Tracker With Wireless Charging is able to harvest the sunlight
more than static panel with high efficiency User is also able to charge their phone without using
wire or cable and it is safer because this is a combination between solar and wireless charging
16 Report Structure Overview
Project Outline
This report consists of six chapters (Introduction Literature Review Methodology
Project Development and Analysis Discussion and Conclusions and Recommendations) For
FYP 1 three chapters that need to be done that is Introduction Literature Review and
Methodology For FYP 2 in the next semester the remaining chapters will be done Below tells
the short detail about each chapter
Chapter 1 Introduction
In this chapter will explain what is Solar Tracker With Wireless Charging project
overview statement of the problems objectives of the project work planning and expected
outcomes
Chapter 2 Literature Reviews
Literature review discuss the information that related to the project All the research and
studies that obtained from the journals is summarized so that it will correspond to the title This
chapter also discuss the components needed for the project and the full design of Solar Tracker
With Wireless Charging
I declare that Projecttrhesis is classified as (pIe tick (-4raquo
o CONFIDENTIAL (Contains ~nfidenLial tnCormation under the Official Secret Act 1972)middot o RESTRICTED (Contsi retncted information as speclfied by the orgoniaation where
rescnrch was done) [LJOPEN ACCESS
VamplidalioD of ProjectlTbe8i8
I therefore duly affirmed with free consent Aod willingness declare that this said ProjectlThesiR hall be placed officialJy in the Centre for Acadomic Information Service with the abiding interest and rights as follows
bull This Projecttrhesis is th 60Ie legal property of Univcrelti Malaysls Sarawak (UNIMAS)
bull The Centre for Academic Information Service has the lawful right to make copies for tbe purpose of academIC and research only and not for other purpose
bull Th Centre for Academic Information Services has the lawful right to digltalilie lbe content for the Local Content Database
bull The Ceotre for AcademiC lnformatim SeJVces has the lawful right to mok copies f the ProjectlThesi for academic exchange between Higber Learning IMtitute
bull No dispute Or any clrum shall arise from the student illelf neither third party un tllia ProJecttrhesis onoo it becomes the sole property of NIMAS
bull This Projectflbesis or Any material data and information relatltgtd to It sholl not be diBtributed publiabed or disclosed to any party by Lhe etudent except with UNlMAS perrnjssion
Student SIgnature _Q=--~ __-_____ (Date) ( I )
Current Address
Notes bull If the ProjectflheHia is CONFIDENTIAL or RESTRlCTED please attach together 88
annexure a letter from the organisation with the period and rea60ns of confidentiality and re5triction
[The inslrument is duly prepared by The Centre for Academic lnfonnation Servoos)
SOLAR TRACKER WITH WIRELESS CHARGING
PATRUS MAXSION ANAK TINGGAL (43714)
A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment
of the requirement ror the degree or
Bachelot of Engineering (Hons) in Electronics
(Telecommunicalion)
Faculty of Engineering
Universiti Malaysia Satawak
2017
To my beloved family and friends
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Thanks to the Lord in the Highest and His blessing in guiding me to complete this report
Special appreciation goes to my supervisor Madam Nazreen binti Junaidi for her supervision and
also support Her invaluable help of constructive comments and suggestion throughout the entire
completion of the thesis and hardware Special thanks to all the lecturer and staff of Electrical
and Electronic Department for all the support and information they had gave in order to complete
this report Not forgotten to all my friends that help me directly or indirectly and for the time
they have spent in order to help me Last but not least my deepest gratitude goes to my beloved
family for their support and guidance throughout this semester To those who contributed
indirectly in this research your kindness means the world to me Thank you very much
ii
ABSTRACT
Sunlight is a renewable resources because everyday sun will rises and thus produces sun
light Furthermore sunlight can be harvested and it is eco-friendly and does not pollute the
environment Plus by reducing the usage of cables is good for environmental and humanrsquos
health It is called as wireless in short Do we know by combining harvesting sunlight and
wireless able to reduce large amount of money Why It is because materials needed to produce
the cables can be cut and human able to avoid themselves from electric shock and by harvesting
the sunlight the electricity bill can be reduced This project is to design develop investigate and
analyze the efficiency of wireless charging solar tracker This solar tracker able to rotate till 3600
by using two servo motors and LDR as a sensor in order to harvest sunlight till maximum and
combine with wireless charging by using magnetic resonance coupling method instead of using
cable as medium to charge a battery
iii
ABSTRAK
Cahaya matahari adalah sumber yang boleh diperbaharui kerana matahari setiap hari akan terbit
dan dengan itu akan menghasilkan cahaya matahari Tambahan pula cahaya matahari boleh
dituai dan ia adalah mesra alam dan tidak mencemarkan alam sekitar Seterusnya dengan
mengurangkan penggunaan kabel adalah baik untuk alam sekitar dan kesihatan manusia Ia
dipanggil sebagai wireless secara ringkasnya Adakah kita tahu dengan menggabungkan
penggunaan solar dan wireless dapat mengurangkan perbelanjaan dengan mendadak Mengapa
Ini kerana bahan-bahan yang diperlukan untuk menghasilkan kabel boleh dikurangkan dan
manusia dapat mengelakkan diri mereka daripada kejutan elektrik dan penggunaan solar bil
elektrik dapat dikurangkan Projek ini adalah untuk mereka bentuk membina menyiasat dan
menganalisis kecekapan pengecasan tanpa wayar tracker solar Penjejak solar ini dapat berputar
hingga 3600 dengan menggunakan dua motor servo dan LDR sebagai sensor untuk menuai
cahaya matahari sehingga maksimum dan menggabungkan pengecasan tanpa wayar dengan
menggunakan kaedah resonans gandingan magnet dan bukannya menggunakan kabel sebagai
medium untuk mengecas bateri
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i
ABSTRACT ii
ABSTRAK iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iv
LIST OF FIGURES vi
LIST OF TABLES viii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ix
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
11 Project Overview 1
12 Problem Statements 3
13 Objectives 5
14 Scope of Project 5
15 Expected Outcome 7
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 9
21 Overview 9
22 Solar Energy10
23 Comparison between Mono-crystalline and Multi-crystalline PV cells 11
24 The Results between Mono-crystalline and Poly-crystalline at Jordan and Malaysia 14
25 Solar Tracker 17
251 Methods Used by Other Researchers to Let Solar Tracker to Rotate in 360o
to Increase the Efficiency of Output Power 17
252 Comparison between single axis dual axis solar tracker and static solar
panel 18
26 Wireless Transmission and Charging 20
27 Main Components Needed to Build Inductive Coupling Wireless Charger 22
271 Main Components Needed to Build Inductive Coupling Wireless Charger 22
272 Main Components Needed to Build Magnetic Resonance Coupling
Wireless Charger 24
v
273 Output Produced by using Magnetic Resonance Coupling Method 25
28 Far Field Wireless Charging using RF signal 26
281 Antenna 27
282 Transmitter and Receiver 28
283 Full Wave Rectifier Circuit 28
284 High Q-Resonator 29
285 Output Power Produced by Harvesting RF signal 30
29 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Methods 30
210 Research Gaps 31
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY32
31 Overview 32
32 Engineering Design Process 33
33 Project Aim 34
34 Gantt Chart 36
35 Component Used 37
36 Microcontroller 37
361 Arduino UNO R3 ATmega 328P 38
362 ATmega 328 (IC Chip) 40
37 Solar Panel 42
38 Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) 43
39 Servo Motor 44
310 Motor Shield 45
311 Flowchart of Solar Tracker with Wireless Charging 47
312 Block Diagram of Solar Tracker 48
313 Block Diagram of Wireless Charger 49
314 Conceptual Design of Solar Tracker with Wireless Charging 50
315 Solar Tracker Design 50
316 Conceptual Circuit Diagram of Solar Tracker 52
vi
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 53
41 Overview 53
42 Fabrication and Development of Miniature 53
421 Wireless Charger 53
422 Solar Tracker 57
423 Redesigning Solar Tracker With Wireless Charging 61
43 Program 63
44 Results 64
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 73
51 Conclusion 73
52 Future Scope 74
REFERENCES 75
APPENDIX A 78
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
Figure 11 Fixed Solar Panel 2
Figure 12 Messy cables on the table 3
Figure 13 Exposed cable 4
Figure 14 Existing product of wireless charging 4
Figure 15 Flowchart of activity 6
Figure 21 Electron-hole that are separated by potential barrier is created and
generate voltage that drift the current via an external circuit 11
Figure 22 PV system schematic diagram 12
Figure 23 Power output efficiencyrsquos formula 13
Figure 24 Outcome of output current made by mono- and poly-crystalline panel 14
Figure 25 Efficiencies of both panels 15
Figure 26 4 LDR is placed at west north east and south side 17
Figure 27 Basic transformer 21
Figure 28 Transmitter and Receiver circuit 23
Figure 29 Primary and Secondary coil 24
Figure 210 Block diagram of magnetic capacitance coupling of wireless charger 24
Figure 211 Voltage versus distance of separation of the coils 25
Figure 212 Block diagram of RF wireless charger 26
Figure 213 ASTRO bowl antenna 27
Figure 214 Full-wave rectifier circuit 29
Figure 31 Engineering Design Process 33
Figure 32 How solar panel track the sun using LDR 35
viii
Figure 33 Microcontroller block diagram 38
Figure 34 Arduino UNO R3 ATmega 328 P board 40
Figure 35 Atmega 328 Pin Mapping Configuration 41
Figure 36 ATmega 328P 42
Figure 37 LDR 43
Figure 38 How LDR works 44
Figure 39 Servo Motor 45
Figure 310 Motor shield 46
Figure 311 Flowchart of Solar Tracker with Wireless Charging system 47
Figure 312 Block diagram of solar tracker system 48
Figure 313 Block diagram of wireless charger 49
Figure 314 Conceptual idea of wireless charging 49
Figure 315 Solar Tracker with Wireless charging concept 50
Figure 316 Solar tracker views 51
Figure 317 Circuit diagram of solar tracker 52
Figure 41 Transmitter schematic diagram 55
Figure 42 Receiver schematic diagram 56
Figure 43 Soldering process 56
Figure 44 Base of solar tracker58
Figure 45 Base of servo motor 59
Figure 46 Vertical servorsquos motor holder 59
Figure 47 Completed vertical servo holder 59
Figure 48 Both bases and holder are completed59
Figure 49(a) Completed solar tracker 60
Figure 49(b) Fully furnished solar tracker 60
ix
Figure 410 Redesign solar tracker miniature 61
Figure 411 Redesign of conceptual idea of solar tracker with wireless charging 62
Figure 412 Instructions for tolerance of LDR 63
Figure 413 Vertical servo instruction 64
Figure 414 Graph for Day 4 72
x
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
Table 1 Summary of average power output and average efficiency of both
panels in 4 days 14
Table 2 Results of static and tracking panel 19
Table 3 Output power produce by static and tracking panel 19
Table 4 The summary of the result gain by static and dual axis 20
Table 5 Voltage current and power over distance 30
Table 6 Comparisons of Wireless Charging Methods 31
Table 7(a) Ganttrsquos Chart for FYP1 36
Table 7(b) Ganttrsquos Chart for FYP2 36
Table 8 Technical Aspects 39
Table 9 Parameter of the Atmega 328 41
Table 10 Motor Drive Specification 46
Table 11 Shield motor pin is divided by channel 46
Table 12 List of component 54
Table 13 Main components of solar tracker 57
Table 14(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 1 64
Table 14(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 65
Table 15(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 2 65
Table 15(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 2 66
Table 16(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 3 66
Table 16(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 3 67
Table 17(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 4 67
xi
Table 17(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 4 68
Table 18(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 5 68
Table 18(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 5 69
xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
A - Ampere
AC - Alternating Current
DC - Direct Current
EMF - Electromotive Force
FYP1 - Final Year Project 1
FYP2 - Final Year Project 2
LDR - Light Dependent Resistor
PIC - Peripheral Interface Controller
PV - Photovoltaic
PWM - Pulse Width Modulation
RF - Radio Frequency
RX - Receiver
TX - Transmitter
V - Volt
W - Watt
Ω - Ohm
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
11 Project Overview
Energy sources obtained from coal oil and natural gas and very efficient for the
progress of economic in this world The cons using these sources are damaging to the
environment and also human health For an example oil will be used in vehicles thus it will
produce smoke or poisonous gas into the air and lead to greenhouse effect and affect the ozone
layer For human it is dangerous for respiratory system especially children and who are sensitive
to the surrounding To solve the problems developers and scientists nowadays try to reduce
pollution by exploring more on renewable energy Renewable energy can be found massively in
the Earth and it will not finish such as petroleum Examples of renewable energy are biomass
wind solar hydropower and geothermal The costs of wind and solar power are decreasing
considerably in the past 30 years till today but oil and gas are increasing either usage or effect to
the environment [1] Therefore to avoid this energy harm the earth renewable energy is
increasingly used
Solar power is a renewable energy because solar energy is gained from the sun or
harvesting energy from sun Sun is one of the natural resources that naturally replenished
Actually the energy is in the form of radiation that will creates electrical power or electricity
Electricity can be generated or produced from photovoltaic known as PV cells Photovoltaic
means ldquolightrdquo and ldquoelectricrdquo literally Solar cell is a device that harvest the solar energy and
convert it directly into electricity either from photovoltaic effect or change into heat energy first
or chemical then into electricity There are some factors that affect the output of the solar energy
that is category and area of the material sunlightrsquos intensity and the sunlightrsquos wavelength Solar
power is one of cleanest resources in earth It is pollution-free and do not produced radiation
2
Therefore most people want to maximize the solar energy and maximize the efficiency of solar
panel [7]
Wireless charging is the transmission of an energy from power source to a device that
need to be charged without using wires or cables Nikola Tesla is the ldquoFather of Wirelessrdquo
because he is the one who comprehended the idea of Wireless Power Transmission and also
verified without using wires [2] Wireless power transmission or wireless charging still new in
this modern days although it has been discovered a long time ago because it is not practically
widely and the technology still improving but will not end Wireless charging will help and make
the userrsquos life easier because they need no wire to charge their phone and it is safe
This project will focus on the construction of solar sun tracker with wireless charging
using Arduino Uno microcontroller As what as we know solar tracker is not commercially
implemented Because of the solar tracker is not in the market most of the people only use fixed
solar panel Figure 1 shows fixed solar panel
Figure 11 Fixed Solar Panel
To step up the effectiveness of harvesting sunlight solar tracker is built to achieve
maximum power and to reduce the usage of cables or wires wireless charging is built Solar
tracker will track the movement of the sun every day in a year different with fixed solar panel
that only fix in a certain angle and do not maximize the sunlight
3
12 Problem Statements
Solar panel today mostly fixed solar panel and there is no solar panel that follow the sun
from east to west Fixed solar panel is designed for fixed angle or only one direction and cannot
follow sunrsquos movement Therefore it will produce low power than solar tracker panel and the
efficiency is low compare to the solar tracker panel For a family that needs more output than
normal and wants to reduce electricity bill they need to set up fixed solar panel at east and west
where sun is rises and sun is sets Therefore needs a lot of money to install on the house To
overcome the problem solar tracker panel is the solution because solar tracker panel can go to
180o and 360o by following the sun throughout a year and can generate more output power than
fixed angle Next this system can reduce the time for the users to change the position of fixed
solar panel
Most of the users have a problem to charge their own phone if using ordinary charger
(wired) Furthermore the charger cable can be a mess if it is not placed in a suitable place It is
dangerous for children because the children can get electric shock if we forget to turn off the
power supply because the cable is exposed Without wire or cable room become tidy and safe
for the children Figure 12 and 13 shows messy cables on the table and exposed wire
Figure 12 Messy cables on the table
4
Figure 13 Exposed cables
Today many people want to charge their phone without wire because it is more safer but
the efficiency of wireless charging still not able to compete with cable charging The distance
and the efficiency of charging is limited Therefore wireless charging solar will be developed
and the efficiency is investigated and analyzed to see whether this eco-friendly device able to
charge a battery efficiently Wireless charging consists of many methods Thus to choose which
methods have best efficiency will be discussed and able to produce better efficiency Figure 14
shows existing product of wireless charging
Figure 14 Existing product of wireless charging
5
13 Objectives
The objectives of these project are
To design and develop a wireless charging solar tracker by using Arduino
microcontroller
To investigate and analyze the efficiency of wireless charging solar panel by using
Arduino microcontroller
To investigate the selected method of wireless charging
14 Scope of Project
Figure 15 shows the flow chart of the activity The main function of flowchart is to guide
researchers on how to start manage and completed a project
According to the flow chart the first step a title of the project must be focused on Once the
title is confirmed the objectives must be set based on the appropriate reasons and lacks
Problems that affect the project need to be discovered Without problems that related to the
objectives the objectives that have been set will not be answered Then research must be
conducted about the title of the project and previous works This process helps the researcher to
discover the weakness and solution for the project Writing a report (introduction literature
review and methodology) is started once the data from research are completed For the next step
focuses on software designing and hardware For this part it is very difficult because critical
thinking is needed There will be many circumstances and troubleshooting Implementation
process must be done after designing process has finished Thus in implementation process just
referring the design implementing works will be easier Lastly the completed miniature will be
tested If it works perfectly experiment must be conducted This is to make sure that the results
gain from the experiment is valid When there is some glitches troubleshooting process must be
done to discover the reasons behind the problems If the results are accurate finalizing process
will be done This is the final touch up to makes the miniature and report are fully complete
6
NO
YES
YES
Figure 15 Flowchart of activity
PLANNING
IDENTIFY PROBLEMS amp
RESEARCH
DESIGN SOFTWARE amp
HARDWARE
HARDWARE
IMPLEMENTATION
TESTING AND
DEBUGGING
EXPECTED
RESULT
FINALIZING
END
START
7
15 Expected Outcome
Solar tracker with wireless charging can help the users to get more output power than fixed
panel solar This is because Solar Tracker With Wireless Charging is able to harvest the sunlight
more than static panel with high efficiency User is also able to charge their phone without using
wire or cable and it is safer because this is a combination between solar and wireless charging
16 Report Structure Overview
Project Outline
This report consists of six chapters (Introduction Literature Review Methodology
Project Development and Analysis Discussion and Conclusions and Recommendations) For
FYP 1 three chapters that need to be done that is Introduction Literature Review and
Methodology For FYP 2 in the next semester the remaining chapters will be done Below tells
the short detail about each chapter
Chapter 1 Introduction
In this chapter will explain what is Solar Tracker With Wireless Charging project
overview statement of the problems objectives of the project work planning and expected
outcomes
Chapter 2 Literature Reviews
Literature review discuss the information that related to the project All the research and
studies that obtained from the journals is summarized so that it will correspond to the title This
chapter also discuss the components needed for the project and the full design of Solar Tracker
With Wireless Charging
SOLAR TRACKER WITH WIRELESS CHARGING
PATRUS MAXSION ANAK TINGGAL (43714)
A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment
of the requirement ror the degree or
Bachelot of Engineering (Hons) in Electronics
(Telecommunicalion)
Faculty of Engineering
Universiti Malaysia Satawak
2017
To my beloved family and friends
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Thanks to the Lord in the Highest and His blessing in guiding me to complete this report
Special appreciation goes to my supervisor Madam Nazreen binti Junaidi for her supervision and
also support Her invaluable help of constructive comments and suggestion throughout the entire
completion of the thesis and hardware Special thanks to all the lecturer and staff of Electrical
and Electronic Department for all the support and information they had gave in order to complete
this report Not forgotten to all my friends that help me directly or indirectly and for the time
they have spent in order to help me Last but not least my deepest gratitude goes to my beloved
family for their support and guidance throughout this semester To those who contributed
indirectly in this research your kindness means the world to me Thank you very much
ii
ABSTRACT
Sunlight is a renewable resources because everyday sun will rises and thus produces sun
light Furthermore sunlight can be harvested and it is eco-friendly and does not pollute the
environment Plus by reducing the usage of cables is good for environmental and humanrsquos
health It is called as wireless in short Do we know by combining harvesting sunlight and
wireless able to reduce large amount of money Why It is because materials needed to produce
the cables can be cut and human able to avoid themselves from electric shock and by harvesting
the sunlight the electricity bill can be reduced This project is to design develop investigate and
analyze the efficiency of wireless charging solar tracker This solar tracker able to rotate till 3600
by using two servo motors and LDR as a sensor in order to harvest sunlight till maximum and
combine with wireless charging by using magnetic resonance coupling method instead of using
cable as medium to charge a battery
iii
ABSTRAK
Cahaya matahari adalah sumber yang boleh diperbaharui kerana matahari setiap hari akan terbit
dan dengan itu akan menghasilkan cahaya matahari Tambahan pula cahaya matahari boleh
dituai dan ia adalah mesra alam dan tidak mencemarkan alam sekitar Seterusnya dengan
mengurangkan penggunaan kabel adalah baik untuk alam sekitar dan kesihatan manusia Ia
dipanggil sebagai wireless secara ringkasnya Adakah kita tahu dengan menggabungkan
penggunaan solar dan wireless dapat mengurangkan perbelanjaan dengan mendadak Mengapa
Ini kerana bahan-bahan yang diperlukan untuk menghasilkan kabel boleh dikurangkan dan
manusia dapat mengelakkan diri mereka daripada kejutan elektrik dan penggunaan solar bil
elektrik dapat dikurangkan Projek ini adalah untuk mereka bentuk membina menyiasat dan
menganalisis kecekapan pengecasan tanpa wayar tracker solar Penjejak solar ini dapat berputar
hingga 3600 dengan menggunakan dua motor servo dan LDR sebagai sensor untuk menuai
cahaya matahari sehingga maksimum dan menggabungkan pengecasan tanpa wayar dengan
menggunakan kaedah resonans gandingan magnet dan bukannya menggunakan kabel sebagai
medium untuk mengecas bateri
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i
ABSTRACT ii
ABSTRAK iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iv
LIST OF FIGURES vi
LIST OF TABLES viii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ix
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
11 Project Overview 1
12 Problem Statements 3
13 Objectives 5
14 Scope of Project 5
15 Expected Outcome 7
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 9
21 Overview 9
22 Solar Energy10
23 Comparison between Mono-crystalline and Multi-crystalline PV cells 11
24 The Results between Mono-crystalline and Poly-crystalline at Jordan and Malaysia 14
25 Solar Tracker 17
251 Methods Used by Other Researchers to Let Solar Tracker to Rotate in 360o
to Increase the Efficiency of Output Power 17
252 Comparison between single axis dual axis solar tracker and static solar
panel 18
26 Wireless Transmission and Charging 20
27 Main Components Needed to Build Inductive Coupling Wireless Charger 22
271 Main Components Needed to Build Inductive Coupling Wireless Charger 22
272 Main Components Needed to Build Magnetic Resonance Coupling
Wireless Charger 24
v
273 Output Produced by using Magnetic Resonance Coupling Method 25
28 Far Field Wireless Charging using RF signal 26
281 Antenna 27
282 Transmitter and Receiver 28
283 Full Wave Rectifier Circuit 28
284 High Q-Resonator 29
285 Output Power Produced by Harvesting RF signal 30
29 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Methods 30
210 Research Gaps 31
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY32
31 Overview 32
32 Engineering Design Process 33
33 Project Aim 34
34 Gantt Chart 36
35 Component Used 37
36 Microcontroller 37
361 Arduino UNO R3 ATmega 328P 38
362 ATmega 328 (IC Chip) 40
37 Solar Panel 42
38 Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) 43
39 Servo Motor 44
310 Motor Shield 45
311 Flowchart of Solar Tracker with Wireless Charging 47
312 Block Diagram of Solar Tracker 48
313 Block Diagram of Wireless Charger 49
314 Conceptual Design of Solar Tracker with Wireless Charging 50
315 Solar Tracker Design 50
316 Conceptual Circuit Diagram of Solar Tracker 52
vi
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 53
41 Overview 53
42 Fabrication and Development of Miniature 53
421 Wireless Charger 53
422 Solar Tracker 57
423 Redesigning Solar Tracker With Wireless Charging 61
43 Program 63
44 Results 64
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 73
51 Conclusion 73
52 Future Scope 74
REFERENCES 75
APPENDIX A 78
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
Figure 11 Fixed Solar Panel 2
Figure 12 Messy cables on the table 3
Figure 13 Exposed cable 4
Figure 14 Existing product of wireless charging 4
Figure 15 Flowchart of activity 6
Figure 21 Electron-hole that are separated by potential barrier is created and
generate voltage that drift the current via an external circuit 11
Figure 22 PV system schematic diagram 12
Figure 23 Power output efficiencyrsquos formula 13
Figure 24 Outcome of output current made by mono- and poly-crystalline panel 14
Figure 25 Efficiencies of both panels 15
Figure 26 4 LDR is placed at west north east and south side 17
Figure 27 Basic transformer 21
Figure 28 Transmitter and Receiver circuit 23
Figure 29 Primary and Secondary coil 24
Figure 210 Block diagram of magnetic capacitance coupling of wireless charger 24
Figure 211 Voltage versus distance of separation of the coils 25
Figure 212 Block diagram of RF wireless charger 26
Figure 213 ASTRO bowl antenna 27
Figure 214 Full-wave rectifier circuit 29
Figure 31 Engineering Design Process 33
Figure 32 How solar panel track the sun using LDR 35
viii
Figure 33 Microcontroller block diagram 38
Figure 34 Arduino UNO R3 ATmega 328 P board 40
Figure 35 Atmega 328 Pin Mapping Configuration 41
Figure 36 ATmega 328P 42
Figure 37 LDR 43
Figure 38 How LDR works 44
Figure 39 Servo Motor 45
Figure 310 Motor shield 46
Figure 311 Flowchart of Solar Tracker with Wireless Charging system 47
Figure 312 Block diagram of solar tracker system 48
Figure 313 Block diagram of wireless charger 49
Figure 314 Conceptual idea of wireless charging 49
Figure 315 Solar Tracker with Wireless charging concept 50
Figure 316 Solar tracker views 51
Figure 317 Circuit diagram of solar tracker 52
Figure 41 Transmitter schematic diagram 55
Figure 42 Receiver schematic diagram 56
Figure 43 Soldering process 56
Figure 44 Base of solar tracker58
Figure 45 Base of servo motor 59
Figure 46 Vertical servorsquos motor holder 59
Figure 47 Completed vertical servo holder 59
Figure 48 Both bases and holder are completed59
Figure 49(a) Completed solar tracker 60
Figure 49(b) Fully furnished solar tracker 60
ix
Figure 410 Redesign solar tracker miniature 61
Figure 411 Redesign of conceptual idea of solar tracker with wireless charging 62
Figure 412 Instructions for tolerance of LDR 63
Figure 413 Vertical servo instruction 64
Figure 414 Graph for Day 4 72
x
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
Table 1 Summary of average power output and average efficiency of both
panels in 4 days 14
Table 2 Results of static and tracking panel 19
Table 3 Output power produce by static and tracking panel 19
Table 4 The summary of the result gain by static and dual axis 20
Table 5 Voltage current and power over distance 30
Table 6 Comparisons of Wireless Charging Methods 31
Table 7(a) Ganttrsquos Chart for FYP1 36
Table 7(b) Ganttrsquos Chart for FYP2 36
Table 8 Technical Aspects 39
Table 9 Parameter of the Atmega 328 41
Table 10 Motor Drive Specification 46
Table 11 Shield motor pin is divided by channel 46
Table 12 List of component 54
Table 13 Main components of solar tracker 57
Table 14(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 1 64
Table 14(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 65
Table 15(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 2 65
Table 15(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 2 66
Table 16(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 3 66
Table 16(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 3 67
Table 17(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 4 67
xi
Table 17(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 4 68
Table 18(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 5 68
Table 18(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 5 69
xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
A - Ampere
AC - Alternating Current
DC - Direct Current
EMF - Electromotive Force
FYP1 - Final Year Project 1
FYP2 - Final Year Project 2
LDR - Light Dependent Resistor
PIC - Peripheral Interface Controller
PV - Photovoltaic
PWM - Pulse Width Modulation
RF - Radio Frequency
RX - Receiver
TX - Transmitter
V - Volt
W - Watt
Ω - Ohm
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
11 Project Overview
Energy sources obtained from coal oil and natural gas and very efficient for the
progress of economic in this world The cons using these sources are damaging to the
environment and also human health For an example oil will be used in vehicles thus it will
produce smoke or poisonous gas into the air and lead to greenhouse effect and affect the ozone
layer For human it is dangerous for respiratory system especially children and who are sensitive
to the surrounding To solve the problems developers and scientists nowadays try to reduce
pollution by exploring more on renewable energy Renewable energy can be found massively in
the Earth and it will not finish such as petroleum Examples of renewable energy are biomass
wind solar hydropower and geothermal The costs of wind and solar power are decreasing
considerably in the past 30 years till today but oil and gas are increasing either usage or effect to
the environment [1] Therefore to avoid this energy harm the earth renewable energy is
increasingly used
Solar power is a renewable energy because solar energy is gained from the sun or
harvesting energy from sun Sun is one of the natural resources that naturally replenished
Actually the energy is in the form of radiation that will creates electrical power or electricity
Electricity can be generated or produced from photovoltaic known as PV cells Photovoltaic
means ldquolightrdquo and ldquoelectricrdquo literally Solar cell is a device that harvest the solar energy and
convert it directly into electricity either from photovoltaic effect or change into heat energy first
or chemical then into electricity There are some factors that affect the output of the solar energy
that is category and area of the material sunlightrsquos intensity and the sunlightrsquos wavelength Solar
power is one of cleanest resources in earth It is pollution-free and do not produced radiation
2
Therefore most people want to maximize the solar energy and maximize the efficiency of solar
panel [7]
Wireless charging is the transmission of an energy from power source to a device that
need to be charged without using wires or cables Nikola Tesla is the ldquoFather of Wirelessrdquo
because he is the one who comprehended the idea of Wireless Power Transmission and also
verified without using wires [2] Wireless power transmission or wireless charging still new in
this modern days although it has been discovered a long time ago because it is not practically
widely and the technology still improving but will not end Wireless charging will help and make
the userrsquos life easier because they need no wire to charge their phone and it is safe
This project will focus on the construction of solar sun tracker with wireless charging
using Arduino Uno microcontroller As what as we know solar tracker is not commercially
implemented Because of the solar tracker is not in the market most of the people only use fixed
solar panel Figure 1 shows fixed solar panel
Figure 11 Fixed Solar Panel
To step up the effectiveness of harvesting sunlight solar tracker is built to achieve
maximum power and to reduce the usage of cables or wires wireless charging is built Solar
tracker will track the movement of the sun every day in a year different with fixed solar panel
that only fix in a certain angle and do not maximize the sunlight
3
12 Problem Statements
Solar panel today mostly fixed solar panel and there is no solar panel that follow the sun
from east to west Fixed solar panel is designed for fixed angle or only one direction and cannot
follow sunrsquos movement Therefore it will produce low power than solar tracker panel and the
efficiency is low compare to the solar tracker panel For a family that needs more output than
normal and wants to reduce electricity bill they need to set up fixed solar panel at east and west
where sun is rises and sun is sets Therefore needs a lot of money to install on the house To
overcome the problem solar tracker panel is the solution because solar tracker panel can go to
180o and 360o by following the sun throughout a year and can generate more output power than
fixed angle Next this system can reduce the time for the users to change the position of fixed
solar panel
Most of the users have a problem to charge their own phone if using ordinary charger
(wired) Furthermore the charger cable can be a mess if it is not placed in a suitable place It is
dangerous for children because the children can get electric shock if we forget to turn off the
power supply because the cable is exposed Without wire or cable room become tidy and safe
for the children Figure 12 and 13 shows messy cables on the table and exposed wire
Figure 12 Messy cables on the table
4
Figure 13 Exposed cables
Today many people want to charge their phone without wire because it is more safer but
the efficiency of wireless charging still not able to compete with cable charging The distance
and the efficiency of charging is limited Therefore wireless charging solar will be developed
and the efficiency is investigated and analyzed to see whether this eco-friendly device able to
charge a battery efficiently Wireless charging consists of many methods Thus to choose which
methods have best efficiency will be discussed and able to produce better efficiency Figure 14
shows existing product of wireless charging
Figure 14 Existing product of wireless charging
5
13 Objectives
The objectives of these project are
To design and develop a wireless charging solar tracker by using Arduino
microcontroller
To investigate and analyze the efficiency of wireless charging solar panel by using
Arduino microcontroller
To investigate the selected method of wireless charging
14 Scope of Project
Figure 15 shows the flow chart of the activity The main function of flowchart is to guide
researchers on how to start manage and completed a project
According to the flow chart the first step a title of the project must be focused on Once the
title is confirmed the objectives must be set based on the appropriate reasons and lacks
Problems that affect the project need to be discovered Without problems that related to the
objectives the objectives that have been set will not be answered Then research must be
conducted about the title of the project and previous works This process helps the researcher to
discover the weakness and solution for the project Writing a report (introduction literature
review and methodology) is started once the data from research are completed For the next step
focuses on software designing and hardware For this part it is very difficult because critical
thinking is needed There will be many circumstances and troubleshooting Implementation
process must be done after designing process has finished Thus in implementation process just
referring the design implementing works will be easier Lastly the completed miniature will be
tested If it works perfectly experiment must be conducted This is to make sure that the results
gain from the experiment is valid When there is some glitches troubleshooting process must be
done to discover the reasons behind the problems If the results are accurate finalizing process
will be done This is the final touch up to makes the miniature and report are fully complete
6
NO
YES
YES
Figure 15 Flowchart of activity
PLANNING
IDENTIFY PROBLEMS amp
RESEARCH
DESIGN SOFTWARE amp
HARDWARE
HARDWARE
IMPLEMENTATION
TESTING AND
DEBUGGING
EXPECTED
RESULT
FINALIZING
END
START
7
15 Expected Outcome
Solar tracker with wireless charging can help the users to get more output power than fixed
panel solar This is because Solar Tracker With Wireless Charging is able to harvest the sunlight
more than static panel with high efficiency User is also able to charge their phone without using
wire or cable and it is safer because this is a combination between solar and wireless charging
16 Report Structure Overview
Project Outline
This report consists of six chapters (Introduction Literature Review Methodology
Project Development and Analysis Discussion and Conclusions and Recommendations) For
FYP 1 three chapters that need to be done that is Introduction Literature Review and
Methodology For FYP 2 in the next semester the remaining chapters will be done Below tells
the short detail about each chapter
Chapter 1 Introduction
In this chapter will explain what is Solar Tracker With Wireless Charging project
overview statement of the problems objectives of the project work planning and expected
outcomes
Chapter 2 Literature Reviews
Literature review discuss the information that related to the project All the research and
studies that obtained from the journals is summarized so that it will correspond to the title This
chapter also discuss the components needed for the project and the full design of Solar Tracker
With Wireless Charging
To my beloved family and friends
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Thanks to the Lord in the Highest and His blessing in guiding me to complete this report
Special appreciation goes to my supervisor Madam Nazreen binti Junaidi for her supervision and
also support Her invaluable help of constructive comments and suggestion throughout the entire
completion of the thesis and hardware Special thanks to all the lecturer and staff of Electrical
and Electronic Department for all the support and information they had gave in order to complete
this report Not forgotten to all my friends that help me directly or indirectly and for the time
they have spent in order to help me Last but not least my deepest gratitude goes to my beloved
family for their support and guidance throughout this semester To those who contributed
indirectly in this research your kindness means the world to me Thank you very much
ii
ABSTRACT
Sunlight is a renewable resources because everyday sun will rises and thus produces sun
light Furthermore sunlight can be harvested and it is eco-friendly and does not pollute the
environment Plus by reducing the usage of cables is good for environmental and humanrsquos
health It is called as wireless in short Do we know by combining harvesting sunlight and
wireless able to reduce large amount of money Why It is because materials needed to produce
the cables can be cut and human able to avoid themselves from electric shock and by harvesting
the sunlight the electricity bill can be reduced This project is to design develop investigate and
analyze the efficiency of wireless charging solar tracker This solar tracker able to rotate till 3600
by using two servo motors and LDR as a sensor in order to harvest sunlight till maximum and
combine with wireless charging by using magnetic resonance coupling method instead of using
cable as medium to charge a battery
iii
ABSTRAK
Cahaya matahari adalah sumber yang boleh diperbaharui kerana matahari setiap hari akan terbit
dan dengan itu akan menghasilkan cahaya matahari Tambahan pula cahaya matahari boleh
dituai dan ia adalah mesra alam dan tidak mencemarkan alam sekitar Seterusnya dengan
mengurangkan penggunaan kabel adalah baik untuk alam sekitar dan kesihatan manusia Ia
dipanggil sebagai wireless secara ringkasnya Adakah kita tahu dengan menggabungkan
penggunaan solar dan wireless dapat mengurangkan perbelanjaan dengan mendadak Mengapa
Ini kerana bahan-bahan yang diperlukan untuk menghasilkan kabel boleh dikurangkan dan
manusia dapat mengelakkan diri mereka daripada kejutan elektrik dan penggunaan solar bil
elektrik dapat dikurangkan Projek ini adalah untuk mereka bentuk membina menyiasat dan
menganalisis kecekapan pengecasan tanpa wayar tracker solar Penjejak solar ini dapat berputar
hingga 3600 dengan menggunakan dua motor servo dan LDR sebagai sensor untuk menuai
cahaya matahari sehingga maksimum dan menggabungkan pengecasan tanpa wayar dengan
menggunakan kaedah resonans gandingan magnet dan bukannya menggunakan kabel sebagai
medium untuk mengecas bateri
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i
ABSTRACT ii
ABSTRAK iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iv
LIST OF FIGURES vi
LIST OF TABLES viii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ix
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
11 Project Overview 1
12 Problem Statements 3
13 Objectives 5
14 Scope of Project 5
15 Expected Outcome 7
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 9
21 Overview 9
22 Solar Energy10
23 Comparison between Mono-crystalline and Multi-crystalline PV cells 11
24 The Results between Mono-crystalline and Poly-crystalline at Jordan and Malaysia 14
25 Solar Tracker 17
251 Methods Used by Other Researchers to Let Solar Tracker to Rotate in 360o
to Increase the Efficiency of Output Power 17
252 Comparison between single axis dual axis solar tracker and static solar
panel 18
26 Wireless Transmission and Charging 20
27 Main Components Needed to Build Inductive Coupling Wireless Charger 22
271 Main Components Needed to Build Inductive Coupling Wireless Charger 22
272 Main Components Needed to Build Magnetic Resonance Coupling
Wireless Charger 24
v
273 Output Produced by using Magnetic Resonance Coupling Method 25
28 Far Field Wireless Charging using RF signal 26
281 Antenna 27
282 Transmitter and Receiver 28
283 Full Wave Rectifier Circuit 28
284 High Q-Resonator 29
285 Output Power Produced by Harvesting RF signal 30
29 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Methods 30
210 Research Gaps 31
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY32
31 Overview 32
32 Engineering Design Process 33
33 Project Aim 34
34 Gantt Chart 36
35 Component Used 37
36 Microcontroller 37
361 Arduino UNO R3 ATmega 328P 38
362 ATmega 328 (IC Chip) 40
37 Solar Panel 42
38 Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) 43
39 Servo Motor 44
310 Motor Shield 45
311 Flowchart of Solar Tracker with Wireless Charging 47
312 Block Diagram of Solar Tracker 48
313 Block Diagram of Wireless Charger 49
314 Conceptual Design of Solar Tracker with Wireless Charging 50
315 Solar Tracker Design 50
316 Conceptual Circuit Diagram of Solar Tracker 52
vi
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 53
41 Overview 53
42 Fabrication and Development of Miniature 53
421 Wireless Charger 53
422 Solar Tracker 57
423 Redesigning Solar Tracker With Wireless Charging 61
43 Program 63
44 Results 64
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 73
51 Conclusion 73
52 Future Scope 74
REFERENCES 75
APPENDIX A 78
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
Figure 11 Fixed Solar Panel 2
Figure 12 Messy cables on the table 3
Figure 13 Exposed cable 4
Figure 14 Existing product of wireless charging 4
Figure 15 Flowchart of activity 6
Figure 21 Electron-hole that are separated by potential barrier is created and
generate voltage that drift the current via an external circuit 11
Figure 22 PV system schematic diagram 12
Figure 23 Power output efficiencyrsquos formula 13
Figure 24 Outcome of output current made by mono- and poly-crystalline panel 14
Figure 25 Efficiencies of both panels 15
Figure 26 4 LDR is placed at west north east and south side 17
Figure 27 Basic transformer 21
Figure 28 Transmitter and Receiver circuit 23
Figure 29 Primary and Secondary coil 24
Figure 210 Block diagram of magnetic capacitance coupling of wireless charger 24
Figure 211 Voltage versus distance of separation of the coils 25
Figure 212 Block diagram of RF wireless charger 26
Figure 213 ASTRO bowl antenna 27
Figure 214 Full-wave rectifier circuit 29
Figure 31 Engineering Design Process 33
Figure 32 How solar panel track the sun using LDR 35
viii
Figure 33 Microcontroller block diagram 38
Figure 34 Arduino UNO R3 ATmega 328 P board 40
Figure 35 Atmega 328 Pin Mapping Configuration 41
Figure 36 ATmega 328P 42
Figure 37 LDR 43
Figure 38 How LDR works 44
Figure 39 Servo Motor 45
Figure 310 Motor shield 46
Figure 311 Flowchart of Solar Tracker with Wireless Charging system 47
Figure 312 Block diagram of solar tracker system 48
Figure 313 Block diagram of wireless charger 49
Figure 314 Conceptual idea of wireless charging 49
Figure 315 Solar Tracker with Wireless charging concept 50
Figure 316 Solar tracker views 51
Figure 317 Circuit diagram of solar tracker 52
Figure 41 Transmitter schematic diagram 55
Figure 42 Receiver schematic diagram 56
Figure 43 Soldering process 56
Figure 44 Base of solar tracker58
Figure 45 Base of servo motor 59
Figure 46 Vertical servorsquos motor holder 59
Figure 47 Completed vertical servo holder 59
Figure 48 Both bases and holder are completed59
Figure 49(a) Completed solar tracker 60
Figure 49(b) Fully furnished solar tracker 60
ix
Figure 410 Redesign solar tracker miniature 61
Figure 411 Redesign of conceptual idea of solar tracker with wireless charging 62
Figure 412 Instructions for tolerance of LDR 63
Figure 413 Vertical servo instruction 64
Figure 414 Graph for Day 4 72
x
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
Table 1 Summary of average power output and average efficiency of both
panels in 4 days 14
Table 2 Results of static and tracking panel 19
Table 3 Output power produce by static and tracking panel 19
Table 4 The summary of the result gain by static and dual axis 20
Table 5 Voltage current and power over distance 30
Table 6 Comparisons of Wireless Charging Methods 31
Table 7(a) Ganttrsquos Chart for FYP1 36
Table 7(b) Ganttrsquos Chart for FYP2 36
Table 8 Technical Aspects 39
Table 9 Parameter of the Atmega 328 41
Table 10 Motor Drive Specification 46
Table 11 Shield motor pin is divided by channel 46
Table 12 List of component 54
Table 13 Main components of solar tracker 57
Table 14(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 1 64
Table 14(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 65
Table 15(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 2 65
Table 15(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 2 66
Table 16(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 3 66
Table 16(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 3 67
Table 17(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 4 67
xi
Table 17(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 4 68
Table 18(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 5 68
Table 18(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 5 69
xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
A - Ampere
AC - Alternating Current
DC - Direct Current
EMF - Electromotive Force
FYP1 - Final Year Project 1
FYP2 - Final Year Project 2
LDR - Light Dependent Resistor
PIC - Peripheral Interface Controller
PV - Photovoltaic
PWM - Pulse Width Modulation
RF - Radio Frequency
RX - Receiver
TX - Transmitter
V - Volt
W - Watt
Ω - Ohm
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
11 Project Overview
Energy sources obtained from coal oil and natural gas and very efficient for the
progress of economic in this world The cons using these sources are damaging to the
environment and also human health For an example oil will be used in vehicles thus it will
produce smoke or poisonous gas into the air and lead to greenhouse effect and affect the ozone
layer For human it is dangerous for respiratory system especially children and who are sensitive
to the surrounding To solve the problems developers and scientists nowadays try to reduce
pollution by exploring more on renewable energy Renewable energy can be found massively in
the Earth and it will not finish such as petroleum Examples of renewable energy are biomass
wind solar hydropower and geothermal The costs of wind and solar power are decreasing
considerably in the past 30 years till today but oil and gas are increasing either usage or effect to
the environment [1] Therefore to avoid this energy harm the earth renewable energy is
increasingly used
Solar power is a renewable energy because solar energy is gained from the sun or
harvesting energy from sun Sun is one of the natural resources that naturally replenished
Actually the energy is in the form of radiation that will creates electrical power or electricity
Electricity can be generated or produced from photovoltaic known as PV cells Photovoltaic
means ldquolightrdquo and ldquoelectricrdquo literally Solar cell is a device that harvest the solar energy and
convert it directly into electricity either from photovoltaic effect or change into heat energy first
or chemical then into electricity There are some factors that affect the output of the solar energy
that is category and area of the material sunlightrsquos intensity and the sunlightrsquos wavelength Solar
power is one of cleanest resources in earth It is pollution-free and do not produced radiation
2
Therefore most people want to maximize the solar energy and maximize the efficiency of solar
panel [7]
Wireless charging is the transmission of an energy from power source to a device that
need to be charged without using wires or cables Nikola Tesla is the ldquoFather of Wirelessrdquo
because he is the one who comprehended the idea of Wireless Power Transmission and also
verified without using wires [2] Wireless power transmission or wireless charging still new in
this modern days although it has been discovered a long time ago because it is not practically
widely and the technology still improving but will not end Wireless charging will help and make
the userrsquos life easier because they need no wire to charge their phone and it is safe
This project will focus on the construction of solar sun tracker with wireless charging
using Arduino Uno microcontroller As what as we know solar tracker is not commercially
implemented Because of the solar tracker is not in the market most of the people only use fixed
solar panel Figure 1 shows fixed solar panel
Figure 11 Fixed Solar Panel
To step up the effectiveness of harvesting sunlight solar tracker is built to achieve
maximum power and to reduce the usage of cables or wires wireless charging is built Solar
tracker will track the movement of the sun every day in a year different with fixed solar panel
that only fix in a certain angle and do not maximize the sunlight
3
12 Problem Statements
Solar panel today mostly fixed solar panel and there is no solar panel that follow the sun
from east to west Fixed solar panel is designed for fixed angle or only one direction and cannot
follow sunrsquos movement Therefore it will produce low power than solar tracker panel and the
efficiency is low compare to the solar tracker panel For a family that needs more output than
normal and wants to reduce electricity bill they need to set up fixed solar panel at east and west
where sun is rises and sun is sets Therefore needs a lot of money to install on the house To
overcome the problem solar tracker panel is the solution because solar tracker panel can go to
180o and 360o by following the sun throughout a year and can generate more output power than
fixed angle Next this system can reduce the time for the users to change the position of fixed
solar panel
Most of the users have a problem to charge their own phone if using ordinary charger
(wired) Furthermore the charger cable can be a mess if it is not placed in a suitable place It is
dangerous for children because the children can get electric shock if we forget to turn off the
power supply because the cable is exposed Without wire or cable room become tidy and safe
for the children Figure 12 and 13 shows messy cables on the table and exposed wire
Figure 12 Messy cables on the table
4
Figure 13 Exposed cables
Today many people want to charge their phone without wire because it is more safer but
the efficiency of wireless charging still not able to compete with cable charging The distance
and the efficiency of charging is limited Therefore wireless charging solar will be developed
and the efficiency is investigated and analyzed to see whether this eco-friendly device able to
charge a battery efficiently Wireless charging consists of many methods Thus to choose which
methods have best efficiency will be discussed and able to produce better efficiency Figure 14
shows existing product of wireless charging
Figure 14 Existing product of wireless charging
5
13 Objectives
The objectives of these project are
To design and develop a wireless charging solar tracker by using Arduino
microcontroller
To investigate and analyze the efficiency of wireless charging solar panel by using
Arduino microcontroller
To investigate the selected method of wireless charging
14 Scope of Project
Figure 15 shows the flow chart of the activity The main function of flowchart is to guide
researchers on how to start manage and completed a project
According to the flow chart the first step a title of the project must be focused on Once the
title is confirmed the objectives must be set based on the appropriate reasons and lacks
Problems that affect the project need to be discovered Without problems that related to the
objectives the objectives that have been set will not be answered Then research must be
conducted about the title of the project and previous works This process helps the researcher to
discover the weakness and solution for the project Writing a report (introduction literature
review and methodology) is started once the data from research are completed For the next step
focuses on software designing and hardware For this part it is very difficult because critical
thinking is needed There will be many circumstances and troubleshooting Implementation
process must be done after designing process has finished Thus in implementation process just
referring the design implementing works will be easier Lastly the completed miniature will be
tested If it works perfectly experiment must be conducted This is to make sure that the results
gain from the experiment is valid When there is some glitches troubleshooting process must be
done to discover the reasons behind the problems If the results are accurate finalizing process
will be done This is the final touch up to makes the miniature and report are fully complete
6
NO
YES
YES
Figure 15 Flowchart of activity
PLANNING
IDENTIFY PROBLEMS amp
RESEARCH
DESIGN SOFTWARE amp
HARDWARE
HARDWARE
IMPLEMENTATION
TESTING AND
DEBUGGING
EXPECTED
RESULT
FINALIZING
END
START
7
15 Expected Outcome
Solar tracker with wireless charging can help the users to get more output power than fixed
panel solar This is because Solar Tracker With Wireless Charging is able to harvest the sunlight
more than static panel with high efficiency User is also able to charge their phone without using
wire or cable and it is safer because this is a combination between solar and wireless charging
16 Report Structure Overview
Project Outline
This report consists of six chapters (Introduction Literature Review Methodology
Project Development and Analysis Discussion and Conclusions and Recommendations) For
FYP 1 three chapters that need to be done that is Introduction Literature Review and
Methodology For FYP 2 in the next semester the remaining chapters will be done Below tells
the short detail about each chapter
Chapter 1 Introduction
In this chapter will explain what is Solar Tracker With Wireless Charging project
overview statement of the problems objectives of the project work planning and expected
outcomes
Chapter 2 Literature Reviews
Literature review discuss the information that related to the project All the research and
studies that obtained from the journals is summarized so that it will correspond to the title This
chapter also discuss the components needed for the project and the full design of Solar Tracker
With Wireless Charging
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Thanks to the Lord in the Highest and His blessing in guiding me to complete this report
Special appreciation goes to my supervisor Madam Nazreen binti Junaidi for her supervision and
also support Her invaluable help of constructive comments and suggestion throughout the entire
completion of the thesis and hardware Special thanks to all the lecturer and staff of Electrical
and Electronic Department for all the support and information they had gave in order to complete
this report Not forgotten to all my friends that help me directly or indirectly and for the time
they have spent in order to help me Last but not least my deepest gratitude goes to my beloved
family for their support and guidance throughout this semester To those who contributed
indirectly in this research your kindness means the world to me Thank you very much
ii
ABSTRACT
Sunlight is a renewable resources because everyday sun will rises and thus produces sun
light Furthermore sunlight can be harvested and it is eco-friendly and does not pollute the
environment Plus by reducing the usage of cables is good for environmental and humanrsquos
health It is called as wireless in short Do we know by combining harvesting sunlight and
wireless able to reduce large amount of money Why It is because materials needed to produce
the cables can be cut and human able to avoid themselves from electric shock and by harvesting
the sunlight the electricity bill can be reduced This project is to design develop investigate and
analyze the efficiency of wireless charging solar tracker This solar tracker able to rotate till 3600
by using two servo motors and LDR as a sensor in order to harvest sunlight till maximum and
combine with wireless charging by using magnetic resonance coupling method instead of using
cable as medium to charge a battery
iii
ABSTRAK
Cahaya matahari adalah sumber yang boleh diperbaharui kerana matahari setiap hari akan terbit
dan dengan itu akan menghasilkan cahaya matahari Tambahan pula cahaya matahari boleh
dituai dan ia adalah mesra alam dan tidak mencemarkan alam sekitar Seterusnya dengan
mengurangkan penggunaan kabel adalah baik untuk alam sekitar dan kesihatan manusia Ia
dipanggil sebagai wireless secara ringkasnya Adakah kita tahu dengan menggabungkan
penggunaan solar dan wireless dapat mengurangkan perbelanjaan dengan mendadak Mengapa
Ini kerana bahan-bahan yang diperlukan untuk menghasilkan kabel boleh dikurangkan dan
manusia dapat mengelakkan diri mereka daripada kejutan elektrik dan penggunaan solar bil
elektrik dapat dikurangkan Projek ini adalah untuk mereka bentuk membina menyiasat dan
menganalisis kecekapan pengecasan tanpa wayar tracker solar Penjejak solar ini dapat berputar
hingga 3600 dengan menggunakan dua motor servo dan LDR sebagai sensor untuk menuai
cahaya matahari sehingga maksimum dan menggabungkan pengecasan tanpa wayar dengan
menggunakan kaedah resonans gandingan magnet dan bukannya menggunakan kabel sebagai
medium untuk mengecas bateri
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i
ABSTRACT ii
ABSTRAK iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iv
LIST OF FIGURES vi
LIST OF TABLES viii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ix
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
11 Project Overview 1
12 Problem Statements 3
13 Objectives 5
14 Scope of Project 5
15 Expected Outcome 7
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 9
21 Overview 9
22 Solar Energy10
23 Comparison between Mono-crystalline and Multi-crystalline PV cells 11
24 The Results between Mono-crystalline and Poly-crystalline at Jordan and Malaysia 14
25 Solar Tracker 17
251 Methods Used by Other Researchers to Let Solar Tracker to Rotate in 360o
to Increase the Efficiency of Output Power 17
252 Comparison between single axis dual axis solar tracker and static solar
panel 18
26 Wireless Transmission and Charging 20
27 Main Components Needed to Build Inductive Coupling Wireless Charger 22
271 Main Components Needed to Build Inductive Coupling Wireless Charger 22
272 Main Components Needed to Build Magnetic Resonance Coupling
Wireless Charger 24
v
273 Output Produced by using Magnetic Resonance Coupling Method 25
28 Far Field Wireless Charging using RF signal 26
281 Antenna 27
282 Transmitter and Receiver 28
283 Full Wave Rectifier Circuit 28
284 High Q-Resonator 29
285 Output Power Produced by Harvesting RF signal 30
29 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Methods 30
210 Research Gaps 31
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY32
31 Overview 32
32 Engineering Design Process 33
33 Project Aim 34
34 Gantt Chart 36
35 Component Used 37
36 Microcontroller 37
361 Arduino UNO R3 ATmega 328P 38
362 ATmega 328 (IC Chip) 40
37 Solar Panel 42
38 Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) 43
39 Servo Motor 44
310 Motor Shield 45
311 Flowchart of Solar Tracker with Wireless Charging 47
312 Block Diagram of Solar Tracker 48
313 Block Diagram of Wireless Charger 49
314 Conceptual Design of Solar Tracker with Wireless Charging 50
315 Solar Tracker Design 50
316 Conceptual Circuit Diagram of Solar Tracker 52
vi
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 53
41 Overview 53
42 Fabrication and Development of Miniature 53
421 Wireless Charger 53
422 Solar Tracker 57
423 Redesigning Solar Tracker With Wireless Charging 61
43 Program 63
44 Results 64
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 73
51 Conclusion 73
52 Future Scope 74
REFERENCES 75
APPENDIX A 78
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
Figure 11 Fixed Solar Panel 2
Figure 12 Messy cables on the table 3
Figure 13 Exposed cable 4
Figure 14 Existing product of wireless charging 4
Figure 15 Flowchart of activity 6
Figure 21 Electron-hole that are separated by potential barrier is created and
generate voltage that drift the current via an external circuit 11
Figure 22 PV system schematic diagram 12
Figure 23 Power output efficiencyrsquos formula 13
Figure 24 Outcome of output current made by mono- and poly-crystalline panel 14
Figure 25 Efficiencies of both panels 15
Figure 26 4 LDR is placed at west north east and south side 17
Figure 27 Basic transformer 21
Figure 28 Transmitter and Receiver circuit 23
Figure 29 Primary and Secondary coil 24
Figure 210 Block diagram of magnetic capacitance coupling of wireless charger 24
Figure 211 Voltage versus distance of separation of the coils 25
Figure 212 Block diagram of RF wireless charger 26
Figure 213 ASTRO bowl antenna 27
Figure 214 Full-wave rectifier circuit 29
Figure 31 Engineering Design Process 33
Figure 32 How solar panel track the sun using LDR 35
viii
Figure 33 Microcontroller block diagram 38
Figure 34 Arduino UNO R3 ATmega 328 P board 40
Figure 35 Atmega 328 Pin Mapping Configuration 41
Figure 36 ATmega 328P 42
Figure 37 LDR 43
Figure 38 How LDR works 44
Figure 39 Servo Motor 45
Figure 310 Motor shield 46
Figure 311 Flowchart of Solar Tracker with Wireless Charging system 47
Figure 312 Block diagram of solar tracker system 48
Figure 313 Block diagram of wireless charger 49
Figure 314 Conceptual idea of wireless charging 49
Figure 315 Solar Tracker with Wireless charging concept 50
Figure 316 Solar tracker views 51
Figure 317 Circuit diagram of solar tracker 52
Figure 41 Transmitter schematic diagram 55
Figure 42 Receiver schematic diagram 56
Figure 43 Soldering process 56
Figure 44 Base of solar tracker58
Figure 45 Base of servo motor 59
Figure 46 Vertical servorsquos motor holder 59
Figure 47 Completed vertical servo holder 59
Figure 48 Both bases and holder are completed59
Figure 49(a) Completed solar tracker 60
Figure 49(b) Fully furnished solar tracker 60
ix
Figure 410 Redesign solar tracker miniature 61
Figure 411 Redesign of conceptual idea of solar tracker with wireless charging 62
Figure 412 Instructions for tolerance of LDR 63
Figure 413 Vertical servo instruction 64
Figure 414 Graph for Day 4 72
x
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
Table 1 Summary of average power output and average efficiency of both
panels in 4 days 14
Table 2 Results of static and tracking panel 19
Table 3 Output power produce by static and tracking panel 19
Table 4 The summary of the result gain by static and dual axis 20
Table 5 Voltage current and power over distance 30
Table 6 Comparisons of Wireless Charging Methods 31
Table 7(a) Ganttrsquos Chart for FYP1 36
Table 7(b) Ganttrsquos Chart for FYP2 36
Table 8 Technical Aspects 39
Table 9 Parameter of the Atmega 328 41
Table 10 Motor Drive Specification 46
Table 11 Shield motor pin is divided by channel 46
Table 12 List of component 54
Table 13 Main components of solar tracker 57
Table 14(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 1 64
Table 14(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 65
Table 15(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 2 65
Table 15(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 2 66
Table 16(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 3 66
Table 16(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 3 67
Table 17(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 4 67
xi
Table 17(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 4 68
Table 18(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 5 68
Table 18(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 5 69
xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
A - Ampere
AC - Alternating Current
DC - Direct Current
EMF - Electromotive Force
FYP1 - Final Year Project 1
FYP2 - Final Year Project 2
LDR - Light Dependent Resistor
PIC - Peripheral Interface Controller
PV - Photovoltaic
PWM - Pulse Width Modulation
RF - Radio Frequency
RX - Receiver
TX - Transmitter
V - Volt
W - Watt
Ω - Ohm
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
11 Project Overview
Energy sources obtained from coal oil and natural gas and very efficient for the
progress of economic in this world The cons using these sources are damaging to the
environment and also human health For an example oil will be used in vehicles thus it will
produce smoke or poisonous gas into the air and lead to greenhouse effect and affect the ozone
layer For human it is dangerous for respiratory system especially children and who are sensitive
to the surrounding To solve the problems developers and scientists nowadays try to reduce
pollution by exploring more on renewable energy Renewable energy can be found massively in
the Earth and it will not finish such as petroleum Examples of renewable energy are biomass
wind solar hydropower and geothermal The costs of wind and solar power are decreasing
considerably in the past 30 years till today but oil and gas are increasing either usage or effect to
the environment [1] Therefore to avoid this energy harm the earth renewable energy is
increasingly used
Solar power is a renewable energy because solar energy is gained from the sun or
harvesting energy from sun Sun is one of the natural resources that naturally replenished
Actually the energy is in the form of radiation that will creates electrical power or electricity
Electricity can be generated or produced from photovoltaic known as PV cells Photovoltaic
means ldquolightrdquo and ldquoelectricrdquo literally Solar cell is a device that harvest the solar energy and
convert it directly into electricity either from photovoltaic effect or change into heat energy first
or chemical then into electricity There are some factors that affect the output of the solar energy
that is category and area of the material sunlightrsquos intensity and the sunlightrsquos wavelength Solar
power is one of cleanest resources in earth It is pollution-free and do not produced radiation
2
Therefore most people want to maximize the solar energy and maximize the efficiency of solar
panel [7]
Wireless charging is the transmission of an energy from power source to a device that
need to be charged without using wires or cables Nikola Tesla is the ldquoFather of Wirelessrdquo
because he is the one who comprehended the idea of Wireless Power Transmission and also
verified without using wires [2] Wireless power transmission or wireless charging still new in
this modern days although it has been discovered a long time ago because it is not practically
widely and the technology still improving but will not end Wireless charging will help and make
the userrsquos life easier because they need no wire to charge their phone and it is safe
This project will focus on the construction of solar sun tracker with wireless charging
using Arduino Uno microcontroller As what as we know solar tracker is not commercially
implemented Because of the solar tracker is not in the market most of the people only use fixed
solar panel Figure 1 shows fixed solar panel
Figure 11 Fixed Solar Panel
To step up the effectiveness of harvesting sunlight solar tracker is built to achieve
maximum power and to reduce the usage of cables or wires wireless charging is built Solar
tracker will track the movement of the sun every day in a year different with fixed solar panel
that only fix in a certain angle and do not maximize the sunlight
3
12 Problem Statements
Solar panel today mostly fixed solar panel and there is no solar panel that follow the sun
from east to west Fixed solar panel is designed for fixed angle or only one direction and cannot
follow sunrsquos movement Therefore it will produce low power than solar tracker panel and the
efficiency is low compare to the solar tracker panel For a family that needs more output than
normal and wants to reduce electricity bill they need to set up fixed solar panel at east and west
where sun is rises and sun is sets Therefore needs a lot of money to install on the house To
overcome the problem solar tracker panel is the solution because solar tracker panel can go to
180o and 360o by following the sun throughout a year and can generate more output power than
fixed angle Next this system can reduce the time for the users to change the position of fixed
solar panel
Most of the users have a problem to charge their own phone if using ordinary charger
(wired) Furthermore the charger cable can be a mess if it is not placed in a suitable place It is
dangerous for children because the children can get electric shock if we forget to turn off the
power supply because the cable is exposed Without wire or cable room become tidy and safe
for the children Figure 12 and 13 shows messy cables on the table and exposed wire
Figure 12 Messy cables on the table
4
Figure 13 Exposed cables
Today many people want to charge their phone without wire because it is more safer but
the efficiency of wireless charging still not able to compete with cable charging The distance
and the efficiency of charging is limited Therefore wireless charging solar will be developed
and the efficiency is investigated and analyzed to see whether this eco-friendly device able to
charge a battery efficiently Wireless charging consists of many methods Thus to choose which
methods have best efficiency will be discussed and able to produce better efficiency Figure 14
shows existing product of wireless charging
Figure 14 Existing product of wireless charging
5
13 Objectives
The objectives of these project are
To design and develop a wireless charging solar tracker by using Arduino
microcontroller
To investigate and analyze the efficiency of wireless charging solar panel by using
Arduino microcontroller
To investigate the selected method of wireless charging
14 Scope of Project
Figure 15 shows the flow chart of the activity The main function of flowchart is to guide
researchers on how to start manage and completed a project
According to the flow chart the first step a title of the project must be focused on Once the
title is confirmed the objectives must be set based on the appropriate reasons and lacks
Problems that affect the project need to be discovered Without problems that related to the
objectives the objectives that have been set will not be answered Then research must be
conducted about the title of the project and previous works This process helps the researcher to
discover the weakness and solution for the project Writing a report (introduction literature
review and methodology) is started once the data from research are completed For the next step
focuses on software designing and hardware For this part it is very difficult because critical
thinking is needed There will be many circumstances and troubleshooting Implementation
process must be done after designing process has finished Thus in implementation process just
referring the design implementing works will be easier Lastly the completed miniature will be
tested If it works perfectly experiment must be conducted This is to make sure that the results
gain from the experiment is valid When there is some glitches troubleshooting process must be
done to discover the reasons behind the problems If the results are accurate finalizing process
will be done This is the final touch up to makes the miniature and report are fully complete
6
NO
YES
YES
Figure 15 Flowchart of activity
PLANNING
IDENTIFY PROBLEMS amp
RESEARCH
DESIGN SOFTWARE amp
HARDWARE
HARDWARE
IMPLEMENTATION
TESTING AND
DEBUGGING
EXPECTED
RESULT
FINALIZING
END
START
7
15 Expected Outcome
Solar tracker with wireless charging can help the users to get more output power than fixed
panel solar This is because Solar Tracker With Wireless Charging is able to harvest the sunlight
more than static panel with high efficiency User is also able to charge their phone without using
wire or cable and it is safer because this is a combination between solar and wireless charging
16 Report Structure Overview
Project Outline
This report consists of six chapters (Introduction Literature Review Methodology
Project Development and Analysis Discussion and Conclusions and Recommendations) For
FYP 1 three chapters that need to be done that is Introduction Literature Review and
Methodology For FYP 2 in the next semester the remaining chapters will be done Below tells
the short detail about each chapter
Chapter 1 Introduction
In this chapter will explain what is Solar Tracker With Wireless Charging project
overview statement of the problems objectives of the project work planning and expected
outcomes
Chapter 2 Literature Reviews
Literature review discuss the information that related to the project All the research and
studies that obtained from the journals is summarized so that it will correspond to the title This
chapter also discuss the components needed for the project and the full design of Solar Tracker
With Wireless Charging
ii
ABSTRACT
Sunlight is a renewable resources because everyday sun will rises and thus produces sun
light Furthermore sunlight can be harvested and it is eco-friendly and does not pollute the
environment Plus by reducing the usage of cables is good for environmental and humanrsquos
health It is called as wireless in short Do we know by combining harvesting sunlight and
wireless able to reduce large amount of money Why It is because materials needed to produce
the cables can be cut and human able to avoid themselves from electric shock and by harvesting
the sunlight the electricity bill can be reduced This project is to design develop investigate and
analyze the efficiency of wireless charging solar tracker This solar tracker able to rotate till 3600
by using two servo motors and LDR as a sensor in order to harvest sunlight till maximum and
combine with wireless charging by using magnetic resonance coupling method instead of using
cable as medium to charge a battery
iii
ABSTRAK
Cahaya matahari adalah sumber yang boleh diperbaharui kerana matahari setiap hari akan terbit
dan dengan itu akan menghasilkan cahaya matahari Tambahan pula cahaya matahari boleh
dituai dan ia adalah mesra alam dan tidak mencemarkan alam sekitar Seterusnya dengan
mengurangkan penggunaan kabel adalah baik untuk alam sekitar dan kesihatan manusia Ia
dipanggil sebagai wireless secara ringkasnya Adakah kita tahu dengan menggabungkan
penggunaan solar dan wireless dapat mengurangkan perbelanjaan dengan mendadak Mengapa
Ini kerana bahan-bahan yang diperlukan untuk menghasilkan kabel boleh dikurangkan dan
manusia dapat mengelakkan diri mereka daripada kejutan elektrik dan penggunaan solar bil
elektrik dapat dikurangkan Projek ini adalah untuk mereka bentuk membina menyiasat dan
menganalisis kecekapan pengecasan tanpa wayar tracker solar Penjejak solar ini dapat berputar
hingga 3600 dengan menggunakan dua motor servo dan LDR sebagai sensor untuk menuai
cahaya matahari sehingga maksimum dan menggabungkan pengecasan tanpa wayar dengan
menggunakan kaedah resonans gandingan magnet dan bukannya menggunakan kabel sebagai
medium untuk mengecas bateri
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i
ABSTRACT ii
ABSTRAK iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iv
LIST OF FIGURES vi
LIST OF TABLES viii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ix
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
11 Project Overview 1
12 Problem Statements 3
13 Objectives 5
14 Scope of Project 5
15 Expected Outcome 7
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 9
21 Overview 9
22 Solar Energy10
23 Comparison between Mono-crystalline and Multi-crystalline PV cells 11
24 The Results between Mono-crystalline and Poly-crystalline at Jordan and Malaysia 14
25 Solar Tracker 17
251 Methods Used by Other Researchers to Let Solar Tracker to Rotate in 360o
to Increase the Efficiency of Output Power 17
252 Comparison between single axis dual axis solar tracker and static solar
panel 18
26 Wireless Transmission and Charging 20
27 Main Components Needed to Build Inductive Coupling Wireless Charger 22
271 Main Components Needed to Build Inductive Coupling Wireless Charger 22
272 Main Components Needed to Build Magnetic Resonance Coupling
Wireless Charger 24
v
273 Output Produced by using Magnetic Resonance Coupling Method 25
28 Far Field Wireless Charging using RF signal 26
281 Antenna 27
282 Transmitter and Receiver 28
283 Full Wave Rectifier Circuit 28
284 High Q-Resonator 29
285 Output Power Produced by Harvesting RF signal 30
29 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Methods 30
210 Research Gaps 31
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY32
31 Overview 32
32 Engineering Design Process 33
33 Project Aim 34
34 Gantt Chart 36
35 Component Used 37
36 Microcontroller 37
361 Arduino UNO R3 ATmega 328P 38
362 ATmega 328 (IC Chip) 40
37 Solar Panel 42
38 Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) 43
39 Servo Motor 44
310 Motor Shield 45
311 Flowchart of Solar Tracker with Wireless Charging 47
312 Block Diagram of Solar Tracker 48
313 Block Diagram of Wireless Charger 49
314 Conceptual Design of Solar Tracker with Wireless Charging 50
315 Solar Tracker Design 50
316 Conceptual Circuit Diagram of Solar Tracker 52
vi
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 53
41 Overview 53
42 Fabrication and Development of Miniature 53
421 Wireless Charger 53
422 Solar Tracker 57
423 Redesigning Solar Tracker With Wireless Charging 61
43 Program 63
44 Results 64
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 73
51 Conclusion 73
52 Future Scope 74
REFERENCES 75
APPENDIX A 78
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
Figure 11 Fixed Solar Panel 2
Figure 12 Messy cables on the table 3
Figure 13 Exposed cable 4
Figure 14 Existing product of wireless charging 4
Figure 15 Flowchart of activity 6
Figure 21 Electron-hole that are separated by potential barrier is created and
generate voltage that drift the current via an external circuit 11
Figure 22 PV system schematic diagram 12
Figure 23 Power output efficiencyrsquos formula 13
Figure 24 Outcome of output current made by mono- and poly-crystalline panel 14
Figure 25 Efficiencies of both panels 15
Figure 26 4 LDR is placed at west north east and south side 17
Figure 27 Basic transformer 21
Figure 28 Transmitter and Receiver circuit 23
Figure 29 Primary and Secondary coil 24
Figure 210 Block diagram of magnetic capacitance coupling of wireless charger 24
Figure 211 Voltage versus distance of separation of the coils 25
Figure 212 Block diagram of RF wireless charger 26
Figure 213 ASTRO bowl antenna 27
Figure 214 Full-wave rectifier circuit 29
Figure 31 Engineering Design Process 33
Figure 32 How solar panel track the sun using LDR 35
viii
Figure 33 Microcontroller block diagram 38
Figure 34 Arduino UNO R3 ATmega 328 P board 40
Figure 35 Atmega 328 Pin Mapping Configuration 41
Figure 36 ATmega 328P 42
Figure 37 LDR 43
Figure 38 How LDR works 44
Figure 39 Servo Motor 45
Figure 310 Motor shield 46
Figure 311 Flowchart of Solar Tracker with Wireless Charging system 47
Figure 312 Block diagram of solar tracker system 48
Figure 313 Block diagram of wireless charger 49
Figure 314 Conceptual idea of wireless charging 49
Figure 315 Solar Tracker with Wireless charging concept 50
Figure 316 Solar tracker views 51
Figure 317 Circuit diagram of solar tracker 52
Figure 41 Transmitter schematic diagram 55
Figure 42 Receiver schematic diagram 56
Figure 43 Soldering process 56
Figure 44 Base of solar tracker58
Figure 45 Base of servo motor 59
Figure 46 Vertical servorsquos motor holder 59
Figure 47 Completed vertical servo holder 59
Figure 48 Both bases and holder are completed59
Figure 49(a) Completed solar tracker 60
Figure 49(b) Fully furnished solar tracker 60
ix
Figure 410 Redesign solar tracker miniature 61
Figure 411 Redesign of conceptual idea of solar tracker with wireless charging 62
Figure 412 Instructions for tolerance of LDR 63
Figure 413 Vertical servo instruction 64
Figure 414 Graph for Day 4 72
x
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
Table 1 Summary of average power output and average efficiency of both
panels in 4 days 14
Table 2 Results of static and tracking panel 19
Table 3 Output power produce by static and tracking panel 19
Table 4 The summary of the result gain by static and dual axis 20
Table 5 Voltage current and power over distance 30
Table 6 Comparisons of Wireless Charging Methods 31
Table 7(a) Ganttrsquos Chart for FYP1 36
Table 7(b) Ganttrsquos Chart for FYP2 36
Table 8 Technical Aspects 39
Table 9 Parameter of the Atmega 328 41
Table 10 Motor Drive Specification 46
Table 11 Shield motor pin is divided by channel 46
Table 12 List of component 54
Table 13 Main components of solar tracker 57
Table 14(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 1 64
Table 14(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 65
Table 15(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 2 65
Table 15(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 2 66
Table 16(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 3 66
Table 16(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 3 67
Table 17(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 4 67
xi
Table 17(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 4 68
Table 18(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 5 68
Table 18(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 5 69
xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
A - Ampere
AC - Alternating Current
DC - Direct Current
EMF - Electromotive Force
FYP1 - Final Year Project 1
FYP2 - Final Year Project 2
LDR - Light Dependent Resistor
PIC - Peripheral Interface Controller
PV - Photovoltaic
PWM - Pulse Width Modulation
RF - Radio Frequency
RX - Receiver
TX - Transmitter
V - Volt
W - Watt
Ω - Ohm
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
11 Project Overview
Energy sources obtained from coal oil and natural gas and very efficient for the
progress of economic in this world The cons using these sources are damaging to the
environment and also human health For an example oil will be used in vehicles thus it will
produce smoke or poisonous gas into the air and lead to greenhouse effect and affect the ozone
layer For human it is dangerous for respiratory system especially children and who are sensitive
to the surrounding To solve the problems developers and scientists nowadays try to reduce
pollution by exploring more on renewable energy Renewable energy can be found massively in
the Earth and it will not finish such as petroleum Examples of renewable energy are biomass
wind solar hydropower and geothermal The costs of wind and solar power are decreasing
considerably in the past 30 years till today but oil and gas are increasing either usage or effect to
the environment [1] Therefore to avoid this energy harm the earth renewable energy is
increasingly used
Solar power is a renewable energy because solar energy is gained from the sun or
harvesting energy from sun Sun is one of the natural resources that naturally replenished
Actually the energy is in the form of radiation that will creates electrical power or electricity
Electricity can be generated or produced from photovoltaic known as PV cells Photovoltaic
means ldquolightrdquo and ldquoelectricrdquo literally Solar cell is a device that harvest the solar energy and
convert it directly into electricity either from photovoltaic effect or change into heat energy first
or chemical then into electricity There are some factors that affect the output of the solar energy
that is category and area of the material sunlightrsquos intensity and the sunlightrsquos wavelength Solar
power is one of cleanest resources in earth It is pollution-free and do not produced radiation
2
Therefore most people want to maximize the solar energy and maximize the efficiency of solar
panel [7]
Wireless charging is the transmission of an energy from power source to a device that
need to be charged without using wires or cables Nikola Tesla is the ldquoFather of Wirelessrdquo
because he is the one who comprehended the idea of Wireless Power Transmission and also
verified without using wires [2] Wireless power transmission or wireless charging still new in
this modern days although it has been discovered a long time ago because it is not practically
widely and the technology still improving but will not end Wireless charging will help and make
the userrsquos life easier because they need no wire to charge their phone and it is safe
This project will focus on the construction of solar sun tracker with wireless charging
using Arduino Uno microcontroller As what as we know solar tracker is not commercially
implemented Because of the solar tracker is not in the market most of the people only use fixed
solar panel Figure 1 shows fixed solar panel
Figure 11 Fixed Solar Panel
To step up the effectiveness of harvesting sunlight solar tracker is built to achieve
maximum power and to reduce the usage of cables or wires wireless charging is built Solar
tracker will track the movement of the sun every day in a year different with fixed solar panel
that only fix in a certain angle and do not maximize the sunlight
3
12 Problem Statements
Solar panel today mostly fixed solar panel and there is no solar panel that follow the sun
from east to west Fixed solar panel is designed for fixed angle or only one direction and cannot
follow sunrsquos movement Therefore it will produce low power than solar tracker panel and the
efficiency is low compare to the solar tracker panel For a family that needs more output than
normal and wants to reduce electricity bill they need to set up fixed solar panel at east and west
where sun is rises and sun is sets Therefore needs a lot of money to install on the house To
overcome the problem solar tracker panel is the solution because solar tracker panel can go to
180o and 360o by following the sun throughout a year and can generate more output power than
fixed angle Next this system can reduce the time for the users to change the position of fixed
solar panel
Most of the users have a problem to charge their own phone if using ordinary charger
(wired) Furthermore the charger cable can be a mess if it is not placed in a suitable place It is
dangerous for children because the children can get electric shock if we forget to turn off the
power supply because the cable is exposed Without wire or cable room become tidy and safe
for the children Figure 12 and 13 shows messy cables on the table and exposed wire
Figure 12 Messy cables on the table
4
Figure 13 Exposed cables
Today many people want to charge their phone without wire because it is more safer but
the efficiency of wireless charging still not able to compete with cable charging The distance
and the efficiency of charging is limited Therefore wireless charging solar will be developed
and the efficiency is investigated and analyzed to see whether this eco-friendly device able to
charge a battery efficiently Wireless charging consists of many methods Thus to choose which
methods have best efficiency will be discussed and able to produce better efficiency Figure 14
shows existing product of wireless charging
Figure 14 Existing product of wireless charging
5
13 Objectives
The objectives of these project are
To design and develop a wireless charging solar tracker by using Arduino
microcontroller
To investigate and analyze the efficiency of wireless charging solar panel by using
Arduino microcontroller
To investigate the selected method of wireless charging
14 Scope of Project
Figure 15 shows the flow chart of the activity The main function of flowchart is to guide
researchers on how to start manage and completed a project
According to the flow chart the first step a title of the project must be focused on Once the
title is confirmed the objectives must be set based on the appropriate reasons and lacks
Problems that affect the project need to be discovered Without problems that related to the
objectives the objectives that have been set will not be answered Then research must be
conducted about the title of the project and previous works This process helps the researcher to
discover the weakness and solution for the project Writing a report (introduction literature
review and methodology) is started once the data from research are completed For the next step
focuses on software designing and hardware For this part it is very difficult because critical
thinking is needed There will be many circumstances and troubleshooting Implementation
process must be done after designing process has finished Thus in implementation process just
referring the design implementing works will be easier Lastly the completed miniature will be
tested If it works perfectly experiment must be conducted This is to make sure that the results
gain from the experiment is valid When there is some glitches troubleshooting process must be
done to discover the reasons behind the problems If the results are accurate finalizing process
will be done This is the final touch up to makes the miniature and report are fully complete
6
NO
YES
YES
Figure 15 Flowchart of activity
PLANNING
IDENTIFY PROBLEMS amp
RESEARCH
DESIGN SOFTWARE amp
HARDWARE
HARDWARE
IMPLEMENTATION
TESTING AND
DEBUGGING
EXPECTED
RESULT
FINALIZING
END
START
7
15 Expected Outcome
Solar tracker with wireless charging can help the users to get more output power than fixed
panel solar This is because Solar Tracker With Wireless Charging is able to harvest the sunlight
more than static panel with high efficiency User is also able to charge their phone without using
wire or cable and it is safer because this is a combination between solar and wireless charging
16 Report Structure Overview
Project Outline
This report consists of six chapters (Introduction Literature Review Methodology
Project Development and Analysis Discussion and Conclusions and Recommendations) For
FYP 1 three chapters that need to be done that is Introduction Literature Review and
Methodology For FYP 2 in the next semester the remaining chapters will be done Below tells
the short detail about each chapter
Chapter 1 Introduction
In this chapter will explain what is Solar Tracker With Wireless Charging project
overview statement of the problems objectives of the project work planning and expected
outcomes
Chapter 2 Literature Reviews
Literature review discuss the information that related to the project All the research and
studies that obtained from the journals is summarized so that it will correspond to the title This
chapter also discuss the components needed for the project and the full design of Solar Tracker
With Wireless Charging
iii
ABSTRAK
Cahaya matahari adalah sumber yang boleh diperbaharui kerana matahari setiap hari akan terbit
dan dengan itu akan menghasilkan cahaya matahari Tambahan pula cahaya matahari boleh
dituai dan ia adalah mesra alam dan tidak mencemarkan alam sekitar Seterusnya dengan
mengurangkan penggunaan kabel adalah baik untuk alam sekitar dan kesihatan manusia Ia
dipanggil sebagai wireless secara ringkasnya Adakah kita tahu dengan menggabungkan
penggunaan solar dan wireless dapat mengurangkan perbelanjaan dengan mendadak Mengapa
Ini kerana bahan-bahan yang diperlukan untuk menghasilkan kabel boleh dikurangkan dan
manusia dapat mengelakkan diri mereka daripada kejutan elektrik dan penggunaan solar bil
elektrik dapat dikurangkan Projek ini adalah untuk mereka bentuk membina menyiasat dan
menganalisis kecekapan pengecasan tanpa wayar tracker solar Penjejak solar ini dapat berputar
hingga 3600 dengan menggunakan dua motor servo dan LDR sebagai sensor untuk menuai
cahaya matahari sehingga maksimum dan menggabungkan pengecasan tanpa wayar dengan
menggunakan kaedah resonans gandingan magnet dan bukannya menggunakan kabel sebagai
medium untuk mengecas bateri
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i
ABSTRACT ii
ABSTRAK iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iv
LIST OF FIGURES vi
LIST OF TABLES viii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ix
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
11 Project Overview 1
12 Problem Statements 3
13 Objectives 5
14 Scope of Project 5
15 Expected Outcome 7
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 9
21 Overview 9
22 Solar Energy10
23 Comparison between Mono-crystalline and Multi-crystalline PV cells 11
24 The Results between Mono-crystalline and Poly-crystalline at Jordan and Malaysia 14
25 Solar Tracker 17
251 Methods Used by Other Researchers to Let Solar Tracker to Rotate in 360o
to Increase the Efficiency of Output Power 17
252 Comparison between single axis dual axis solar tracker and static solar
panel 18
26 Wireless Transmission and Charging 20
27 Main Components Needed to Build Inductive Coupling Wireless Charger 22
271 Main Components Needed to Build Inductive Coupling Wireless Charger 22
272 Main Components Needed to Build Magnetic Resonance Coupling
Wireless Charger 24
v
273 Output Produced by using Magnetic Resonance Coupling Method 25
28 Far Field Wireless Charging using RF signal 26
281 Antenna 27
282 Transmitter and Receiver 28
283 Full Wave Rectifier Circuit 28
284 High Q-Resonator 29
285 Output Power Produced by Harvesting RF signal 30
29 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Methods 30
210 Research Gaps 31
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY32
31 Overview 32
32 Engineering Design Process 33
33 Project Aim 34
34 Gantt Chart 36
35 Component Used 37
36 Microcontroller 37
361 Arduino UNO R3 ATmega 328P 38
362 ATmega 328 (IC Chip) 40
37 Solar Panel 42
38 Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) 43
39 Servo Motor 44
310 Motor Shield 45
311 Flowchart of Solar Tracker with Wireless Charging 47
312 Block Diagram of Solar Tracker 48
313 Block Diagram of Wireless Charger 49
314 Conceptual Design of Solar Tracker with Wireless Charging 50
315 Solar Tracker Design 50
316 Conceptual Circuit Diagram of Solar Tracker 52
vi
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 53
41 Overview 53
42 Fabrication and Development of Miniature 53
421 Wireless Charger 53
422 Solar Tracker 57
423 Redesigning Solar Tracker With Wireless Charging 61
43 Program 63
44 Results 64
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 73
51 Conclusion 73
52 Future Scope 74
REFERENCES 75
APPENDIX A 78
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
Figure 11 Fixed Solar Panel 2
Figure 12 Messy cables on the table 3
Figure 13 Exposed cable 4
Figure 14 Existing product of wireless charging 4
Figure 15 Flowchart of activity 6
Figure 21 Electron-hole that are separated by potential barrier is created and
generate voltage that drift the current via an external circuit 11
Figure 22 PV system schematic diagram 12
Figure 23 Power output efficiencyrsquos formula 13
Figure 24 Outcome of output current made by mono- and poly-crystalline panel 14
Figure 25 Efficiencies of both panels 15
Figure 26 4 LDR is placed at west north east and south side 17
Figure 27 Basic transformer 21
Figure 28 Transmitter and Receiver circuit 23
Figure 29 Primary and Secondary coil 24
Figure 210 Block diagram of magnetic capacitance coupling of wireless charger 24
Figure 211 Voltage versus distance of separation of the coils 25
Figure 212 Block diagram of RF wireless charger 26
Figure 213 ASTRO bowl antenna 27
Figure 214 Full-wave rectifier circuit 29
Figure 31 Engineering Design Process 33
Figure 32 How solar panel track the sun using LDR 35
viii
Figure 33 Microcontroller block diagram 38
Figure 34 Arduino UNO R3 ATmega 328 P board 40
Figure 35 Atmega 328 Pin Mapping Configuration 41
Figure 36 ATmega 328P 42
Figure 37 LDR 43
Figure 38 How LDR works 44
Figure 39 Servo Motor 45
Figure 310 Motor shield 46
Figure 311 Flowchart of Solar Tracker with Wireless Charging system 47
Figure 312 Block diagram of solar tracker system 48
Figure 313 Block diagram of wireless charger 49
Figure 314 Conceptual idea of wireless charging 49
Figure 315 Solar Tracker with Wireless charging concept 50
Figure 316 Solar tracker views 51
Figure 317 Circuit diagram of solar tracker 52
Figure 41 Transmitter schematic diagram 55
Figure 42 Receiver schematic diagram 56
Figure 43 Soldering process 56
Figure 44 Base of solar tracker58
Figure 45 Base of servo motor 59
Figure 46 Vertical servorsquos motor holder 59
Figure 47 Completed vertical servo holder 59
Figure 48 Both bases and holder are completed59
Figure 49(a) Completed solar tracker 60
Figure 49(b) Fully furnished solar tracker 60
ix
Figure 410 Redesign solar tracker miniature 61
Figure 411 Redesign of conceptual idea of solar tracker with wireless charging 62
Figure 412 Instructions for tolerance of LDR 63
Figure 413 Vertical servo instruction 64
Figure 414 Graph for Day 4 72
x
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
Table 1 Summary of average power output and average efficiency of both
panels in 4 days 14
Table 2 Results of static and tracking panel 19
Table 3 Output power produce by static and tracking panel 19
Table 4 The summary of the result gain by static and dual axis 20
Table 5 Voltage current and power over distance 30
Table 6 Comparisons of Wireless Charging Methods 31
Table 7(a) Ganttrsquos Chart for FYP1 36
Table 7(b) Ganttrsquos Chart for FYP2 36
Table 8 Technical Aspects 39
Table 9 Parameter of the Atmega 328 41
Table 10 Motor Drive Specification 46
Table 11 Shield motor pin is divided by channel 46
Table 12 List of component 54
Table 13 Main components of solar tracker 57
Table 14(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 1 64
Table 14(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 65
Table 15(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 2 65
Table 15(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 2 66
Table 16(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 3 66
Table 16(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 3 67
Table 17(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 4 67
xi
Table 17(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 4 68
Table 18(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 5 68
Table 18(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 5 69
xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
A - Ampere
AC - Alternating Current
DC - Direct Current
EMF - Electromotive Force
FYP1 - Final Year Project 1
FYP2 - Final Year Project 2
LDR - Light Dependent Resistor
PIC - Peripheral Interface Controller
PV - Photovoltaic
PWM - Pulse Width Modulation
RF - Radio Frequency
RX - Receiver
TX - Transmitter
V - Volt
W - Watt
Ω - Ohm
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
11 Project Overview
Energy sources obtained from coal oil and natural gas and very efficient for the
progress of economic in this world The cons using these sources are damaging to the
environment and also human health For an example oil will be used in vehicles thus it will
produce smoke or poisonous gas into the air and lead to greenhouse effect and affect the ozone
layer For human it is dangerous for respiratory system especially children and who are sensitive
to the surrounding To solve the problems developers and scientists nowadays try to reduce
pollution by exploring more on renewable energy Renewable energy can be found massively in
the Earth and it will not finish such as petroleum Examples of renewable energy are biomass
wind solar hydropower and geothermal The costs of wind and solar power are decreasing
considerably in the past 30 years till today but oil and gas are increasing either usage or effect to
the environment [1] Therefore to avoid this energy harm the earth renewable energy is
increasingly used
Solar power is a renewable energy because solar energy is gained from the sun or
harvesting energy from sun Sun is one of the natural resources that naturally replenished
Actually the energy is in the form of radiation that will creates electrical power or electricity
Electricity can be generated or produced from photovoltaic known as PV cells Photovoltaic
means ldquolightrdquo and ldquoelectricrdquo literally Solar cell is a device that harvest the solar energy and
convert it directly into electricity either from photovoltaic effect or change into heat energy first
or chemical then into electricity There are some factors that affect the output of the solar energy
that is category and area of the material sunlightrsquos intensity and the sunlightrsquos wavelength Solar
power is one of cleanest resources in earth It is pollution-free and do not produced radiation
2
Therefore most people want to maximize the solar energy and maximize the efficiency of solar
panel [7]
Wireless charging is the transmission of an energy from power source to a device that
need to be charged without using wires or cables Nikola Tesla is the ldquoFather of Wirelessrdquo
because he is the one who comprehended the idea of Wireless Power Transmission and also
verified without using wires [2] Wireless power transmission or wireless charging still new in
this modern days although it has been discovered a long time ago because it is not practically
widely and the technology still improving but will not end Wireless charging will help and make
the userrsquos life easier because they need no wire to charge their phone and it is safe
This project will focus on the construction of solar sun tracker with wireless charging
using Arduino Uno microcontroller As what as we know solar tracker is not commercially
implemented Because of the solar tracker is not in the market most of the people only use fixed
solar panel Figure 1 shows fixed solar panel
Figure 11 Fixed Solar Panel
To step up the effectiveness of harvesting sunlight solar tracker is built to achieve
maximum power and to reduce the usage of cables or wires wireless charging is built Solar
tracker will track the movement of the sun every day in a year different with fixed solar panel
that only fix in a certain angle and do not maximize the sunlight
3
12 Problem Statements
Solar panel today mostly fixed solar panel and there is no solar panel that follow the sun
from east to west Fixed solar panel is designed for fixed angle or only one direction and cannot
follow sunrsquos movement Therefore it will produce low power than solar tracker panel and the
efficiency is low compare to the solar tracker panel For a family that needs more output than
normal and wants to reduce electricity bill they need to set up fixed solar panel at east and west
where sun is rises and sun is sets Therefore needs a lot of money to install on the house To
overcome the problem solar tracker panel is the solution because solar tracker panel can go to
180o and 360o by following the sun throughout a year and can generate more output power than
fixed angle Next this system can reduce the time for the users to change the position of fixed
solar panel
Most of the users have a problem to charge their own phone if using ordinary charger
(wired) Furthermore the charger cable can be a mess if it is not placed in a suitable place It is
dangerous for children because the children can get electric shock if we forget to turn off the
power supply because the cable is exposed Without wire or cable room become tidy and safe
for the children Figure 12 and 13 shows messy cables on the table and exposed wire
Figure 12 Messy cables on the table
4
Figure 13 Exposed cables
Today many people want to charge their phone without wire because it is more safer but
the efficiency of wireless charging still not able to compete with cable charging The distance
and the efficiency of charging is limited Therefore wireless charging solar will be developed
and the efficiency is investigated and analyzed to see whether this eco-friendly device able to
charge a battery efficiently Wireless charging consists of many methods Thus to choose which
methods have best efficiency will be discussed and able to produce better efficiency Figure 14
shows existing product of wireless charging
Figure 14 Existing product of wireless charging
5
13 Objectives
The objectives of these project are
To design and develop a wireless charging solar tracker by using Arduino
microcontroller
To investigate and analyze the efficiency of wireless charging solar panel by using
Arduino microcontroller
To investigate the selected method of wireless charging
14 Scope of Project
Figure 15 shows the flow chart of the activity The main function of flowchart is to guide
researchers on how to start manage and completed a project
According to the flow chart the first step a title of the project must be focused on Once the
title is confirmed the objectives must be set based on the appropriate reasons and lacks
Problems that affect the project need to be discovered Without problems that related to the
objectives the objectives that have been set will not be answered Then research must be
conducted about the title of the project and previous works This process helps the researcher to
discover the weakness and solution for the project Writing a report (introduction literature
review and methodology) is started once the data from research are completed For the next step
focuses on software designing and hardware For this part it is very difficult because critical
thinking is needed There will be many circumstances and troubleshooting Implementation
process must be done after designing process has finished Thus in implementation process just
referring the design implementing works will be easier Lastly the completed miniature will be
tested If it works perfectly experiment must be conducted This is to make sure that the results
gain from the experiment is valid When there is some glitches troubleshooting process must be
done to discover the reasons behind the problems If the results are accurate finalizing process
will be done This is the final touch up to makes the miniature and report are fully complete
6
NO
YES
YES
Figure 15 Flowchart of activity
PLANNING
IDENTIFY PROBLEMS amp
RESEARCH
DESIGN SOFTWARE amp
HARDWARE
HARDWARE
IMPLEMENTATION
TESTING AND
DEBUGGING
EXPECTED
RESULT
FINALIZING
END
START
7
15 Expected Outcome
Solar tracker with wireless charging can help the users to get more output power than fixed
panel solar This is because Solar Tracker With Wireless Charging is able to harvest the sunlight
more than static panel with high efficiency User is also able to charge their phone without using
wire or cable and it is safer because this is a combination between solar and wireless charging
16 Report Structure Overview
Project Outline
This report consists of six chapters (Introduction Literature Review Methodology
Project Development and Analysis Discussion and Conclusions and Recommendations) For
FYP 1 three chapters that need to be done that is Introduction Literature Review and
Methodology For FYP 2 in the next semester the remaining chapters will be done Below tells
the short detail about each chapter
Chapter 1 Introduction
In this chapter will explain what is Solar Tracker With Wireless Charging project
overview statement of the problems objectives of the project work planning and expected
outcomes
Chapter 2 Literature Reviews
Literature review discuss the information that related to the project All the research and
studies that obtained from the journals is summarized so that it will correspond to the title This
chapter also discuss the components needed for the project and the full design of Solar Tracker
With Wireless Charging
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i
ABSTRACT ii
ABSTRAK iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iv
LIST OF FIGURES vi
LIST OF TABLES viii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ix
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
11 Project Overview 1
12 Problem Statements 3
13 Objectives 5
14 Scope of Project 5
15 Expected Outcome 7
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 9
21 Overview 9
22 Solar Energy10
23 Comparison between Mono-crystalline and Multi-crystalline PV cells 11
24 The Results between Mono-crystalline and Poly-crystalline at Jordan and Malaysia 14
25 Solar Tracker 17
251 Methods Used by Other Researchers to Let Solar Tracker to Rotate in 360o
to Increase the Efficiency of Output Power 17
252 Comparison between single axis dual axis solar tracker and static solar
panel 18
26 Wireless Transmission and Charging 20
27 Main Components Needed to Build Inductive Coupling Wireless Charger 22
271 Main Components Needed to Build Inductive Coupling Wireless Charger 22
272 Main Components Needed to Build Magnetic Resonance Coupling
Wireless Charger 24
v
273 Output Produced by using Magnetic Resonance Coupling Method 25
28 Far Field Wireless Charging using RF signal 26
281 Antenna 27
282 Transmitter and Receiver 28
283 Full Wave Rectifier Circuit 28
284 High Q-Resonator 29
285 Output Power Produced by Harvesting RF signal 30
29 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Methods 30
210 Research Gaps 31
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY32
31 Overview 32
32 Engineering Design Process 33
33 Project Aim 34
34 Gantt Chart 36
35 Component Used 37
36 Microcontroller 37
361 Arduino UNO R3 ATmega 328P 38
362 ATmega 328 (IC Chip) 40
37 Solar Panel 42
38 Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) 43
39 Servo Motor 44
310 Motor Shield 45
311 Flowchart of Solar Tracker with Wireless Charging 47
312 Block Diagram of Solar Tracker 48
313 Block Diagram of Wireless Charger 49
314 Conceptual Design of Solar Tracker with Wireless Charging 50
315 Solar Tracker Design 50
316 Conceptual Circuit Diagram of Solar Tracker 52
vi
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 53
41 Overview 53
42 Fabrication and Development of Miniature 53
421 Wireless Charger 53
422 Solar Tracker 57
423 Redesigning Solar Tracker With Wireless Charging 61
43 Program 63
44 Results 64
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 73
51 Conclusion 73
52 Future Scope 74
REFERENCES 75
APPENDIX A 78
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
Figure 11 Fixed Solar Panel 2
Figure 12 Messy cables on the table 3
Figure 13 Exposed cable 4
Figure 14 Existing product of wireless charging 4
Figure 15 Flowchart of activity 6
Figure 21 Electron-hole that are separated by potential barrier is created and
generate voltage that drift the current via an external circuit 11
Figure 22 PV system schematic diagram 12
Figure 23 Power output efficiencyrsquos formula 13
Figure 24 Outcome of output current made by mono- and poly-crystalline panel 14
Figure 25 Efficiencies of both panels 15
Figure 26 4 LDR is placed at west north east and south side 17
Figure 27 Basic transformer 21
Figure 28 Transmitter and Receiver circuit 23
Figure 29 Primary and Secondary coil 24
Figure 210 Block diagram of magnetic capacitance coupling of wireless charger 24
Figure 211 Voltage versus distance of separation of the coils 25
Figure 212 Block diagram of RF wireless charger 26
Figure 213 ASTRO bowl antenna 27
Figure 214 Full-wave rectifier circuit 29
Figure 31 Engineering Design Process 33
Figure 32 How solar panel track the sun using LDR 35
viii
Figure 33 Microcontroller block diagram 38
Figure 34 Arduino UNO R3 ATmega 328 P board 40
Figure 35 Atmega 328 Pin Mapping Configuration 41
Figure 36 ATmega 328P 42
Figure 37 LDR 43
Figure 38 How LDR works 44
Figure 39 Servo Motor 45
Figure 310 Motor shield 46
Figure 311 Flowchart of Solar Tracker with Wireless Charging system 47
Figure 312 Block diagram of solar tracker system 48
Figure 313 Block diagram of wireless charger 49
Figure 314 Conceptual idea of wireless charging 49
Figure 315 Solar Tracker with Wireless charging concept 50
Figure 316 Solar tracker views 51
Figure 317 Circuit diagram of solar tracker 52
Figure 41 Transmitter schematic diagram 55
Figure 42 Receiver schematic diagram 56
Figure 43 Soldering process 56
Figure 44 Base of solar tracker58
Figure 45 Base of servo motor 59
Figure 46 Vertical servorsquos motor holder 59
Figure 47 Completed vertical servo holder 59
Figure 48 Both bases and holder are completed59
Figure 49(a) Completed solar tracker 60
Figure 49(b) Fully furnished solar tracker 60
ix
Figure 410 Redesign solar tracker miniature 61
Figure 411 Redesign of conceptual idea of solar tracker with wireless charging 62
Figure 412 Instructions for tolerance of LDR 63
Figure 413 Vertical servo instruction 64
Figure 414 Graph for Day 4 72
x
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
Table 1 Summary of average power output and average efficiency of both
panels in 4 days 14
Table 2 Results of static and tracking panel 19
Table 3 Output power produce by static and tracking panel 19
Table 4 The summary of the result gain by static and dual axis 20
Table 5 Voltage current and power over distance 30
Table 6 Comparisons of Wireless Charging Methods 31
Table 7(a) Ganttrsquos Chart for FYP1 36
Table 7(b) Ganttrsquos Chart for FYP2 36
Table 8 Technical Aspects 39
Table 9 Parameter of the Atmega 328 41
Table 10 Motor Drive Specification 46
Table 11 Shield motor pin is divided by channel 46
Table 12 List of component 54
Table 13 Main components of solar tracker 57
Table 14(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 1 64
Table 14(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 65
Table 15(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 2 65
Table 15(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 2 66
Table 16(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 3 66
Table 16(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 3 67
Table 17(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 4 67
xi
Table 17(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 4 68
Table 18(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 5 68
Table 18(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 5 69
xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
A - Ampere
AC - Alternating Current
DC - Direct Current
EMF - Electromotive Force
FYP1 - Final Year Project 1
FYP2 - Final Year Project 2
LDR - Light Dependent Resistor
PIC - Peripheral Interface Controller
PV - Photovoltaic
PWM - Pulse Width Modulation
RF - Radio Frequency
RX - Receiver
TX - Transmitter
V - Volt
W - Watt
Ω - Ohm
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
11 Project Overview
Energy sources obtained from coal oil and natural gas and very efficient for the
progress of economic in this world The cons using these sources are damaging to the
environment and also human health For an example oil will be used in vehicles thus it will
produce smoke or poisonous gas into the air and lead to greenhouse effect and affect the ozone
layer For human it is dangerous for respiratory system especially children and who are sensitive
to the surrounding To solve the problems developers and scientists nowadays try to reduce
pollution by exploring more on renewable energy Renewable energy can be found massively in
the Earth and it will not finish such as petroleum Examples of renewable energy are biomass
wind solar hydropower and geothermal The costs of wind and solar power are decreasing
considerably in the past 30 years till today but oil and gas are increasing either usage or effect to
the environment [1] Therefore to avoid this energy harm the earth renewable energy is
increasingly used
Solar power is a renewable energy because solar energy is gained from the sun or
harvesting energy from sun Sun is one of the natural resources that naturally replenished
Actually the energy is in the form of radiation that will creates electrical power or electricity
Electricity can be generated or produced from photovoltaic known as PV cells Photovoltaic
means ldquolightrdquo and ldquoelectricrdquo literally Solar cell is a device that harvest the solar energy and
convert it directly into electricity either from photovoltaic effect or change into heat energy first
or chemical then into electricity There are some factors that affect the output of the solar energy
that is category and area of the material sunlightrsquos intensity and the sunlightrsquos wavelength Solar
power is one of cleanest resources in earth It is pollution-free and do not produced radiation
2
Therefore most people want to maximize the solar energy and maximize the efficiency of solar
panel [7]
Wireless charging is the transmission of an energy from power source to a device that
need to be charged without using wires or cables Nikola Tesla is the ldquoFather of Wirelessrdquo
because he is the one who comprehended the idea of Wireless Power Transmission and also
verified without using wires [2] Wireless power transmission or wireless charging still new in
this modern days although it has been discovered a long time ago because it is not practically
widely and the technology still improving but will not end Wireless charging will help and make
the userrsquos life easier because they need no wire to charge their phone and it is safe
This project will focus on the construction of solar sun tracker with wireless charging
using Arduino Uno microcontroller As what as we know solar tracker is not commercially
implemented Because of the solar tracker is not in the market most of the people only use fixed
solar panel Figure 1 shows fixed solar panel
Figure 11 Fixed Solar Panel
To step up the effectiveness of harvesting sunlight solar tracker is built to achieve
maximum power and to reduce the usage of cables or wires wireless charging is built Solar
tracker will track the movement of the sun every day in a year different with fixed solar panel
that only fix in a certain angle and do not maximize the sunlight
3
12 Problem Statements
Solar panel today mostly fixed solar panel and there is no solar panel that follow the sun
from east to west Fixed solar panel is designed for fixed angle or only one direction and cannot
follow sunrsquos movement Therefore it will produce low power than solar tracker panel and the
efficiency is low compare to the solar tracker panel For a family that needs more output than
normal and wants to reduce electricity bill they need to set up fixed solar panel at east and west
where sun is rises and sun is sets Therefore needs a lot of money to install on the house To
overcome the problem solar tracker panel is the solution because solar tracker panel can go to
180o and 360o by following the sun throughout a year and can generate more output power than
fixed angle Next this system can reduce the time for the users to change the position of fixed
solar panel
Most of the users have a problem to charge their own phone if using ordinary charger
(wired) Furthermore the charger cable can be a mess if it is not placed in a suitable place It is
dangerous for children because the children can get electric shock if we forget to turn off the
power supply because the cable is exposed Without wire or cable room become tidy and safe
for the children Figure 12 and 13 shows messy cables on the table and exposed wire
Figure 12 Messy cables on the table
4
Figure 13 Exposed cables
Today many people want to charge their phone without wire because it is more safer but
the efficiency of wireless charging still not able to compete with cable charging The distance
and the efficiency of charging is limited Therefore wireless charging solar will be developed
and the efficiency is investigated and analyzed to see whether this eco-friendly device able to
charge a battery efficiently Wireless charging consists of many methods Thus to choose which
methods have best efficiency will be discussed and able to produce better efficiency Figure 14
shows existing product of wireless charging
Figure 14 Existing product of wireless charging
5
13 Objectives
The objectives of these project are
To design and develop a wireless charging solar tracker by using Arduino
microcontroller
To investigate and analyze the efficiency of wireless charging solar panel by using
Arduino microcontroller
To investigate the selected method of wireless charging
14 Scope of Project
Figure 15 shows the flow chart of the activity The main function of flowchart is to guide
researchers on how to start manage and completed a project
According to the flow chart the first step a title of the project must be focused on Once the
title is confirmed the objectives must be set based on the appropriate reasons and lacks
Problems that affect the project need to be discovered Without problems that related to the
objectives the objectives that have been set will not be answered Then research must be
conducted about the title of the project and previous works This process helps the researcher to
discover the weakness and solution for the project Writing a report (introduction literature
review and methodology) is started once the data from research are completed For the next step
focuses on software designing and hardware For this part it is very difficult because critical
thinking is needed There will be many circumstances and troubleshooting Implementation
process must be done after designing process has finished Thus in implementation process just
referring the design implementing works will be easier Lastly the completed miniature will be
tested If it works perfectly experiment must be conducted This is to make sure that the results
gain from the experiment is valid When there is some glitches troubleshooting process must be
done to discover the reasons behind the problems If the results are accurate finalizing process
will be done This is the final touch up to makes the miniature and report are fully complete
6
NO
YES
YES
Figure 15 Flowchart of activity
PLANNING
IDENTIFY PROBLEMS amp
RESEARCH
DESIGN SOFTWARE amp
HARDWARE
HARDWARE
IMPLEMENTATION
TESTING AND
DEBUGGING
EXPECTED
RESULT
FINALIZING
END
START
7
15 Expected Outcome
Solar tracker with wireless charging can help the users to get more output power than fixed
panel solar This is because Solar Tracker With Wireless Charging is able to harvest the sunlight
more than static panel with high efficiency User is also able to charge their phone without using
wire or cable and it is safer because this is a combination between solar and wireless charging
16 Report Structure Overview
Project Outline
This report consists of six chapters (Introduction Literature Review Methodology
Project Development and Analysis Discussion and Conclusions and Recommendations) For
FYP 1 three chapters that need to be done that is Introduction Literature Review and
Methodology For FYP 2 in the next semester the remaining chapters will be done Below tells
the short detail about each chapter
Chapter 1 Introduction
In this chapter will explain what is Solar Tracker With Wireless Charging project
overview statement of the problems objectives of the project work planning and expected
outcomes
Chapter 2 Literature Reviews
Literature review discuss the information that related to the project All the research and
studies that obtained from the journals is summarized so that it will correspond to the title This
chapter also discuss the components needed for the project and the full design of Solar Tracker
With Wireless Charging
v
273 Output Produced by using Magnetic Resonance Coupling Method 25
28 Far Field Wireless Charging using RF signal 26
281 Antenna 27
282 Transmitter and Receiver 28
283 Full Wave Rectifier Circuit 28
284 High Q-Resonator 29
285 Output Power Produced by Harvesting RF signal 30
29 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Methods 30
210 Research Gaps 31
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY32
31 Overview 32
32 Engineering Design Process 33
33 Project Aim 34
34 Gantt Chart 36
35 Component Used 37
36 Microcontroller 37
361 Arduino UNO R3 ATmega 328P 38
362 ATmega 328 (IC Chip) 40
37 Solar Panel 42
38 Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) 43
39 Servo Motor 44
310 Motor Shield 45
311 Flowchart of Solar Tracker with Wireless Charging 47
312 Block Diagram of Solar Tracker 48
313 Block Diagram of Wireless Charger 49
314 Conceptual Design of Solar Tracker with Wireless Charging 50
315 Solar Tracker Design 50
316 Conceptual Circuit Diagram of Solar Tracker 52
vi
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 53
41 Overview 53
42 Fabrication and Development of Miniature 53
421 Wireless Charger 53
422 Solar Tracker 57
423 Redesigning Solar Tracker With Wireless Charging 61
43 Program 63
44 Results 64
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 73
51 Conclusion 73
52 Future Scope 74
REFERENCES 75
APPENDIX A 78
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
Figure 11 Fixed Solar Panel 2
Figure 12 Messy cables on the table 3
Figure 13 Exposed cable 4
Figure 14 Existing product of wireless charging 4
Figure 15 Flowchart of activity 6
Figure 21 Electron-hole that are separated by potential barrier is created and
generate voltage that drift the current via an external circuit 11
Figure 22 PV system schematic diagram 12
Figure 23 Power output efficiencyrsquos formula 13
Figure 24 Outcome of output current made by mono- and poly-crystalline panel 14
Figure 25 Efficiencies of both panels 15
Figure 26 4 LDR is placed at west north east and south side 17
Figure 27 Basic transformer 21
Figure 28 Transmitter and Receiver circuit 23
Figure 29 Primary and Secondary coil 24
Figure 210 Block diagram of magnetic capacitance coupling of wireless charger 24
Figure 211 Voltage versus distance of separation of the coils 25
Figure 212 Block diagram of RF wireless charger 26
Figure 213 ASTRO bowl antenna 27
Figure 214 Full-wave rectifier circuit 29
Figure 31 Engineering Design Process 33
Figure 32 How solar panel track the sun using LDR 35
viii
Figure 33 Microcontroller block diagram 38
Figure 34 Arduino UNO R3 ATmega 328 P board 40
Figure 35 Atmega 328 Pin Mapping Configuration 41
Figure 36 ATmega 328P 42
Figure 37 LDR 43
Figure 38 How LDR works 44
Figure 39 Servo Motor 45
Figure 310 Motor shield 46
Figure 311 Flowchart of Solar Tracker with Wireless Charging system 47
Figure 312 Block diagram of solar tracker system 48
Figure 313 Block diagram of wireless charger 49
Figure 314 Conceptual idea of wireless charging 49
Figure 315 Solar Tracker with Wireless charging concept 50
Figure 316 Solar tracker views 51
Figure 317 Circuit diagram of solar tracker 52
Figure 41 Transmitter schematic diagram 55
Figure 42 Receiver schematic diagram 56
Figure 43 Soldering process 56
Figure 44 Base of solar tracker58
Figure 45 Base of servo motor 59
Figure 46 Vertical servorsquos motor holder 59
Figure 47 Completed vertical servo holder 59
Figure 48 Both bases and holder are completed59
Figure 49(a) Completed solar tracker 60
Figure 49(b) Fully furnished solar tracker 60
ix
Figure 410 Redesign solar tracker miniature 61
Figure 411 Redesign of conceptual idea of solar tracker with wireless charging 62
Figure 412 Instructions for tolerance of LDR 63
Figure 413 Vertical servo instruction 64
Figure 414 Graph for Day 4 72
x
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
Table 1 Summary of average power output and average efficiency of both
panels in 4 days 14
Table 2 Results of static and tracking panel 19
Table 3 Output power produce by static and tracking panel 19
Table 4 The summary of the result gain by static and dual axis 20
Table 5 Voltage current and power over distance 30
Table 6 Comparisons of Wireless Charging Methods 31
Table 7(a) Ganttrsquos Chart for FYP1 36
Table 7(b) Ganttrsquos Chart for FYP2 36
Table 8 Technical Aspects 39
Table 9 Parameter of the Atmega 328 41
Table 10 Motor Drive Specification 46
Table 11 Shield motor pin is divided by channel 46
Table 12 List of component 54
Table 13 Main components of solar tracker 57
Table 14(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 1 64
Table 14(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 65
Table 15(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 2 65
Table 15(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 2 66
Table 16(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 3 66
Table 16(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 3 67
Table 17(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 4 67
xi
Table 17(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 4 68
Table 18(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 5 68
Table 18(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 5 69
xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
A - Ampere
AC - Alternating Current
DC - Direct Current
EMF - Electromotive Force
FYP1 - Final Year Project 1
FYP2 - Final Year Project 2
LDR - Light Dependent Resistor
PIC - Peripheral Interface Controller
PV - Photovoltaic
PWM - Pulse Width Modulation
RF - Radio Frequency
RX - Receiver
TX - Transmitter
V - Volt
W - Watt
Ω - Ohm
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
11 Project Overview
Energy sources obtained from coal oil and natural gas and very efficient for the
progress of economic in this world The cons using these sources are damaging to the
environment and also human health For an example oil will be used in vehicles thus it will
produce smoke or poisonous gas into the air and lead to greenhouse effect and affect the ozone
layer For human it is dangerous for respiratory system especially children and who are sensitive
to the surrounding To solve the problems developers and scientists nowadays try to reduce
pollution by exploring more on renewable energy Renewable energy can be found massively in
the Earth and it will not finish such as petroleum Examples of renewable energy are biomass
wind solar hydropower and geothermal The costs of wind and solar power are decreasing
considerably in the past 30 years till today but oil and gas are increasing either usage or effect to
the environment [1] Therefore to avoid this energy harm the earth renewable energy is
increasingly used
Solar power is a renewable energy because solar energy is gained from the sun or
harvesting energy from sun Sun is one of the natural resources that naturally replenished
Actually the energy is in the form of radiation that will creates electrical power or electricity
Electricity can be generated or produced from photovoltaic known as PV cells Photovoltaic
means ldquolightrdquo and ldquoelectricrdquo literally Solar cell is a device that harvest the solar energy and
convert it directly into electricity either from photovoltaic effect or change into heat energy first
or chemical then into electricity There are some factors that affect the output of the solar energy
that is category and area of the material sunlightrsquos intensity and the sunlightrsquos wavelength Solar
power is one of cleanest resources in earth It is pollution-free and do not produced radiation
2
Therefore most people want to maximize the solar energy and maximize the efficiency of solar
panel [7]
Wireless charging is the transmission of an energy from power source to a device that
need to be charged without using wires or cables Nikola Tesla is the ldquoFather of Wirelessrdquo
because he is the one who comprehended the idea of Wireless Power Transmission and also
verified without using wires [2] Wireless power transmission or wireless charging still new in
this modern days although it has been discovered a long time ago because it is not practically
widely and the technology still improving but will not end Wireless charging will help and make
the userrsquos life easier because they need no wire to charge their phone and it is safe
This project will focus on the construction of solar sun tracker with wireless charging
using Arduino Uno microcontroller As what as we know solar tracker is not commercially
implemented Because of the solar tracker is not in the market most of the people only use fixed
solar panel Figure 1 shows fixed solar panel
Figure 11 Fixed Solar Panel
To step up the effectiveness of harvesting sunlight solar tracker is built to achieve
maximum power and to reduce the usage of cables or wires wireless charging is built Solar
tracker will track the movement of the sun every day in a year different with fixed solar panel
that only fix in a certain angle and do not maximize the sunlight
3
12 Problem Statements
Solar panel today mostly fixed solar panel and there is no solar panel that follow the sun
from east to west Fixed solar panel is designed for fixed angle or only one direction and cannot
follow sunrsquos movement Therefore it will produce low power than solar tracker panel and the
efficiency is low compare to the solar tracker panel For a family that needs more output than
normal and wants to reduce electricity bill they need to set up fixed solar panel at east and west
where sun is rises and sun is sets Therefore needs a lot of money to install on the house To
overcome the problem solar tracker panel is the solution because solar tracker panel can go to
180o and 360o by following the sun throughout a year and can generate more output power than
fixed angle Next this system can reduce the time for the users to change the position of fixed
solar panel
Most of the users have a problem to charge their own phone if using ordinary charger
(wired) Furthermore the charger cable can be a mess if it is not placed in a suitable place It is
dangerous for children because the children can get electric shock if we forget to turn off the
power supply because the cable is exposed Without wire or cable room become tidy and safe
for the children Figure 12 and 13 shows messy cables on the table and exposed wire
Figure 12 Messy cables on the table
4
Figure 13 Exposed cables
Today many people want to charge their phone without wire because it is more safer but
the efficiency of wireless charging still not able to compete with cable charging The distance
and the efficiency of charging is limited Therefore wireless charging solar will be developed
and the efficiency is investigated and analyzed to see whether this eco-friendly device able to
charge a battery efficiently Wireless charging consists of many methods Thus to choose which
methods have best efficiency will be discussed and able to produce better efficiency Figure 14
shows existing product of wireless charging
Figure 14 Existing product of wireless charging
5
13 Objectives
The objectives of these project are
To design and develop a wireless charging solar tracker by using Arduino
microcontroller
To investigate and analyze the efficiency of wireless charging solar panel by using
Arduino microcontroller
To investigate the selected method of wireless charging
14 Scope of Project
Figure 15 shows the flow chart of the activity The main function of flowchart is to guide
researchers on how to start manage and completed a project
According to the flow chart the first step a title of the project must be focused on Once the
title is confirmed the objectives must be set based on the appropriate reasons and lacks
Problems that affect the project need to be discovered Without problems that related to the
objectives the objectives that have been set will not be answered Then research must be
conducted about the title of the project and previous works This process helps the researcher to
discover the weakness and solution for the project Writing a report (introduction literature
review and methodology) is started once the data from research are completed For the next step
focuses on software designing and hardware For this part it is very difficult because critical
thinking is needed There will be many circumstances and troubleshooting Implementation
process must be done after designing process has finished Thus in implementation process just
referring the design implementing works will be easier Lastly the completed miniature will be
tested If it works perfectly experiment must be conducted This is to make sure that the results
gain from the experiment is valid When there is some glitches troubleshooting process must be
done to discover the reasons behind the problems If the results are accurate finalizing process
will be done This is the final touch up to makes the miniature and report are fully complete
6
NO
YES
YES
Figure 15 Flowchart of activity
PLANNING
IDENTIFY PROBLEMS amp
RESEARCH
DESIGN SOFTWARE amp
HARDWARE
HARDWARE
IMPLEMENTATION
TESTING AND
DEBUGGING
EXPECTED
RESULT
FINALIZING
END
START
7
15 Expected Outcome
Solar tracker with wireless charging can help the users to get more output power than fixed
panel solar This is because Solar Tracker With Wireless Charging is able to harvest the sunlight
more than static panel with high efficiency User is also able to charge their phone without using
wire or cable and it is safer because this is a combination between solar and wireless charging
16 Report Structure Overview
Project Outline
This report consists of six chapters (Introduction Literature Review Methodology
Project Development and Analysis Discussion and Conclusions and Recommendations) For
FYP 1 three chapters that need to be done that is Introduction Literature Review and
Methodology For FYP 2 in the next semester the remaining chapters will be done Below tells
the short detail about each chapter
Chapter 1 Introduction
In this chapter will explain what is Solar Tracker With Wireless Charging project
overview statement of the problems objectives of the project work planning and expected
outcomes
Chapter 2 Literature Reviews
Literature review discuss the information that related to the project All the research and
studies that obtained from the journals is summarized so that it will correspond to the title This
chapter also discuss the components needed for the project and the full design of Solar Tracker
With Wireless Charging
vi
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 53
41 Overview 53
42 Fabrication and Development of Miniature 53
421 Wireless Charger 53
422 Solar Tracker 57
423 Redesigning Solar Tracker With Wireless Charging 61
43 Program 63
44 Results 64
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 73
51 Conclusion 73
52 Future Scope 74
REFERENCES 75
APPENDIX A 78
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
Figure 11 Fixed Solar Panel 2
Figure 12 Messy cables on the table 3
Figure 13 Exposed cable 4
Figure 14 Existing product of wireless charging 4
Figure 15 Flowchart of activity 6
Figure 21 Electron-hole that are separated by potential barrier is created and
generate voltage that drift the current via an external circuit 11
Figure 22 PV system schematic diagram 12
Figure 23 Power output efficiencyrsquos formula 13
Figure 24 Outcome of output current made by mono- and poly-crystalline panel 14
Figure 25 Efficiencies of both panels 15
Figure 26 4 LDR is placed at west north east and south side 17
Figure 27 Basic transformer 21
Figure 28 Transmitter and Receiver circuit 23
Figure 29 Primary and Secondary coil 24
Figure 210 Block diagram of magnetic capacitance coupling of wireless charger 24
Figure 211 Voltage versus distance of separation of the coils 25
Figure 212 Block diagram of RF wireless charger 26
Figure 213 ASTRO bowl antenna 27
Figure 214 Full-wave rectifier circuit 29
Figure 31 Engineering Design Process 33
Figure 32 How solar panel track the sun using LDR 35
viii
Figure 33 Microcontroller block diagram 38
Figure 34 Arduino UNO R3 ATmega 328 P board 40
Figure 35 Atmega 328 Pin Mapping Configuration 41
Figure 36 ATmega 328P 42
Figure 37 LDR 43
Figure 38 How LDR works 44
Figure 39 Servo Motor 45
Figure 310 Motor shield 46
Figure 311 Flowchart of Solar Tracker with Wireless Charging system 47
Figure 312 Block diagram of solar tracker system 48
Figure 313 Block diagram of wireless charger 49
Figure 314 Conceptual idea of wireless charging 49
Figure 315 Solar Tracker with Wireless charging concept 50
Figure 316 Solar tracker views 51
Figure 317 Circuit diagram of solar tracker 52
Figure 41 Transmitter schematic diagram 55
Figure 42 Receiver schematic diagram 56
Figure 43 Soldering process 56
Figure 44 Base of solar tracker58
Figure 45 Base of servo motor 59
Figure 46 Vertical servorsquos motor holder 59
Figure 47 Completed vertical servo holder 59
Figure 48 Both bases and holder are completed59
Figure 49(a) Completed solar tracker 60
Figure 49(b) Fully furnished solar tracker 60
ix
Figure 410 Redesign solar tracker miniature 61
Figure 411 Redesign of conceptual idea of solar tracker with wireless charging 62
Figure 412 Instructions for tolerance of LDR 63
Figure 413 Vertical servo instruction 64
Figure 414 Graph for Day 4 72
x
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
Table 1 Summary of average power output and average efficiency of both
panels in 4 days 14
Table 2 Results of static and tracking panel 19
Table 3 Output power produce by static and tracking panel 19
Table 4 The summary of the result gain by static and dual axis 20
Table 5 Voltage current and power over distance 30
Table 6 Comparisons of Wireless Charging Methods 31
Table 7(a) Ganttrsquos Chart for FYP1 36
Table 7(b) Ganttrsquos Chart for FYP2 36
Table 8 Technical Aspects 39
Table 9 Parameter of the Atmega 328 41
Table 10 Motor Drive Specification 46
Table 11 Shield motor pin is divided by channel 46
Table 12 List of component 54
Table 13 Main components of solar tracker 57
Table 14(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 1 64
Table 14(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 65
Table 15(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 2 65
Table 15(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 2 66
Table 16(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 3 66
Table 16(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 3 67
Table 17(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 4 67
xi
Table 17(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 4 68
Table 18(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 5 68
Table 18(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 5 69
xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
A - Ampere
AC - Alternating Current
DC - Direct Current
EMF - Electromotive Force
FYP1 - Final Year Project 1
FYP2 - Final Year Project 2
LDR - Light Dependent Resistor
PIC - Peripheral Interface Controller
PV - Photovoltaic
PWM - Pulse Width Modulation
RF - Radio Frequency
RX - Receiver
TX - Transmitter
V - Volt
W - Watt
Ω - Ohm
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
11 Project Overview
Energy sources obtained from coal oil and natural gas and very efficient for the
progress of economic in this world The cons using these sources are damaging to the
environment and also human health For an example oil will be used in vehicles thus it will
produce smoke or poisonous gas into the air and lead to greenhouse effect and affect the ozone
layer For human it is dangerous for respiratory system especially children and who are sensitive
to the surrounding To solve the problems developers and scientists nowadays try to reduce
pollution by exploring more on renewable energy Renewable energy can be found massively in
the Earth and it will not finish such as petroleum Examples of renewable energy are biomass
wind solar hydropower and geothermal The costs of wind and solar power are decreasing
considerably in the past 30 years till today but oil and gas are increasing either usage or effect to
the environment [1] Therefore to avoid this energy harm the earth renewable energy is
increasingly used
Solar power is a renewable energy because solar energy is gained from the sun or
harvesting energy from sun Sun is one of the natural resources that naturally replenished
Actually the energy is in the form of radiation that will creates electrical power or electricity
Electricity can be generated or produced from photovoltaic known as PV cells Photovoltaic
means ldquolightrdquo and ldquoelectricrdquo literally Solar cell is a device that harvest the solar energy and
convert it directly into electricity either from photovoltaic effect or change into heat energy first
or chemical then into electricity There are some factors that affect the output of the solar energy
that is category and area of the material sunlightrsquos intensity and the sunlightrsquos wavelength Solar
power is one of cleanest resources in earth It is pollution-free and do not produced radiation
2
Therefore most people want to maximize the solar energy and maximize the efficiency of solar
panel [7]
Wireless charging is the transmission of an energy from power source to a device that
need to be charged without using wires or cables Nikola Tesla is the ldquoFather of Wirelessrdquo
because he is the one who comprehended the idea of Wireless Power Transmission and also
verified without using wires [2] Wireless power transmission or wireless charging still new in
this modern days although it has been discovered a long time ago because it is not practically
widely and the technology still improving but will not end Wireless charging will help and make
the userrsquos life easier because they need no wire to charge their phone and it is safe
This project will focus on the construction of solar sun tracker with wireless charging
using Arduino Uno microcontroller As what as we know solar tracker is not commercially
implemented Because of the solar tracker is not in the market most of the people only use fixed
solar panel Figure 1 shows fixed solar panel
Figure 11 Fixed Solar Panel
To step up the effectiveness of harvesting sunlight solar tracker is built to achieve
maximum power and to reduce the usage of cables or wires wireless charging is built Solar
tracker will track the movement of the sun every day in a year different with fixed solar panel
that only fix in a certain angle and do not maximize the sunlight
3
12 Problem Statements
Solar panel today mostly fixed solar panel and there is no solar panel that follow the sun
from east to west Fixed solar panel is designed for fixed angle or only one direction and cannot
follow sunrsquos movement Therefore it will produce low power than solar tracker panel and the
efficiency is low compare to the solar tracker panel For a family that needs more output than
normal and wants to reduce electricity bill they need to set up fixed solar panel at east and west
where sun is rises and sun is sets Therefore needs a lot of money to install on the house To
overcome the problem solar tracker panel is the solution because solar tracker panel can go to
180o and 360o by following the sun throughout a year and can generate more output power than
fixed angle Next this system can reduce the time for the users to change the position of fixed
solar panel
Most of the users have a problem to charge their own phone if using ordinary charger
(wired) Furthermore the charger cable can be a mess if it is not placed in a suitable place It is
dangerous for children because the children can get electric shock if we forget to turn off the
power supply because the cable is exposed Without wire or cable room become tidy and safe
for the children Figure 12 and 13 shows messy cables on the table and exposed wire
Figure 12 Messy cables on the table
4
Figure 13 Exposed cables
Today many people want to charge their phone without wire because it is more safer but
the efficiency of wireless charging still not able to compete with cable charging The distance
and the efficiency of charging is limited Therefore wireless charging solar will be developed
and the efficiency is investigated and analyzed to see whether this eco-friendly device able to
charge a battery efficiently Wireless charging consists of many methods Thus to choose which
methods have best efficiency will be discussed and able to produce better efficiency Figure 14
shows existing product of wireless charging
Figure 14 Existing product of wireless charging
5
13 Objectives
The objectives of these project are
To design and develop a wireless charging solar tracker by using Arduino
microcontroller
To investigate and analyze the efficiency of wireless charging solar panel by using
Arduino microcontroller
To investigate the selected method of wireless charging
14 Scope of Project
Figure 15 shows the flow chart of the activity The main function of flowchart is to guide
researchers on how to start manage and completed a project
According to the flow chart the first step a title of the project must be focused on Once the
title is confirmed the objectives must be set based on the appropriate reasons and lacks
Problems that affect the project need to be discovered Without problems that related to the
objectives the objectives that have been set will not be answered Then research must be
conducted about the title of the project and previous works This process helps the researcher to
discover the weakness and solution for the project Writing a report (introduction literature
review and methodology) is started once the data from research are completed For the next step
focuses on software designing and hardware For this part it is very difficult because critical
thinking is needed There will be many circumstances and troubleshooting Implementation
process must be done after designing process has finished Thus in implementation process just
referring the design implementing works will be easier Lastly the completed miniature will be
tested If it works perfectly experiment must be conducted This is to make sure that the results
gain from the experiment is valid When there is some glitches troubleshooting process must be
done to discover the reasons behind the problems If the results are accurate finalizing process
will be done This is the final touch up to makes the miniature and report are fully complete
6
NO
YES
YES
Figure 15 Flowchart of activity
PLANNING
IDENTIFY PROBLEMS amp
RESEARCH
DESIGN SOFTWARE amp
HARDWARE
HARDWARE
IMPLEMENTATION
TESTING AND
DEBUGGING
EXPECTED
RESULT
FINALIZING
END
START
7
15 Expected Outcome
Solar tracker with wireless charging can help the users to get more output power than fixed
panel solar This is because Solar Tracker With Wireless Charging is able to harvest the sunlight
more than static panel with high efficiency User is also able to charge their phone without using
wire or cable and it is safer because this is a combination between solar and wireless charging
16 Report Structure Overview
Project Outline
This report consists of six chapters (Introduction Literature Review Methodology
Project Development and Analysis Discussion and Conclusions and Recommendations) For
FYP 1 three chapters that need to be done that is Introduction Literature Review and
Methodology For FYP 2 in the next semester the remaining chapters will be done Below tells
the short detail about each chapter
Chapter 1 Introduction
In this chapter will explain what is Solar Tracker With Wireless Charging project
overview statement of the problems objectives of the project work planning and expected
outcomes
Chapter 2 Literature Reviews
Literature review discuss the information that related to the project All the research and
studies that obtained from the journals is summarized so that it will correspond to the title This
chapter also discuss the components needed for the project and the full design of Solar Tracker
With Wireless Charging
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
Figure 11 Fixed Solar Panel 2
Figure 12 Messy cables on the table 3
Figure 13 Exposed cable 4
Figure 14 Existing product of wireless charging 4
Figure 15 Flowchart of activity 6
Figure 21 Electron-hole that are separated by potential barrier is created and
generate voltage that drift the current via an external circuit 11
Figure 22 PV system schematic diagram 12
Figure 23 Power output efficiencyrsquos formula 13
Figure 24 Outcome of output current made by mono- and poly-crystalline panel 14
Figure 25 Efficiencies of both panels 15
Figure 26 4 LDR is placed at west north east and south side 17
Figure 27 Basic transformer 21
Figure 28 Transmitter and Receiver circuit 23
Figure 29 Primary and Secondary coil 24
Figure 210 Block diagram of magnetic capacitance coupling of wireless charger 24
Figure 211 Voltage versus distance of separation of the coils 25
Figure 212 Block diagram of RF wireless charger 26
Figure 213 ASTRO bowl antenna 27
Figure 214 Full-wave rectifier circuit 29
Figure 31 Engineering Design Process 33
Figure 32 How solar panel track the sun using LDR 35
viii
Figure 33 Microcontroller block diagram 38
Figure 34 Arduino UNO R3 ATmega 328 P board 40
Figure 35 Atmega 328 Pin Mapping Configuration 41
Figure 36 ATmega 328P 42
Figure 37 LDR 43
Figure 38 How LDR works 44
Figure 39 Servo Motor 45
Figure 310 Motor shield 46
Figure 311 Flowchart of Solar Tracker with Wireless Charging system 47
Figure 312 Block diagram of solar tracker system 48
Figure 313 Block diagram of wireless charger 49
Figure 314 Conceptual idea of wireless charging 49
Figure 315 Solar Tracker with Wireless charging concept 50
Figure 316 Solar tracker views 51
Figure 317 Circuit diagram of solar tracker 52
Figure 41 Transmitter schematic diagram 55
Figure 42 Receiver schematic diagram 56
Figure 43 Soldering process 56
Figure 44 Base of solar tracker58
Figure 45 Base of servo motor 59
Figure 46 Vertical servorsquos motor holder 59
Figure 47 Completed vertical servo holder 59
Figure 48 Both bases and holder are completed59
Figure 49(a) Completed solar tracker 60
Figure 49(b) Fully furnished solar tracker 60
ix
Figure 410 Redesign solar tracker miniature 61
Figure 411 Redesign of conceptual idea of solar tracker with wireless charging 62
Figure 412 Instructions for tolerance of LDR 63
Figure 413 Vertical servo instruction 64
Figure 414 Graph for Day 4 72
x
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
Table 1 Summary of average power output and average efficiency of both
panels in 4 days 14
Table 2 Results of static and tracking panel 19
Table 3 Output power produce by static and tracking panel 19
Table 4 The summary of the result gain by static and dual axis 20
Table 5 Voltage current and power over distance 30
Table 6 Comparisons of Wireless Charging Methods 31
Table 7(a) Ganttrsquos Chart for FYP1 36
Table 7(b) Ganttrsquos Chart for FYP2 36
Table 8 Technical Aspects 39
Table 9 Parameter of the Atmega 328 41
Table 10 Motor Drive Specification 46
Table 11 Shield motor pin is divided by channel 46
Table 12 List of component 54
Table 13 Main components of solar tracker 57
Table 14(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 1 64
Table 14(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 65
Table 15(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 2 65
Table 15(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 2 66
Table 16(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 3 66
Table 16(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 3 67
Table 17(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 4 67
xi
Table 17(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 4 68
Table 18(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 5 68
Table 18(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 5 69
xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
A - Ampere
AC - Alternating Current
DC - Direct Current
EMF - Electromotive Force
FYP1 - Final Year Project 1
FYP2 - Final Year Project 2
LDR - Light Dependent Resistor
PIC - Peripheral Interface Controller
PV - Photovoltaic
PWM - Pulse Width Modulation
RF - Radio Frequency
RX - Receiver
TX - Transmitter
V - Volt
W - Watt
Ω - Ohm
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
11 Project Overview
Energy sources obtained from coal oil and natural gas and very efficient for the
progress of economic in this world The cons using these sources are damaging to the
environment and also human health For an example oil will be used in vehicles thus it will
produce smoke or poisonous gas into the air and lead to greenhouse effect and affect the ozone
layer For human it is dangerous for respiratory system especially children and who are sensitive
to the surrounding To solve the problems developers and scientists nowadays try to reduce
pollution by exploring more on renewable energy Renewable energy can be found massively in
the Earth and it will not finish such as petroleum Examples of renewable energy are biomass
wind solar hydropower and geothermal The costs of wind and solar power are decreasing
considerably in the past 30 years till today but oil and gas are increasing either usage or effect to
the environment [1] Therefore to avoid this energy harm the earth renewable energy is
increasingly used
Solar power is a renewable energy because solar energy is gained from the sun or
harvesting energy from sun Sun is one of the natural resources that naturally replenished
Actually the energy is in the form of radiation that will creates electrical power or electricity
Electricity can be generated or produced from photovoltaic known as PV cells Photovoltaic
means ldquolightrdquo and ldquoelectricrdquo literally Solar cell is a device that harvest the solar energy and
convert it directly into electricity either from photovoltaic effect or change into heat energy first
or chemical then into electricity There are some factors that affect the output of the solar energy
that is category and area of the material sunlightrsquos intensity and the sunlightrsquos wavelength Solar
power is one of cleanest resources in earth It is pollution-free and do not produced radiation
2
Therefore most people want to maximize the solar energy and maximize the efficiency of solar
panel [7]
Wireless charging is the transmission of an energy from power source to a device that
need to be charged without using wires or cables Nikola Tesla is the ldquoFather of Wirelessrdquo
because he is the one who comprehended the idea of Wireless Power Transmission and also
verified without using wires [2] Wireless power transmission or wireless charging still new in
this modern days although it has been discovered a long time ago because it is not practically
widely and the technology still improving but will not end Wireless charging will help and make
the userrsquos life easier because they need no wire to charge their phone and it is safe
This project will focus on the construction of solar sun tracker with wireless charging
using Arduino Uno microcontroller As what as we know solar tracker is not commercially
implemented Because of the solar tracker is not in the market most of the people only use fixed
solar panel Figure 1 shows fixed solar panel
Figure 11 Fixed Solar Panel
To step up the effectiveness of harvesting sunlight solar tracker is built to achieve
maximum power and to reduce the usage of cables or wires wireless charging is built Solar
tracker will track the movement of the sun every day in a year different with fixed solar panel
that only fix in a certain angle and do not maximize the sunlight
3
12 Problem Statements
Solar panel today mostly fixed solar panel and there is no solar panel that follow the sun
from east to west Fixed solar panel is designed for fixed angle or only one direction and cannot
follow sunrsquos movement Therefore it will produce low power than solar tracker panel and the
efficiency is low compare to the solar tracker panel For a family that needs more output than
normal and wants to reduce electricity bill they need to set up fixed solar panel at east and west
where sun is rises and sun is sets Therefore needs a lot of money to install on the house To
overcome the problem solar tracker panel is the solution because solar tracker panel can go to
180o and 360o by following the sun throughout a year and can generate more output power than
fixed angle Next this system can reduce the time for the users to change the position of fixed
solar panel
Most of the users have a problem to charge their own phone if using ordinary charger
(wired) Furthermore the charger cable can be a mess if it is not placed in a suitable place It is
dangerous for children because the children can get electric shock if we forget to turn off the
power supply because the cable is exposed Without wire or cable room become tidy and safe
for the children Figure 12 and 13 shows messy cables on the table and exposed wire
Figure 12 Messy cables on the table
4
Figure 13 Exposed cables
Today many people want to charge their phone without wire because it is more safer but
the efficiency of wireless charging still not able to compete with cable charging The distance
and the efficiency of charging is limited Therefore wireless charging solar will be developed
and the efficiency is investigated and analyzed to see whether this eco-friendly device able to
charge a battery efficiently Wireless charging consists of many methods Thus to choose which
methods have best efficiency will be discussed and able to produce better efficiency Figure 14
shows existing product of wireless charging
Figure 14 Existing product of wireless charging
5
13 Objectives
The objectives of these project are
To design and develop a wireless charging solar tracker by using Arduino
microcontroller
To investigate and analyze the efficiency of wireless charging solar panel by using
Arduino microcontroller
To investigate the selected method of wireless charging
14 Scope of Project
Figure 15 shows the flow chart of the activity The main function of flowchart is to guide
researchers on how to start manage and completed a project
According to the flow chart the first step a title of the project must be focused on Once the
title is confirmed the objectives must be set based on the appropriate reasons and lacks
Problems that affect the project need to be discovered Without problems that related to the
objectives the objectives that have been set will not be answered Then research must be
conducted about the title of the project and previous works This process helps the researcher to
discover the weakness and solution for the project Writing a report (introduction literature
review and methodology) is started once the data from research are completed For the next step
focuses on software designing and hardware For this part it is very difficult because critical
thinking is needed There will be many circumstances and troubleshooting Implementation
process must be done after designing process has finished Thus in implementation process just
referring the design implementing works will be easier Lastly the completed miniature will be
tested If it works perfectly experiment must be conducted This is to make sure that the results
gain from the experiment is valid When there is some glitches troubleshooting process must be
done to discover the reasons behind the problems If the results are accurate finalizing process
will be done This is the final touch up to makes the miniature and report are fully complete
6
NO
YES
YES
Figure 15 Flowchart of activity
PLANNING
IDENTIFY PROBLEMS amp
RESEARCH
DESIGN SOFTWARE amp
HARDWARE
HARDWARE
IMPLEMENTATION
TESTING AND
DEBUGGING
EXPECTED
RESULT
FINALIZING
END
START
7
15 Expected Outcome
Solar tracker with wireless charging can help the users to get more output power than fixed
panel solar This is because Solar Tracker With Wireless Charging is able to harvest the sunlight
more than static panel with high efficiency User is also able to charge their phone without using
wire or cable and it is safer because this is a combination between solar and wireless charging
16 Report Structure Overview
Project Outline
This report consists of six chapters (Introduction Literature Review Methodology
Project Development and Analysis Discussion and Conclusions and Recommendations) For
FYP 1 three chapters that need to be done that is Introduction Literature Review and
Methodology For FYP 2 in the next semester the remaining chapters will be done Below tells
the short detail about each chapter
Chapter 1 Introduction
In this chapter will explain what is Solar Tracker With Wireless Charging project
overview statement of the problems objectives of the project work planning and expected
outcomes
Chapter 2 Literature Reviews
Literature review discuss the information that related to the project All the research and
studies that obtained from the journals is summarized so that it will correspond to the title This
chapter also discuss the components needed for the project and the full design of Solar Tracker
With Wireless Charging
viii
Figure 33 Microcontroller block diagram 38
Figure 34 Arduino UNO R3 ATmega 328 P board 40
Figure 35 Atmega 328 Pin Mapping Configuration 41
Figure 36 ATmega 328P 42
Figure 37 LDR 43
Figure 38 How LDR works 44
Figure 39 Servo Motor 45
Figure 310 Motor shield 46
Figure 311 Flowchart of Solar Tracker with Wireless Charging system 47
Figure 312 Block diagram of solar tracker system 48
Figure 313 Block diagram of wireless charger 49
Figure 314 Conceptual idea of wireless charging 49
Figure 315 Solar Tracker with Wireless charging concept 50
Figure 316 Solar tracker views 51
Figure 317 Circuit diagram of solar tracker 52
Figure 41 Transmitter schematic diagram 55
Figure 42 Receiver schematic diagram 56
Figure 43 Soldering process 56
Figure 44 Base of solar tracker58
Figure 45 Base of servo motor 59
Figure 46 Vertical servorsquos motor holder 59
Figure 47 Completed vertical servo holder 59
Figure 48 Both bases and holder are completed59
Figure 49(a) Completed solar tracker 60
Figure 49(b) Fully furnished solar tracker 60
ix
Figure 410 Redesign solar tracker miniature 61
Figure 411 Redesign of conceptual idea of solar tracker with wireless charging 62
Figure 412 Instructions for tolerance of LDR 63
Figure 413 Vertical servo instruction 64
Figure 414 Graph for Day 4 72
x
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
Table 1 Summary of average power output and average efficiency of both
panels in 4 days 14
Table 2 Results of static and tracking panel 19
Table 3 Output power produce by static and tracking panel 19
Table 4 The summary of the result gain by static and dual axis 20
Table 5 Voltage current and power over distance 30
Table 6 Comparisons of Wireless Charging Methods 31
Table 7(a) Ganttrsquos Chart for FYP1 36
Table 7(b) Ganttrsquos Chart for FYP2 36
Table 8 Technical Aspects 39
Table 9 Parameter of the Atmega 328 41
Table 10 Motor Drive Specification 46
Table 11 Shield motor pin is divided by channel 46
Table 12 List of component 54
Table 13 Main components of solar tracker 57
Table 14(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 1 64
Table 14(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 65
Table 15(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 2 65
Table 15(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 2 66
Table 16(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 3 66
Table 16(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 3 67
Table 17(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 4 67
xi
Table 17(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 4 68
Table 18(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 5 68
Table 18(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 5 69
xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
A - Ampere
AC - Alternating Current
DC - Direct Current
EMF - Electromotive Force
FYP1 - Final Year Project 1
FYP2 - Final Year Project 2
LDR - Light Dependent Resistor
PIC - Peripheral Interface Controller
PV - Photovoltaic
PWM - Pulse Width Modulation
RF - Radio Frequency
RX - Receiver
TX - Transmitter
V - Volt
W - Watt
Ω - Ohm
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
11 Project Overview
Energy sources obtained from coal oil and natural gas and very efficient for the
progress of economic in this world The cons using these sources are damaging to the
environment and also human health For an example oil will be used in vehicles thus it will
produce smoke or poisonous gas into the air and lead to greenhouse effect and affect the ozone
layer For human it is dangerous for respiratory system especially children and who are sensitive
to the surrounding To solve the problems developers and scientists nowadays try to reduce
pollution by exploring more on renewable energy Renewable energy can be found massively in
the Earth and it will not finish such as petroleum Examples of renewable energy are biomass
wind solar hydropower and geothermal The costs of wind and solar power are decreasing
considerably in the past 30 years till today but oil and gas are increasing either usage or effect to
the environment [1] Therefore to avoid this energy harm the earth renewable energy is
increasingly used
Solar power is a renewable energy because solar energy is gained from the sun or
harvesting energy from sun Sun is one of the natural resources that naturally replenished
Actually the energy is in the form of radiation that will creates electrical power or electricity
Electricity can be generated or produced from photovoltaic known as PV cells Photovoltaic
means ldquolightrdquo and ldquoelectricrdquo literally Solar cell is a device that harvest the solar energy and
convert it directly into electricity either from photovoltaic effect or change into heat energy first
or chemical then into electricity There are some factors that affect the output of the solar energy
that is category and area of the material sunlightrsquos intensity and the sunlightrsquos wavelength Solar
power is one of cleanest resources in earth It is pollution-free and do not produced radiation
2
Therefore most people want to maximize the solar energy and maximize the efficiency of solar
panel [7]
Wireless charging is the transmission of an energy from power source to a device that
need to be charged without using wires or cables Nikola Tesla is the ldquoFather of Wirelessrdquo
because he is the one who comprehended the idea of Wireless Power Transmission and also
verified without using wires [2] Wireless power transmission or wireless charging still new in
this modern days although it has been discovered a long time ago because it is not practically
widely and the technology still improving but will not end Wireless charging will help and make
the userrsquos life easier because they need no wire to charge their phone and it is safe
This project will focus on the construction of solar sun tracker with wireless charging
using Arduino Uno microcontroller As what as we know solar tracker is not commercially
implemented Because of the solar tracker is not in the market most of the people only use fixed
solar panel Figure 1 shows fixed solar panel
Figure 11 Fixed Solar Panel
To step up the effectiveness of harvesting sunlight solar tracker is built to achieve
maximum power and to reduce the usage of cables or wires wireless charging is built Solar
tracker will track the movement of the sun every day in a year different with fixed solar panel
that only fix in a certain angle and do not maximize the sunlight
3
12 Problem Statements
Solar panel today mostly fixed solar panel and there is no solar panel that follow the sun
from east to west Fixed solar panel is designed for fixed angle or only one direction and cannot
follow sunrsquos movement Therefore it will produce low power than solar tracker panel and the
efficiency is low compare to the solar tracker panel For a family that needs more output than
normal and wants to reduce electricity bill they need to set up fixed solar panel at east and west
where sun is rises and sun is sets Therefore needs a lot of money to install on the house To
overcome the problem solar tracker panel is the solution because solar tracker panel can go to
180o and 360o by following the sun throughout a year and can generate more output power than
fixed angle Next this system can reduce the time for the users to change the position of fixed
solar panel
Most of the users have a problem to charge their own phone if using ordinary charger
(wired) Furthermore the charger cable can be a mess if it is not placed in a suitable place It is
dangerous for children because the children can get electric shock if we forget to turn off the
power supply because the cable is exposed Without wire or cable room become tidy and safe
for the children Figure 12 and 13 shows messy cables on the table and exposed wire
Figure 12 Messy cables on the table
4
Figure 13 Exposed cables
Today many people want to charge their phone without wire because it is more safer but
the efficiency of wireless charging still not able to compete with cable charging The distance
and the efficiency of charging is limited Therefore wireless charging solar will be developed
and the efficiency is investigated and analyzed to see whether this eco-friendly device able to
charge a battery efficiently Wireless charging consists of many methods Thus to choose which
methods have best efficiency will be discussed and able to produce better efficiency Figure 14
shows existing product of wireless charging
Figure 14 Existing product of wireless charging
5
13 Objectives
The objectives of these project are
To design and develop a wireless charging solar tracker by using Arduino
microcontroller
To investigate and analyze the efficiency of wireless charging solar panel by using
Arduino microcontroller
To investigate the selected method of wireless charging
14 Scope of Project
Figure 15 shows the flow chart of the activity The main function of flowchart is to guide
researchers on how to start manage and completed a project
According to the flow chart the first step a title of the project must be focused on Once the
title is confirmed the objectives must be set based on the appropriate reasons and lacks
Problems that affect the project need to be discovered Without problems that related to the
objectives the objectives that have been set will not be answered Then research must be
conducted about the title of the project and previous works This process helps the researcher to
discover the weakness and solution for the project Writing a report (introduction literature
review and methodology) is started once the data from research are completed For the next step
focuses on software designing and hardware For this part it is very difficult because critical
thinking is needed There will be many circumstances and troubleshooting Implementation
process must be done after designing process has finished Thus in implementation process just
referring the design implementing works will be easier Lastly the completed miniature will be
tested If it works perfectly experiment must be conducted This is to make sure that the results
gain from the experiment is valid When there is some glitches troubleshooting process must be
done to discover the reasons behind the problems If the results are accurate finalizing process
will be done This is the final touch up to makes the miniature and report are fully complete
6
NO
YES
YES
Figure 15 Flowchart of activity
PLANNING
IDENTIFY PROBLEMS amp
RESEARCH
DESIGN SOFTWARE amp
HARDWARE
HARDWARE
IMPLEMENTATION
TESTING AND
DEBUGGING
EXPECTED
RESULT
FINALIZING
END
START
7
15 Expected Outcome
Solar tracker with wireless charging can help the users to get more output power than fixed
panel solar This is because Solar Tracker With Wireless Charging is able to harvest the sunlight
more than static panel with high efficiency User is also able to charge their phone without using
wire or cable and it is safer because this is a combination between solar and wireless charging
16 Report Structure Overview
Project Outline
This report consists of six chapters (Introduction Literature Review Methodology
Project Development and Analysis Discussion and Conclusions and Recommendations) For
FYP 1 three chapters that need to be done that is Introduction Literature Review and
Methodology For FYP 2 in the next semester the remaining chapters will be done Below tells
the short detail about each chapter
Chapter 1 Introduction
In this chapter will explain what is Solar Tracker With Wireless Charging project
overview statement of the problems objectives of the project work planning and expected
outcomes
Chapter 2 Literature Reviews
Literature review discuss the information that related to the project All the research and
studies that obtained from the journals is summarized so that it will correspond to the title This
chapter also discuss the components needed for the project and the full design of Solar Tracker
With Wireless Charging
ix
Figure 410 Redesign solar tracker miniature 61
Figure 411 Redesign of conceptual idea of solar tracker with wireless charging 62
Figure 412 Instructions for tolerance of LDR 63
Figure 413 Vertical servo instruction 64
Figure 414 Graph for Day 4 72
x
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
Table 1 Summary of average power output and average efficiency of both
panels in 4 days 14
Table 2 Results of static and tracking panel 19
Table 3 Output power produce by static and tracking panel 19
Table 4 The summary of the result gain by static and dual axis 20
Table 5 Voltage current and power over distance 30
Table 6 Comparisons of Wireless Charging Methods 31
Table 7(a) Ganttrsquos Chart for FYP1 36
Table 7(b) Ganttrsquos Chart for FYP2 36
Table 8 Technical Aspects 39
Table 9 Parameter of the Atmega 328 41
Table 10 Motor Drive Specification 46
Table 11 Shield motor pin is divided by channel 46
Table 12 List of component 54
Table 13 Main components of solar tracker 57
Table 14(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 1 64
Table 14(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 65
Table 15(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 2 65
Table 15(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 2 66
Table 16(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 3 66
Table 16(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 3 67
Table 17(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 4 67
xi
Table 17(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 4 68
Table 18(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 5 68
Table 18(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 5 69
xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
A - Ampere
AC - Alternating Current
DC - Direct Current
EMF - Electromotive Force
FYP1 - Final Year Project 1
FYP2 - Final Year Project 2
LDR - Light Dependent Resistor
PIC - Peripheral Interface Controller
PV - Photovoltaic
PWM - Pulse Width Modulation
RF - Radio Frequency
RX - Receiver
TX - Transmitter
V - Volt
W - Watt
Ω - Ohm
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
11 Project Overview
Energy sources obtained from coal oil and natural gas and very efficient for the
progress of economic in this world The cons using these sources are damaging to the
environment and also human health For an example oil will be used in vehicles thus it will
produce smoke or poisonous gas into the air and lead to greenhouse effect and affect the ozone
layer For human it is dangerous for respiratory system especially children and who are sensitive
to the surrounding To solve the problems developers and scientists nowadays try to reduce
pollution by exploring more on renewable energy Renewable energy can be found massively in
the Earth and it will not finish such as petroleum Examples of renewable energy are biomass
wind solar hydropower and geothermal The costs of wind and solar power are decreasing
considerably in the past 30 years till today but oil and gas are increasing either usage or effect to
the environment [1] Therefore to avoid this energy harm the earth renewable energy is
increasingly used
Solar power is a renewable energy because solar energy is gained from the sun or
harvesting energy from sun Sun is one of the natural resources that naturally replenished
Actually the energy is in the form of radiation that will creates electrical power or electricity
Electricity can be generated or produced from photovoltaic known as PV cells Photovoltaic
means ldquolightrdquo and ldquoelectricrdquo literally Solar cell is a device that harvest the solar energy and
convert it directly into electricity either from photovoltaic effect or change into heat energy first
or chemical then into electricity There are some factors that affect the output of the solar energy
that is category and area of the material sunlightrsquos intensity and the sunlightrsquos wavelength Solar
power is one of cleanest resources in earth It is pollution-free and do not produced radiation
2
Therefore most people want to maximize the solar energy and maximize the efficiency of solar
panel [7]
Wireless charging is the transmission of an energy from power source to a device that
need to be charged without using wires or cables Nikola Tesla is the ldquoFather of Wirelessrdquo
because he is the one who comprehended the idea of Wireless Power Transmission and also
verified without using wires [2] Wireless power transmission or wireless charging still new in
this modern days although it has been discovered a long time ago because it is not practically
widely and the technology still improving but will not end Wireless charging will help and make
the userrsquos life easier because they need no wire to charge their phone and it is safe
This project will focus on the construction of solar sun tracker with wireless charging
using Arduino Uno microcontroller As what as we know solar tracker is not commercially
implemented Because of the solar tracker is not in the market most of the people only use fixed
solar panel Figure 1 shows fixed solar panel
Figure 11 Fixed Solar Panel
To step up the effectiveness of harvesting sunlight solar tracker is built to achieve
maximum power and to reduce the usage of cables or wires wireless charging is built Solar
tracker will track the movement of the sun every day in a year different with fixed solar panel
that only fix in a certain angle and do not maximize the sunlight
3
12 Problem Statements
Solar panel today mostly fixed solar panel and there is no solar panel that follow the sun
from east to west Fixed solar panel is designed for fixed angle or only one direction and cannot
follow sunrsquos movement Therefore it will produce low power than solar tracker panel and the
efficiency is low compare to the solar tracker panel For a family that needs more output than
normal and wants to reduce electricity bill they need to set up fixed solar panel at east and west
where sun is rises and sun is sets Therefore needs a lot of money to install on the house To
overcome the problem solar tracker panel is the solution because solar tracker panel can go to
180o and 360o by following the sun throughout a year and can generate more output power than
fixed angle Next this system can reduce the time for the users to change the position of fixed
solar panel
Most of the users have a problem to charge their own phone if using ordinary charger
(wired) Furthermore the charger cable can be a mess if it is not placed in a suitable place It is
dangerous for children because the children can get electric shock if we forget to turn off the
power supply because the cable is exposed Without wire or cable room become tidy and safe
for the children Figure 12 and 13 shows messy cables on the table and exposed wire
Figure 12 Messy cables on the table
4
Figure 13 Exposed cables
Today many people want to charge their phone without wire because it is more safer but
the efficiency of wireless charging still not able to compete with cable charging The distance
and the efficiency of charging is limited Therefore wireless charging solar will be developed
and the efficiency is investigated and analyzed to see whether this eco-friendly device able to
charge a battery efficiently Wireless charging consists of many methods Thus to choose which
methods have best efficiency will be discussed and able to produce better efficiency Figure 14
shows existing product of wireless charging
Figure 14 Existing product of wireless charging
5
13 Objectives
The objectives of these project are
To design and develop a wireless charging solar tracker by using Arduino
microcontroller
To investigate and analyze the efficiency of wireless charging solar panel by using
Arduino microcontroller
To investigate the selected method of wireless charging
14 Scope of Project
Figure 15 shows the flow chart of the activity The main function of flowchart is to guide
researchers on how to start manage and completed a project
According to the flow chart the first step a title of the project must be focused on Once the
title is confirmed the objectives must be set based on the appropriate reasons and lacks
Problems that affect the project need to be discovered Without problems that related to the
objectives the objectives that have been set will not be answered Then research must be
conducted about the title of the project and previous works This process helps the researcher to
discover the weakness and solution for the project Writing a report (introduction literature
review and methodology) is started once the data from research are completed For the next step
focuses on software designing and hardware For this part it is very difficult because critical
thinking is needed There will be many circumstances and troubleshooting Implementation
process must be done after designing process has finished Thus in implementation process just
referring the design implementing works will be easier Lastly the completed miniature will be
tested If it works perfectly experiment must be conducted This is to make sure that the results
gain from the experiment is valid When there is some glitches troubleshooting process must be
done to discover the reasons behind the problems If the results are accurate finalizing process
will be done This is the final touch up to makes the miniature and report are fully complete
6
NO
YES
YES
Figure 15 Flowchart of activity
PLANNING
IDENTIFY PROBLEMS amp
RESEARCH
DESIGN SOFTWARE amp
HARDWARE
HARDWARE
IMPLEMENTATION
TESTING AND
DEBUGGING
EXPECTED
RESULT
FINALIZING
END
START
7
15 Expected Outcome
Solar tracker with wireless charging can help the users to get more output power than fixed
panel solar This is because Solar Tracker With Wireless Charging is able to harvest the sunlight
more than static panel with high efficiency User is also able to charge their phone without using
wire or cable and it is safer because this is a combination between solar and wireless charging
16 Report Structure Overview
Project Outline
This report consists of six chapters (Introduction Literature Review Methodology
Project Development and Analysis Discussion and Conclusions and Recommendations) For
FYP 1 three chapters that need to be done that is Introduction Literature Review and
Methodology For FYP 2 in the next semester the remaining chapters will be done Below tells
the short detail about each chapter
Chapter 1 Introduction
In this chapter will explain what is Solar Tracker With Wireless Charging project
overview statement of the problems objectives of the project work planning and expected
outcomes
Chapter 2 Literature Reviews
Literature review discuss the information that related to the project All the research and
studies that obtained from the journals is summarized so that it will correspond to the title This
chapter also discuss the components needed for the project and the full design of Solar Tracker
With Wireless Charging
x
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
Table 1 Summary of average power output and average efficiency of both
panels in 4 days 14
Table 2 Results of static and tracking panel 19
Table 3 Output power produce by static and tracking panel 19
Table 4 The summary of the result gain by static and dual axis 20
Table 5 Voltage current and power over distance 30
Table 6 Comparisons of Wireless Charging Methods 31
Table 7(a) Ganttrsquos Chart for FYP1 36
Table 7(b) Ganttrsquos Chart for FYP2 36
Table 8 Technical Aspects 39
Table 9 Parameter of the Atmega 328 41
Table 10 Motor Drive Specification 46
Table 11 Shield motor pin is divided by channel 46
Table 12 List of component 54
Table 13 Main components of solar tracker 57
Table 14(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 1 64
Table 14(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 65
Table 15(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 2 65
Table 15(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 2 66
Table 16(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 3 66
Table 16(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 3 67
Table 17(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 4 67
xi
Table 17(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 4 68
Table 18(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 5 68
Table 18(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 5 69
xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
A - Ampere
AC - Alternating Current
DC - Direct Current
EMF - Electromotive Force
FYP1 - Final Year Project 1
FYP2 - Final Year Project 2
LDR - Light Dependent Resistor
PIC - Peripheral Interface Controller
PV - Photovoltaic
PWM - Pulse Width Modulation
RF - Radio Frequency
RX - Receiver
TX - Transmitter
V - Volt
W - Watt
Ω - Ohm
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
11 Project Overview
Energy sources obtained from coal oil and natural gas and very efficient for the
progress of economic in this world The cons using these sources are damaging to the
environment and also human health For an example oil will be used in vehicles thus it will
produce smoke or poisonous gas into the air and lead to greenhouse effect and affect the ozone
layer For human it is dangerous for respiratory system especially children and who are sensitive
to the surrounding To solve the problems developers and scientists nowadays try to reduce
pollution by exploring more on renewable energy Renewable energy can be found massively in
the Earth and it will not finish such as petroleum Examples of renewable energy are biomass
wind solar hydropower and geothermal The costs of wind and solar power are decreasing
considerably in the past 30 years till today but oil and gas are increasing either usage or effect to
the environment [1] Therefore to avoid this energy harm the earth renewable energy is
increasingly used
Solar power is a renewable energy because solar energy is gained from the sun or
harvesting energy from sun Sun is one of the natural resources that naturally replenished
Actually the energy is in the form of radiation that will creates electrical power or electricity
Electricity can be generated or produced from photovoltaic known as PV cells Photovoltaic
means ldquolightrdquo and ldquoelectricrdquo literally Solar cell is a device that harvest the solar energy and
convert it directly into electricity either from photovoltaic effect or change into heat energy first
or chemical then into electricity There are some factors that affect the output of the solar energy
that is category and area of the material sunlightrsquos intensity and the sunlightrsquos wavelength Solar
power is one of cleanest resources in earth It is pollution-free and do not produced radiation
2
Therefore most people want to maximize the solar energy and maximize the efficiency of solar
panel [7]
Wireless charging is the transmission of an energy from power source to a device that
need to be charged without using wires or cables Nikola Tesla is the ldquoFather of Wirelessrdquo
because he is the one who comprehended the idea of Wireless Power Transmission and also
verified without using wires [2] Wireless power transmission or wireless charging still new in
this modern days although it has been discovered a long time ago because it is not practically
widely and the technology still improving but will not end Wireless charging will help and make
the userrsquos life easier because they need no wire to charge their phone and it is safe
This project will focus on the construction of solar sun tracker with wireless charging
using Arduino Uno microcontroller As what as we know solar tracker is not commercially
implemented Because of the solar tracker is not in the market most of the people only use fixed
solar panel Figure 1 shows fixed solar panel
Figure 11 Fixed Solar Panel
To step up the effectiveness of harvesting sunlight solar tracker is built to achieve
maximum power and to reduce the usage of cables or wires wireless charging is built Solar
tracker will track the movement of the sun every day in a year different with fixed solar panel
that only fix in a certain angle and do not maximize the sunlight
3
12 Problem Statements
Solar panel today mostly fixed solar panel and there is no solar panel that follow the sun
from east to west Fixed solar panel is designed for fixed angle or only one direction and cannot
follow sunrsquos movement Therefore it will produce low power than solar tracker panel and the
efficiency is low compare to the solar tracker panel For a family that needs more output than
normal and wants to reduce electricity bill they need to set up fixed solar panel at east and west
where sun is rises and sun is sets Therefore needs a lot of money to install on the house To
overcome the problem solar tracker panel is the solution because solar tracker panel can go to
180o and 360o by following the sun throughout a year and can generate more output power than
fixed angle Next this system can reduce the time for the users to change the position of fixed
solar panel
Most of the users have a problem to charge their own phone if using ordinary charger
(wired) Furthermore the charger cable can be a mess if it is not placed in a suitable place It is
dangerous for children because the children can get electric shock if we forget to turn off the
power supply because the cable is exposed Without wire or cable room become tidy and safe
for the children Figure 12 and 13 shows messy cables on the table and exposed wire
Figure 12 Messy cables on the table
4
Figure 13 Exposed cables
Today many people want to charge their phone without wire because it is more safer but
the efficiency of wireless charging still not able to compete with cable charging The distance
and the efficiency of charging is limited Therefore wireless charging solar will be developed
and the efficiency is investigated and analyzed to see whether this eco-friendly device able to
charge a battery efficiently Wireless charging consists of many methods Thus to choose which
methods have best efficiency will be discussed and able to produce better efficiency Figure 14
shows existing product of wireless charging
Figure 14 Existing product of wireless charging
5
13 Objectives
The objectives of these project are
To design and develop a wireless charging solar tracker by using Arduino
microcontroller
To investigate and analyze the efficiency of wireless charging solar panel by using
Arduino microcontroller
To investigate the selected method of wireless charging
14 Scope of Project
Figure 15 shows the flow chart of the activity The main function of flowchart is to guide
researchers on how to start manage and completed a project
According to the flow chart the first step a title of the project must be focused on Once the
title is confirmed the objectives must be set based on the appropriate reasons and lacks
Problems that affect the project need to be discovered Without problems that related to the
objectives the objectives that have been set will not be answered Then research must be
conducted about the title of the project and previous works This process helps the researcher to
discover the weakness and solution for the project Writing a report (introduction literature
review and methodology) is started once the data from research are completed For the next step
focuses on software designing and hardware For this part it is very difficult because critical
thinking is needed There will be many circumstances and troubleshooting Implementation
process must be done after designing process has finished Thus in implementation process just
referring the design implementing works will be easier Lastly the completed miniature will be
tested If it works perfectly experiment must be conducted This is to make sure that the results
gain from the experiment is valid When there is some glitches troubleshooting process must be
done to discover the reasons behind the problems If the results are accurate finalizing process
will be done This is the final touch up to makes the miniature and report are fully complete
6
NO
YES
YES
Figure 15 Flowchart of activity
PLANNING
IDENTIFY PROBLEMS amp
RESEARCH
DESIGN SOFTWARE amp
HARDWARE
HARDWARE
IMPLEMENTATION
TESTING AND
DEBUGGING
EXPECTED
RESULT
FINALIZING
END
START
7
15 Expected Outcome
Solar tracker with wireless charging can help the users to get more output power than fixed
panel solar This is because Solar Tracker With Wireless Charging is able to harvest the sunlight
more than static panel with high efficiency User is also able to charge their phone without using
wire or cable and it is safer because this is a combination between solar and wireless charging
16 Report Structure Overview
Project Outline
This report consists of six chapters (Introduction Literature Review Methodology
Project Development and Analysis Discussion and Conclusions and Recommendations) For
FYP 1 three chapters that need to be done that is Introduction Literature Review and
Methodology For FYP 2 in the next semester the remaining chapters will be done Below tells
the short detail about each chapter
Chapter 1 Introduction
In this chapter will explain what is Solar Tracker With Wireless Charging project
overview statement of the problems objectives of the project work planning and expected
outcomes
Chapter 2 Literature Reviews
Literature review discuss the information that related to the project All the research and
studies that obtained from the journals is summarized so that it will correspond to the title This
chapter also discuss the components needed for the project and the full design of Solar Tracker
With Wireless Charging
xi
Table 17(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 4 68
Table 18(a) Staticrsquos solar result for day 5 68
Table 18(b) Solar trackerrsquos result for day 5 69
xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
A - Ampere
AC - Alternating Current
DC - Direct Current
EMF - Electromotive Force
FYP1 - Final Year Project 1
FYP2 - Final Year Project 2
LDR - Light Dependent Resistor
PIC - Peripheral Interface Controller
PV - Photovoltaic
PWM - Pulse Width Modulation
RF - Radio Frequency
RX - Receiver
TX - Transmitter
V - Volt
W - Watt
Ω - Ohm
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
11 Project Overview
Energy sources obtained from coal oil and natural gas and very efficient for the
progress of economic in this world The cons using these sources are damaging to the
environment and also human health For an example oil will be used in vehicles thus it will
produce smoke or poisonous gas into the air and lead to greenhouse effect and affect the ozone
layer For human it is dangerous for respiratory system especially children and who are sensitive
to the surrounding To solve the problems developers and scientists nowadays try to reduce
pollution by exploring more on renewable energy Renewable energy can be found massively in
the Earth and it will not finish such as petroleum Examples of renewable energy are biomass
wind solar hydropower and geothermal The costs of wind and solar power are decreasing
considerably in the past 30 years till today but oil and gas are increasing either usage or effect to
the environment [1] Therefore to avoid this energy harm the earth renewable energy is
increasingly used
Solar power is a renewable energy because solar energy is gained from the sun or
harvesting energy from sun Sun is one of the natural resources that naturally replenished
Actually the energy is in the form of radiation that will creates electrical power or electricity
Electricity can be generated or produced from photovoltaic known as PV cells Photovoltaic
means ldquolightrdquo and ldquoelectricrdquo literally Solar cell is a device that harvest the solar energy and
convert it directly into electricity either from photovoltaic effect or change into heat energy first
or chemical then into electricity There are some factors that affect the output of the solar energy
that is category and area of the material sunlightrsquos intensity and the sunlightrsquos wavelength Solar
power is one of cleanest resources in earth It is pollution-free and do not produced radiation
2
Therefore most people want to maximize the solar energy and maximize the efficiency of solar
panel [7]
Wireless charging is the transmission of an energy from power source to a device that
need to be charged without using wires or cables Nikola Tesla is the ldquoFather of Wirelessrdquo
because he is the one who comprehended the idea of Wireless Power Transmission and also
verified without using wires [2] Wireless power transmission or wireless charging still new in
this modern days although it has been discovered a long time ago because it is not practically
widely and the technology still improving but will not end Wireless charging will help and make
the userrsquos life easier because they need no wire to charge their phone and it is safe
This project will focus on the construction of solar sun tracker with wireless charging
using Arduino Uno microcontroller As what as we know solar tracker is not commercially
implemented Because of the solar tracker is not in the market most of the people only use fixed
solar panel Figure 1 shows fixed solar panel
Figure 11 Fixed Solar Panel
To step up the effectiveness of harvesting sunlight solar tracker is built to achieve
maximum power and to reduce the usage of cables or wires wireless charging is built Solar
tracker will track the movement of the sun every day in a year different with fixed solar panel
that only fix in a certain angle and do not maximize the sunlight
3
12 Problem Statements
Solar panel today mostly fixed solar panel and there is no solar panel that follow the sun
from east to west Fixed solar panel is designed for fixed angle or only one direction and cannot
follow sunrsquos movement Therefore it will produce low power than solar tracker panel and the
efficiency is low compare to the solar tracker panel For a family that needs more output than
normal and wants to reduce electricity bill they need to set up fixed solar panel at east and west
where sun is rises and sun is sets Therefore needs a lot of money to install on the house To
overcome the problem solar tracker panel is the solution because solar tracker panel can go to
180o and 360o by following the sun throughout a year and can generate more output power than
fixed angle Next this system can reduce the time for the users to change the position of fixed
solar panel
Most of the users have a problem to charge their own phone if using ordinary charger
(wired) Furthermore the charger cable can be a mess if it is not placed in a suitable place It is
dangerous for children because the children can get electric shock if we forget to turn off the
power supply because the cable is exposed Without wire or cable room become tidy and safe
for the children Figure 12 and 13 shows messy cables on the table and exposed wire
Figure 12 Messy cables on the table
4
Figure 13 Exposed cables
Today many people want to charge their phone without wire because it is more safer but
the efficiency of wireless charging still not able to compete with cable charging The distance
and the efficiency of charging is limited Therefore wireless charging solar will be developed
and the efficiency is investigated and analyzed to see whether this eco-friendly device able to
charge a battery efficiently Wireless charging consists of many methods Thus to choose which
methods have best efficiency will be discussed and able to produce better efficiency Figure 14
shows existing product of wireless charging
Figure 14 Existing product of wireless charging
5
13 Objectives
The objectives of these project are
To design and develop a wireless charging solar tracker by using Arduino
microcontroller
To investigate and analyze the efficiency of wireless charging solar panel by using
Arduino microcontroller
To investigate the selected method of wireless charging
14 Scope of Project
Figure 15 shows the flow chart of the activity The main function of flowchart is to guide
researchers on how to start manage and completed a project
According to the flow chart the first step a title of the project must be focused on Once the
title is confirmed the objectives must be set based on the appropriate reasons and lacks
Problems that affect the project need to be discovered Without problems that related to the
objectives the objectives that have been set will not be answered Then research must be
conducted about the title of the project and previous works This process helps the researcher to
discover the weakness and solution for the project Writing a report (introduction literature
review and methodology) is started once the data from research are completed For the next step
focuses on software designing and hardware For this part it is very difficult because critical
thinking is needed There will be many circumstances and troubleshooting Implementation
process must be done after designing process has finished Thus in implementation process just
referring the design implementing works will be easier Lastly the completed miniature will be
tested If it works perfectly experiment must be conducted This is to make sure that the results
gain from the experiment is valid When there is some glitches troubleshooting process must be
done to discover the reasons behind the problems If the results are accurate finalizing process
will be done This is the final touch up to makes the miniature and report are fully complete
6
NO
YES
YES
Figure 15 Flowchart of activity
PLANNING
IDENTIFY PROBLEMS amp
RESEARCH
DESIGN SOFTWARE amp
HARDWARE
HARDWARE
IMPLEMENTATION
TESTING AND
DEBUGGING
EXPECTED
RESULT
FINALIZING
END
START
7
15 Expected Outcome
Solar tracker with wireless charging can help the users to get more output power than fixed
panel solar This is because Solar Tracker With Wireless Charging is able to harvest the sunlight
more than static panel with high efficiency User is also able to charge their phone without using
wire or cable and it is safer because this is a combination between solar and wireless charging
16 Report Structure Overview
Project Outline
This report consists of six chapters (Introduction Literature Review Methodology
Project Development and Analysis Discussion and Conclusions and Recommendations) For
FYP 1 three chapters that need to be done that is Introduction Literature Review and
Methodology For FYP 2 in the next semester the remaining chapters will be done Below tells
the short detail about each chapter
Chapter 1 Introduction
In this chapter will explain what is Solar Tracker With Wireless Charging project
overview statement of the problems objectives of the project work planning and expected
outcomes
Chapter 2 Literature Reviews
Literature review discuss the information that related to the project All the research and
studies that obtained from the journals is summarized so that it will correspond to the title This
chapter also discuss the components needed for the project and the full design of Solar Tracker
With Wireless Charging
xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
A - Ampere
AC - Alternating Current
DC - Direct Current
EMF - Electromotive Force
FYP1 - Final Year Project 1
FYP2 - Final Year Project 2
LDR - Light Dependent Resistor
PIC - Peripheral Interface Controller
PV - Photovoltaic
PWM - Pulse Width Modulation
RF - Radio Frequency
RX - Receiver
TX - Transmitter
V - Volt
W - Watt
Ω - Ohm
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
11 Project Overview
Energy sources obtained from coal oil and natural gas and very efficient for the
progress of economic in this world The cons using these sources are damaging to the
environment and also human health For an example oil will be used in vehicles thus it will
produce smoke or poisonous gas into the air and lead to greenhouse effect and affect the ozone
layer For human it is dangerous for respiratory system especially children and who are sensitive
to the surrounding To solve the problems developers and scientists nowadays try to reduce
pollution by exploring more on renewable energy Renewable energy can be found massively in
the Earth and it will not finish such as petroleum Examples of renewable energy are biomass
wind solar hydropower and geothermal The costs of wind and solar power are decreasing
considerably in the past 30 years till today but oil and gas are increasing either usage or effect to
the environment [1] Therefore to avoid this energy harm the earth renewable energy is
increasingly used
Solar power is a renewable energy because solar energy is gained from the sun or
harvesting energy from sun Sun is one of the natural resources that naturally replenished
Actually the energy is in the form of radiation that will creates electrical power or electricity
Electricity can be generated or produced from photovoltaic known as PV cells Photovoltaic
means ldquolightrdquo and ldquoelectricrdquo literally Solar cell is a device that harvest the solar energy and
convert it directly into electricity either from photovoltaic effect or change into heat energy first
or chemical then into electricity There are some factors that affect the output of the solar energy
that is category and area of the material sunlightrsquos intensity and the sunlightrsquos wavelength Solar
power is one of cleanest resources in earth It is pollution-free and do not produced radiation
2
Therefore most people want to maximize the solar energy and maximize the efficiency of solar
panel [7]
Wireless charging is the transmission of an energy from power source to a device that
need to be charged without using wires or cables Nikola Tesla is the ldquoFather of Wirelessrdquo
because he is the one who comprehended the idea of Wireless Power Transmission and also
verified without using wires [2] Wireless power transmission or wireless charging still new in
this modern days although it has been discovered a long time ago because it is not practically
widely and the technology still improving but will not end Wireless charging will help and make
the userrsquos life easier because they need no wire to charge their phone and it is safe
This project will focus on the construction of solar sun tracker with wireless charging
using Arduino Uno microcontroller As what as we know solar tracker is not commercially
implemented Because of the solar tracker is not in the market most of the people only use fixed
solar panel Figure 1 shows fixed solar panel
Figure 11 Fixed Solar Panel
To step up the effectiveness of harvesting sunlight solar tracker is built to achieve
maximum power and to reduce the usage of cables or wires wireless charging is built Solar
tracker will track the movement of the sun every day in a year different with fixed solar panel
that only fix in a certain angle and do not maximize the sunlight
3
12 Problem Statements
Solar panel today mostly fixed solar panel and there is no solar panel that follow the sun
from east to west Fixed solar panel is designed for fixed angle or only one direction and cannot
follow sunrsquos movement Therefore it will produce low power than solar tracker panel and the
efficiency is low compare to the solar tracker panel For a family that needs more output than
normal and wants to reduce electricity bill they need to set up fixed solar panel at east and west
where sun is rises and sun is sets Therefore needs a lot of money to install on the house To
overcome the problem solar tracker panel is the solution because solar tracker panel can go to
180o and 360o by following the sun throughout a year and can generate more output power than
fixed angle Next this system can reduce the time for the users to change the position of fixed
solar panel
Most of the users have a problem to charge their own phone if using ordinary charger
(wired) Furthermore the charger cable can be a mess if it is not placed in a suitable place It is
dangerous for children because the children can get electric shock if we forget to turn off the
power supply because the cable is exposed Without wire or cable room become tidy and safe
for the children Figure 12 and 13 shows messy cables on the table and exposed wire
Figure 12 Messy cables on the table
4
Figure 13 Exposed cables
Today many people want to charge their phone without wire because it is more safer but
the efficiency of wireless charging still not able to compete with cable charging The distance
and the efficiency of charging is limited Therefore wireless charging solar will be developed
and the efficiency is investigated and analyzed to see whether this eco-friendly device able to
charge a battery efficiently Wireless charging consists of many methods Thus to choose which
methods have best efficiency will be discussed and able to produce better efficiency Figure 14
shows existing product of wireless charging
Figure 14 Existing product of wireless charging
5
13 Objectives
The objectives of these project are
To design and develop a wireless charging solar tracker by using Arduino
microcontroller
To investigate and analyze the efficiency of wireless charging solar panel by using
Arduino microcontroller
To investigate the selected method of wireless charging
14 Scope of Project
Figure 15 shows the flow chart of the activity The main function of flowchart is to guide
researchers on how to start manage and completed a project
According to the flow chart the first step a title of the project must be focused on Once the
title is confirmed the objectives must be set based on the appropriate reasons and lacks
Problems that affect the project need to be discovered Without problems that related to the
objectives the objectives that have been set will not be answered Then research must be
conducted about the title of the project and previous works This process helps the researcher to
discover the weakness and solution for the project Writing a report (introduction literature
review and methodology) is started once the data from research are completed For the next step
focuses on software designing and hardware For this part it is very difficult because critical
thinking is needed There will be many circumstances and troubleshooting Implementation
process must be done after designing process has finished Thus in implementation process just
referring the design implementing works will be easier Lastly the completed miniature will be
tested If it works perfectly experiment must be conducted This is to make sure that the results
gain from the experiment is valid When there is some glitches troubleshooting process must be
done to discover the reasons behind the problems If the results are accurate finalizing process
will be done This is the final touch up to makes the miniature and report are fully complete
6
NO
YES
YES
Figure 15 Flowchart of activity
PLANNING
IDENTIFY PROBLEMS amp
RESEARCH
DESIGN SOFTWARE amp
HARDWARE
HARDWARE
IMPLEMENTATION
TESTING AND
DEBUGGING
EXPECTED
RESULT
FINALIZING
END
START
7
15 Expected Outcome
Solar tracker with wireless charging can help the users to get more output power than fixed
panel solar This is because Solar Tracker With Wireless Charging is able to harvest the sunlight
more than static panel with high efficiency User is also able to charge their phone without using
wire or cable and it is safer because this is a combination between solar and wireless charging
16 Report Structure Overview
Project Outline
This report consists of six chapters (Introduction Literature Review Methodology
Project Development and Analysis Discussion and Conclusions and Recommendations) For
FYP 1 three chapters that need to be done that is Introduction Literature Review and
Methodology For FYP 2 in the next semester the remaining chapters will be done Below tells
the short detail about each chapter
Chapter 1 Introduction
In this chapter will explain what is Solar Tracker With Wireless Charging project
overview statement of the problems objectives of the project work planning and expected
outcomes
Chapter 2 Literature Reviews
Literature review discuss the information that related to the project All the research and
studies that obtained from the journals is summarized so that it will correspond to the title This
chapter also discuss the components needed for the project and the full design of Solar Tracker
With Wireless Charging
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
11 Project Overview
Energy sources obtained from coal oil and natural gas and very efficient for the
progress of economic in this world The cons using these sources are damaging to the
environment and also human health For an example oil will be used in vehicles thus it will
produce smoke or poisonous gas into the air and lead to greenhouse effect and affect the ozone
layer For human it is dangerous for respiratory system especially children and who are sensitive
to the surrounding To solve the problems developers and scientists nowadays try to reduce
pollution by exploring more on renewable energy Renewable energy can be found massively in
the Earth and it will not finish such as petroleum Examples of renewable energy are biomass
wind solar hydropower and geothermal The costs of wind and solar power are decreasing
considerably in the past 30 years till today but oil and gas are increasing either usage or effect to
the environment [1] Therefore to avoid this energy harm the earth renewable energy is
increasingly used
Solar power is a renewable energy because solar energy is gained from the sun or
harvesting energy from sun Sun is one of the natural resources that naturally replenished
Actually the energy is in the form of radiation that will creates electrical power or electricity
Electricity can be generated or produced from photovoltaic known as PV cells Photovoltaic
means ldquolightrdquo and ldquoelectricrdquo literally Solar cell is a device that harvest the solar energy and
convert it directly into electricity either from photovoltaic effect or change into heat energy first
or chemical then into electricity There are some factors that affect the output of the solar energy
that is category and area of the material sunlightrsquos intensity and the sunlightrsquos wavelength Solar
power is one of cleanest resources in earth It is pollution-free and do not produced radiation
2
Therefore most people want to maximize the solar energy and maximize the efficiency of solar
panel [7]
Wireless charging is the transmission of an energy from power source to a device that
need to be charged without using wires or cables Nikola Tesla is the ldquoFather of Wirelessrdquo
because he is the one who comprehended the idea of Wireless Power Transmission and also
verified without using wires [2] Wireless power transmission or wireless charging still new in
this modern days although it has been discovered a long time ago because it is not practically
widely and the technology still improving but will not end Wireless charging will help and make
the userrsquos life easier because they need no wire to charge their phone and it is safe
This project will focus on the construction of solar sun tracker with wireless charging
using Arduino Uno microcontroller As what as we know solar tracker is not commercially
implemented Because of the solar tracker is not in the market most of the people only use fixed
solar panel Figure 1 shows fixed solar panel
Figure 11 Fixed Solar Panel
To step up the effectiveness of harvesting sunlight solar tracker is built to achieve
maximum power and to reduce the usage of cables or wires wireless charging is built Solar
tracker will track the movement of the sun every day in a year different with fixed solar panel
that only fix in a certain angle and do not maximize the sunlight
3
12 Problem Statements
Solar panel today mostly fixed solar panel and there is no solar panel that follow the sun
from east to west Fixed solar panel is designed for fixed angle or only one direction and cannot
follow sunrsquos movement Therefore it will produce low power than solar tracker panel and the
efficiency is low compare to the solar tracker panel For a family that needs more output than
normal and wants to reduce electricity bill they need to set up fixed solar panel at east and west
where sun is rises and sun is sets Therefore needs a lot of money to install on the house To
overcome the problem solar tracker panel is the solution because solar tracker panel can go to
180o and 360o by following the sun throughout a year and can generate more output power than
fixed angle Next this system can reduce the time for the users to change the position of fixed
solar panel
Most of the users have a problem to charge their own phone if using ordinary charger
(wired) Furthermore the charger cable can be a mess if it is not placed in a suitable place It is
dangerous for children because the children can get electric shock if we forget to turn off the
power supply because the cable is exposed Without wire or cable room become tidy and safe
for the children Figure 12 and 13 shows messy cables on the table and exposed wire
Figure 12 Messy cables on the table
4
Figure 13 Exposed cables
Today many people want to charge their phone without wire because it is more safer but
the efficiency of wireless charging still not able to compete with cable charging The distance
and the efficiency of charging is limited Therefore wireless charging solar will be developed
and the efficiency is investigated and analyzed to see whether this eco-friendly device able to
charge a battery efficiently Wireless charging consists of many methods Thus to choose which
methods have best efficiency will be discussed and able to produce better efficiency Figure 14
shows existing product of wireless charging
Figure 14 Existing product of wireless charging
5
13 Objectives
The objectives of these project are
To design and develop a wireless charging solar tracker by using Arduino
microcontroller
To investigate and analyze the efficiency of wireless charging solar panel by using
Arduino microcontroller
To investigate the selected method of wireless charging
14 Scope of Project
Figure 15 shows the flow chart of the activity The main function of flowchart is to guide
researchers on how to start manage and completed a project
According to the flow chart the first step a title of the project must be focused on Once the
title is confirmed the objectives must be set based on the appropriate reasons and lacks
Problems that affect the project need to be discovered Without problems that related to the
objectives the objectives that have been set will not be answered Then research must be
conducted about the title of the project and previous works This process helps the researcher to
discover the weakness and solution for the project Writing a report (introduction literature
review and methodology) is started once the data from research are completed For the next step
focuses on software designing and hardware For this part it is very difficult because critical
thinking is needed There will be many circumstances and troubleshooting Implementation
process must be done after designing process has finished Thus in implementation process just
referring the design implementing works will be easier Lastly the completed miniature will be
tested If it works perfectly experiment must be conducted This is to make sure that the results
gain from the experiment is valid When there is some glitches troubleshooting process must be
done to discover the reasons behind the problems If the results are accurate finalizing process
will be done This is the final touch up to makes the miniature and report are fully complete
6
NO
YES
YES
Figure 15 Flowchart of activity
PLANNING
IDENTIFY PROBLEMS amp
RESEARCH
DESIGN SOFTWARE amp
HARDWARE
HARDWARE
IMPLEMENTATION
TESTING AND
DEBUGGING
EXPECTED
RESULT
FINALIZING
END
START
7
15 Expected Outcome
Solar tracker with wireless charging can help the users to get more output power than fixed
panel solar This is because Solar Tracker With Wireless Charging is able to harvest the sunlight
more than static panel with high efficiency User is also able to charge their phone without using
wire or cable and it is safer because this is a combination between solar and wireless charging
16 Report Structure Overview
Project Outline
This report consists of six chapters (Introduction Literature Review Methodology
Project Development and Analysis Discussion and Conclusions and Recommendations) For
FYP 1 three chapters that need to be done that is Introduction Literature Review and
Methodology For FYP 2 in the next semester the remaining chapters will be done Below tells
the short detail about each chapter
Chapter 1 Introduction
In this chapter will explain what is Solar Tracker With Wireless Charging project
overview statement of the problems objectives of the project work planning and expected
outcomes
Chapter 2 Literature Reviews
Literature review discuss the information that related to the project All the research and
studies that obtained from the journals is summarized so that it will correspond to the title This
chapter also discuss the components needed for the project and the full design of Solar Tracker
With Wireless Charging
2
Therefore most people want to maximize the solar energy and maximize the efficiency of solar
panel [7]
Wireless charging is the transmission of an energy from power source to a device that
need to be charged without using wires or cables Nikola Tesla is the ldquoFather of Wirelessrdquo
because he is the one who comprehended the idea of Wireless Power Transmission and also
verified without using wires [2] Wireless power transmission or wireless charging still new in
this modern days although it has been discovered a long time ago because it is not practically
widely and the technology still improving but will not end Wireless charging will help and make
the userrsquos life easier because they need no wire to charge their phone and it is safe
This project will focus on the construction of solar sun tracker with wireless charging
using Arduino Uno microcontroller As what as we know solar tracker is not commercially
implemented Because of the solar tracker is not in the market most of the people only use fixed
solar panel Figure 1 shows fixed solar panel
Figure 11 Fixed Solar Panel
To step up the effectiveness of harvesting sunlight solar tracker is built to achieve
maximum power and to reduce the usage of cables or wires wireless charging is built Solar
tracker will track the movement of the sun every day in a year different with fixed solar panel
that only fix in a certain angle and do not maximize the sunlight
3
12 Problem Statements
Solar panel today mostly fixed solar panel and there is no solar panel that follow the sun
from east to west Fixed solar panel is designed for fixed angle or only one direction and cannot
follow sunrsquos movement Therefore it will produce low power than solar tracker panel and the
efficiency is low compare to the solar tracker panel For a family that needs more output than
normal and wants to reduce electricity bill they need to set up fixed solar panel at east and west
where sun is rises and sun is sets Therefore needs a lot of money to install on the house To
overcome the problem solar tracker panel is the solution because solar tracker panel can go to
180o and 360o by following the sun throughout a year and can generate more output power than
fixed angle Next this system can reduce the time for the users to change the position of fixed
solar panel
Most of the users have a problem to charge their own phone if using ordinary charger
(wired) Furthermore the charger cable can be a mess if it is not placed in a suitable place It is
dangerous for children because the children can get electric shock if we forget to turn off the
power supply because the cable is exposed Without wire or cable room become tidy and safe
for the children Figure 12 and 13 shows messy cables on the table and exposed wire
Figure 12 Messy cables on the table
4
Figure 13 Exposed cables
Today many people want to charge their phone without wire because it is more safer but
the efficiency of wireless charging still not able to compete with cable charging The distance
and the efficiency of charging is limited Therefore wireless charging solar will be developed
and the efficiency is investigated and analyzed to see whether this eco-friendly device able to
charge a battery efficiently Wireless charging consists of many methods Thus to choose which
methods have best efficiency will be discussed and able to produce better efficiency Figure 14
shows existing product of wireless charging
Figure 14 Existing product of wireless charging
5
13 Objectives
The objectives of these project are
To design and develop a wireless charging solar tracker by using Arduino
microcontroller
To investigate and analyze the efficiency of wireless charging solar panel by using
Arduino microcontroller
To investigate the selected method of wireless charging
14 Scope of Project
Figure 15 shows the flow chart of the activity The main function of flowchart is to guide
researchers on how to start manage and completed a project
According to the flow chart the first step a title of the project must be focused on Once the
title is confirmed the objectives must be set based on the appropriate reasons and lacks
Problems that affect the project need to be discovered Without problems that related to the
objectives the objectives that have been set will not be answered Then research must be
conducted about the title of the project and previous works This process helps the researcher to
discover the weakness and solution for the project Writing a report (introduction literature
review and methodology) is started once the data from research are completed For the next step
focuses on software designing and hardware For this part it is very difficult because critical
thinking is needed There will be many circumstances and troubleshooting Implementation
process must be done after designing process has finished Thus in implementation process just
referring the design implementing works will be easier Lastly the completed miniature will be
tested If it works perfectly experiment must be conducted This is to make sure that the results
gain from the experiment is valid When there is some glitches troubleshooting process must be
done to discover the reasons behind the problems If the results are accurate finalizing process
will be done This is the final touch up to makes the miniature and report are fully complete
6
NO
YES
YES
Figure 15 Flowchart of activity
PLANNING
IDENTIFY PROBLEMS amp
RESEARCH
DESIGN SOFTWARE amp
HARDWARE
HARDWARE
IMPLEMENTATION
TESTING AND
DEBUGGING
EXPECTED
RESULT
FINALIZING
END
START
7
15 Expected Outcome
Solar tracker with wireless charging can help the users to get more output power than fixed
panel solar This is because Solar Tracker With Wireless Charging is able to harvest the sunlight
more than static panel with high efficiency User is also able to charge their phone without using
wire or cable and it is safer because this is a combination between solar and wireless charging
16 Report Structure Overview
Project Outline
This report consists of six chapters (Introduction Literature Review Methodology
Project Development and Analysis Discussion and Conclusions and Recommendations) For
FYP 1 three chapters that need to be done that is Introduction Literature Review and
Methodology For FYP 2 in the next semester the remaining chapters will be done Below tells
the short detail about each chapter
Chapter 1 Introduction
In this chapter will explain what is Solar Tracker With Wireless Charging project
overview statement of the problems objectives of the project work planning and expected
outcomes
Chapter 2 Literature Reviews
Literature review discuss the information that related to the project All the research and
studies that obtained from the journals is summarized so that it will correspond to the title This
chapter also discuss the components needed for the project and the full design of Solar Tracker
With Wireless Charging
3
12 Problem Statements
Solar panel today mostly fixed solar panel and there is no solar panel that follow the sun
from east to west Fixed solar panel is designed for fixed angle or only one direction and cannot
follow sunrsquos movement Therefore it will produce low power than solar tracker panel and the
efficiency is low compare to the solar tracker panel For a family that needs more output than
normal and wants to reduce electricity bill they need to set up fixed solar panel at east and west
where sun is rises and sun is sets Therefore needs a lot of money to install on the house To
overcome the problem solar tracker panel is the solution because solar tracker panel can go to
180o and 360o by following the sun throughout a year and can generate more output power than
fixed angle Next this system can reduce the time for the users to change the position of fixed
solar panel
Most of the users have a problem to charge their own phone if using ordinary charger
(wired) Furthermore the charger cable can be a mess if it is not placed in a suitable place It is
dangerous for children because the children can get electric shock if we forget to turn off the
power supply because the cable is exposed Without wire or cable room become tidy and safe
for the children Figure 12 and 13 shows messy cables on the table and exposed wire
Figure 12 Messy cables on the table
4
Figure 13 Exposed cables
Today many people want to charge their phone without wire because it is more safer but
the efficiency of wireless charging still not able to compete with cable charging The distance
and the efficiency of charging is limited Therefore wireless charging solar will be developed
and the efficiency is investigated and analyzed to see whether this eco-friendly device able to
charge a battery efficiently Wireless charging consists of many methods Thus to choose which
methods have best efficiency will be discussed and able to produce better efficiency Figure 14
shows existing product of wireless charging
Figure 14 Existing product of wireless charging
5
13 Objectives
The objectives of these project are
To design and develop a wireless charging solar tracker by using Arduino
microcontroller
To investigate and analyze the efficiency of wireless charging solar panel by using
Arduino microcontroller
To investigate the selected method of wireless charging
14 Scope of Project
Figure 15 shows the flow chart of the activity The main function of flowchart is to guide
researchers on how to start manage and completed a project
According to the flow chart the first step a title of the project must be focused on Once the
title is confirmed the objectives must be set based on the appropriate reasons and lacks
Problems that affect the project need to be discovered Without problems that related to the
objectives the objectives that have been set will not be answered Then research must be
conducted about the title of the project and previous works This process helps the researcher to
discover the weakness and solution for the project Writing a report (introduction literature
review and methodology) is started once the data from research are completed For the next step
focuses on software designing and hardware For this part it is very difficult because critical
thinking is needed There will be many circumstances and troubleshooting Implementation
process must be done after designing process has finished Thus in implementation process just
referring the design implementing works will be easier Lastly the completed miniature will be
tested If it works perfectly experiment must be conducted This is to make sure that the results
gain from the experiment is valid When there is some glitches troubleshooting process must be
done to discover the reasons behind the problems If the results are accurate finalizing process
will be done This is the final touch up to makes the miniature and report are fully complete
6
NO
YES
YES
Figure 15 Flowchart of activity
PLANNING
IDENTIFY PROBLEMS amp
RESEARCH
DESIGN SOFTWARE amp
HARDWARE
HARDWARE
IMPLEMENTATION
TESTING AND
DEBUGGING
EXPECTED
RESULT
FINALIZING
END
START
7
15 Expected Outcome
Solar tracker with wireless charging can help the users to get more output power than fixed
panel solar This is because Solar Tracker With Wireless Charging is able to harvest the sunlight
more than static panel with high efficiency User is also able to charge their phone without using
wire or cable and it is safer because this is a combination between solar and wireless charging
16 Report Structure Overview
Project Outline
This report consists of six chapters (Introduction Literature Review Methodology
Project Development and Analysis Discussion and Conclusions and Recommendations) For
FYP 1 three chapters that need to be done that is Introduction Literature Review and
Methodology For FYP 2 in the next semester the remaining chapters will be done Below tells
the short detail about each chapter
Chapter 1 Introduction
In this chapter will explain what is Solar Tracker With Wireless Charging project
overview statement of the problems objectives of the project work planning and expected
outcomes
Chapter 2 Literature Reviews
Literature review discuss the information that related to the project All the research and
studies that obtained from the journals is summarized so that it will correspond to the title This
chapter also discuss the components needed for the project and the full design of Solar Tracker
With Wireless Charging
4
Figure 13 Exposed cables
Today many people want to charge their phone without wire because it is more safer but
the efficiency of wireless charging still not able to compete with cable charging The distance
and the efficiency of charging is limited Therefore wireless charging solar will be developed
and the efficiency is investigated and analyzed to see whether this eco-friendly device able to
charge a battery efficiently Wireless charging consists of many methods Thus to choose which
methods have best efficiency will be discussed and able to produce better efficiency Figure 14
shows existing product of wireless charging
Figure 14 Existing product of wireless charging
5
13 Objectives
The objectives of these project are
To design and develop a wireless charging solar tracker by using Arduino
microcontroller
To investigate and analyze the efficiency of wireless charging solar panel by using
Arduino microcontroller
To investigate the selected method of wireless charging
14 Scope of Project
Figure 15 shows the flow chart of the activity The main function of flowchart is to guide
researchers on how to start manage and completed a project
According to the flow chart the first step a title of the project must be focused on Once the
title is confirmed the objectives must be set based on the appropriate reasons and lacks
Problems that affect the project need to be discovered Without problems that related to the
objectives the objectives that have been set will not be answered Then research must be
conducted about the title of the project and previous works This process helps the researcher to
discover the weakness and solution for the project Writing a report (introduction literature
review and methodology) is started once the data from research are completed For the next step
focuses on software designing and hardware For this part it is very difficult because critical
thinking is needed There will be many circumstances and troubleshooting Implementation
process must be done after designing process has finished Thus in implementation process just
referring the design implementing works will be easier Lastly the completed miniature will be
tested If it works perfectly experiment must be conducted This is to make sure that the results
gain from the experiment is valid When there is some glitches troubleshooting process must be
done to discover the reasons behind the problems If the results are accurate finalizing process
will be done This is the final touch up to makes the miniature and report are fully complete
6
NO
YES
YES
Figure 15 Flowchart of activity
PLANNING
IDENTIFY PROBLEMS amp
RESEARCH
DESIGN SOFTWARE amp
HARDWARE
HARDWARE
IMPLEMENTATION
TESTING AND
DEBUGGING
EXPECTED
RESULT
FINALIZING
END
START
7
15 Expected Outcome
Solar tracker with wireless charging can help the users to get more output power than fixed
panel solar This is because Solar Tracker With Wireless Charging is able to harvest the sunlight
more than static panel with high efficiency User is also able to charge their phone without using
wire or cable and it is safer because this is a combination between solar and wireless charging
16 Report Structure Overview
Project Outline
This report consists of six chapters (Introduction Literature Review Methodology
Project Development and Analysis Discussion and Conclusions and Recommendations) For
FYP 1 three chapters that need to be done that is Introduction Literature Review and
Methodology For FYP 2 in the next semester the remaining chapters will be done Below tells
the short detail about each chapter
Chapter 1 Introduction
In this chapter will explain what is Solar Tracker With Wireless Charging project
overview statement of the problems objectives of the project work planning and expected
outcomes
Chapter 2 Literature Reviews
Literature review discuss the information that related to the project All the research and
studies that obtained from the journals is summarized so that it will correspond to the title This
chapter also discuss the components needed for the project and the full design of Solar Tracker
With Wireless Charging
5
13 Objectives
The objectives of these project are
To design and develop a wireless charging solar tracker by using Arduino
microcontroller
To investigate and analyze the efficiency of wireless charging solar panel by using
Arduino microcontroller
To investigate the selected method of wireless charging
14 Scope of Project
Figure 15 shows the flow chart of the activity The main function of flowchart is to guide
researchers on how to start manage and completed a project
According to the flow chart the first step a title of the project must be focused on Once the
title is confirmed the objectives must be set based on the appropriate reasons and lacks
Problems that affect the project need to be discovered Without problems that related to the
objectives the objectives that have been set will not be answered Then research must be
conducted about the title of the project and previous works This process helps the researcher to
discover the weakness and solution for the project Writing a report (introduction literature
review and methodology) is started once the data from research are completed For the next step
focuses on software designing and hardware For this part it is very difficult because critical
thinking is needed There will be many circumstances and troubleshooting Implementation
process must be done after designing process has finished Thus in implementation process just
referring the design implementing works will be easier Lastly the completed miniature will be
tested If it works perfectly experiment must be conducted This is to make sure that the results
gain from the experiment is valid When there is some glitches troubleshooting process must be
done to discover the reasons behind the problems If the results are accurate finalizing process
will be done This is the final touch up to makes the miniature and report are fully complete
6
NO
YES
YES
Figure 15 Flowchart of activity
PLANNING
IDENTIFY PROBLEMS amp
RESEARCH
DESIGN SOFTWARE amp
HARDWARE
HARDWARE
IMPLEMENTATION
TESTING AND
DEBUGGING
EXPECTED
RESULT
FINALIZING
END
START
7
15 Expected Outcome
Solar tracker with wireless charging can help the users to get more output power than fixed
panel solar This is because Solar Tracker With Wireless Charging is able to harvest the sunlight
more than static panel with high efficiency User is also able to charge their phone without using
wire or cable and it is safer because this is a combination between solar and wireless charging
16 Report Structure Overview
Project Outline
This report consists of six chapters (Introduction Literature Review Methodology
Project Development and Analysis Discussion and Conclusions and Recommendations) For
FYP 1 three chapters that need to be done that is Introduction Literature Review and
Methodology For FYP 2 in the next semester the remaining chapters will be done Below tells
the short detail about each chapter
Chapter 1 Introduction
In this chapter will explain what is Solar Tracker With Wireless Charging project
overview statement of the problems objectives of the project work planning and expected
outcomes
Chapter 2 Literature Reviews
Literature review discuss the information that related to the project All the research and
studies that obtained from the journals is summarized so that it will correspond to the title This
chapter also discuss the components needed for the project and the full design of Solar Tracker
With Wireless Charging
6
NO
YES
YES
Figure 15 Flowchart of activity
PLANNING
IDENTIFY PROBLEMS amp
RESEARCH
DESIGN SOFTWARE amp
HARDWARE
HARDWARE
IMPLEMENTATION
TESTING AND
DEBUGGING
EXPECTED
RESULT
FINALIZING
END
START
7
15 Expected Outcome
Solar tracker with wireless charging can help the users to get more output power than fixed
panel solar This is because Solar Tracker With Wireless Charging is able to harvest the sunlight
more than static panel with high efficiency User is also able to charge their phone without using
wire or cable and it is safer because this is a combination between solar and wireless charging
16 Report Structure Overview
Project Outline
This report consists of six chapters (Introduction Literature Review Methodology
Project Development and Analysis Discussion and Conclusions and Recommendations) For
FYP 1 three chapters that need to be done that is Introduction Literature Review and
Methodology For FYP 2 in the next semester the remaining chapters will be done Below tells
the short detail about each chapter
Chapter 1 Introduction
In this chapter will explain what is Solar Tracker With Wireless Charging project
overview statement of the problems objectives of the project work planning and expected
outcomes
Chapter 2 Literature Reviews
Literature review discuss the information that related to the project All the research and
studies that obtained from the journals is summarized so that it will correspond to the title This
chapter also discuss the components needed for the project and the full design of Solar Tracker
With Wireless Charging
7
15 Expected Outcome
Solar tracker with wireless charging can help the users to get more output power than fixed
panel solar This is because Solar Tracker With Wireless Charging is able to harvest the sunlight
more than static panel with high efficiency User is also able to charge their phone without using
wire or cable and it is safer because this is a combination between solar and wireless charging
16 Report Structure Overview
Project Outline
This report consists of six chapters (Introduction Literature Review Methodology
Project Development and Analysis Discussion and Conclusions and Recommendations) For
FYP 1 three chapters that need to be done that is Introduction Literature Review and
Methodology For FYP 2 in the next semester the remaining chapters will be done Below tells
the short detail about each chapter
Chapter 1 Introduction
In this chapter will explain what is Solar Tracker With Wireless Charging project
overview statement of the problems objectives of the project work planning and expected
outcomes
Chapter 2 Literature Reviews
Literature review discuss the information that related to the project All the research and
studies that obtained from the journals is summarized so that it will correspond to the title This
chapter also discuss the components needed for the project and the full design of Solar Tracker
With Wireless Charging