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Suresh Chaudhari – Global Technology Centre
Volume 1, ul 2011
Solution for Zigbee
Applications
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1. Introduction to Zigbee
Zigbee technology standard created for Control and Sensor Networks, the
standard is based on the IEEE 802.15.4 Standard Created by the ZigBee
Alliance. ZigBee is suitable for radio-frequency (RF) applications that
require a low data rate (250 Kbps), short range (from 75m to a few
kilometres), low power, simple architecture, low cost, long battery life,
and secure network.
ZigBee works in the industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) radio bands;
868 MHz in Europe, 915 MHz in countries like USA and Australia, and 2.4
GHz in most of the countries in the world. High bandwidth, high speed,
dual channels (Tx and Rx).The entire ZigBee protocols consist of security
services, application layer (APS and ZDO), NWK layer, MAC layer and PHY
layer, which can support three network structures of star, cluster tree and
mesh.
There are three different types of ZigBee devices which include ZigBee
coordinator (ZC), ZigBee router (ZR) and ZigBee end device (ZED).The
full and clear protocols are implemented by the ZigBee protocol stack.
ZigBee's goal is to define a general-purpose, inexpensive, self-organizing
mesh network. Typical application areas include Building Automation,
Smart Energy, Health, Care Telecommunication Services, Home
Automation and RF4CE.
2. History and Background of Zigbee
The ZigBee Alliance is formed in October 2004. The ZigBee Alliance is a
group of companies that worked in cooperation to develop a network
protocol that can be used in a variety of commercial and industrial low
data rate applications.
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An end product may be certified for either Interoperability with
other ZigBee end products;
Or Operating within a “closed system” but able to coexist with other
ZigBee products.
3.2 Standards
The ZigBee standard was created to address the need for a cost effective,
standards-based wireless networking solution that supports low data-
rates, low-power consumption, security, and reliability.
The ZigBee standard specifies a full protocol stack for enabling
wireless control applications.
ZigBee protocol stack structure as shown in Figure 1, IEEE802.15.4
responsible for the physical layer and MAC layer protocol, ZigBee
Alliance to develop the network layer, application layer security
services interface and protocol, can be user-defined application
layer.
Figure 1 IEEE 802.15.4 Stack
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4. How Zigbee Works (brief)
The ZigBee standard has the capacity to address up to 65535 nodes in a
single network. However, the ZigBee Protocol defines three general types
of nodes: Coordinators, Routers and End Device, with a requirement ofone Coordinator per network. While all nodes can send and receive data,
there are differences in the specific roles they play. An example of a
ZigBee network is shown below in Figure 2.
Zigbee Coordinators (Network Creator) - are the most capable of the
three node types. There is exactly one coordinator in each network and it
is the device that establishes the network originally. It is able to store
information about the network, including security keys.
Zigbee Routers (Multi-hop Routing)- act as intermediate nodes,
relaying data from other devices.
Zigbee End Devices (Very low power) - can be low-power / battery-
powered devices. They have sufficient functionality to talk to their parents
(either the coordinator or a router) and cannot relay data from other
devices. This reduced functionality allows for the potential to reduce their
cost.
To provide for low cost implementation options, the ZigBee Physical
Device type distinguishes the type of hardware based on the IEEE
802.15.4 definition of reduced function device (RFD) and full functiondevice (FFD) as shown in table 1. An IEEE 802.15.4 network requires at
least one FFD to act as a network coordinator.
Reduced Function Device Full Function Device
Limited to star topology Can function in any topology
Cannot become network coordinator Capable of being Network
coordinator
Talks only to network coordinator
(FFD)
Capable of being a coordinator
Simple implementation – min RAM
and ROM
Can talk to any other device
(FFD/RFD)
Generally battered powered Generally line powered
Table 1 ZigBee Physical Device Types
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Figure 2 ZigBee network
ZigBee uses two types of devices. Reduced-function devices (RFDs) aresensors that communicate with full-function devices (FFDs). FFDs are
complex nodes that conform to the full 802.15.4 standard and can serve
as routers. An end device gets its instructions from a ZigBee Coordinator.
All ZigBee networks must include a coordinator, which is a full function
device that manages the network.
ZigBee technology provides static and dynamic star, cluster tree and
mesh networking structures that allow large area network coverage,
scalable networks and single point-of-failure avoidance.
If the end device is out of range of its coordinator, it can communicate
through a router. The diagram shows what is called a mesh network. The
term mesh is used because of the routers and coordinators have multiple
communication path options. network may be extended through the use
of ZigBee routers, Using local addressing you can configure simple
networks of more than 65,000 (216) nodes, thereby reducing address
overhead.
Mesh
Star
ZigBee EndDevice
ZigBee Router (FFD)
ZigBee Coordinator
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system, along with its basic monitoring functions can be expanded to
provide status and control of home lighting when entering and exiting a
home.
ZigBee is a standards-based technology for remote monitoring, control
and sensor network applications. Figure 3 shows, a typical ZigBee-enabled device includes a radio frequency integrated circuit (RF IC) with a
partially implemented PHY layer connected to a low-power, low-voltage 8-
bit microcontroller with peripherals, connected to an application sensor or
actuators.
Sensor networks are developed for many uses. The principal tasks of
sensor networks are monitoring, collecting ambient parameters, and
making decisions about control of the parameters. Sensor application like;
lighting control, TV remote control, motion detector, door control &
remote temperature sensor and many more as shown in figure 3.
Connecting the home to the Smart grid
With the help of HAN (Home Area Network), able to track energy costs in
real-time and to be able to understand the various energy flows within
the home or building. Such an insight together with means to remote
control appliances, if available on easy to install, easy to use devices, and
accessible on an online or mobile, in the home or remote display panel,
will empower customers and help them change their behavior (and thus
reduce their bill).
A typical deployment scenario for the Home Energy Gateway within the
HAN is described in Figure 4.
The Home Energy Gateway:
receives price events or demand-response events through the AMI
network and its
smart-meter interface to the HAN (or potentially through the
broadband interface)
monitors and controls a set of demand-response appliances (e.g.
thermostat, water boiler, heater, …)
monitors and controls a set of home-automation related appliances
(e.g. washing machine, dimming lights, …)
reads power figures out of the various meters on a periodic basis
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Figure 4 Home Energy Gateway
The Home Energy Gateway reference platform developed by Freescale is
an open Hardware (HW) and Software (SW) platform aimed at
jumpstarting development of HAN products, for homes in the service
territory of utilities implementing consumer energy management
programs.
The Freescale Home Energy Gateway platform is powerful enough to
collect real-time data delivered by a network of intelligent meters and
sensors, but also to run a framework processing and delivering analytical
visualizations in an intuitive and powerful visual way through a number of
access methods like touch screen, mobile phones and web browsers.
A ZigBee Network based Heart Rate Monitoring System for Pre-
mature babies
Most hospitals use ECG (Electrocardiography ) for monitoring a baby’s
heart rate due to they do not have remote monitoring system. This
solution providing remote monitoring capability as shown in figure
5.Remote heart beat monitoring system using wireless technology for
new-born premature babies kept in hospital incubators. With the help of
this solution hospital staff can be alert in case a babies’ heart rate is
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detected as abnormal. Th
a using one ZigBee Co-
CC2430 system on a chip
a USB Slave interface,
accelerometer, light sens
Figure 5
6.
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layout (often including antenna) is already done and the module have
been manufacturing tested and tested towards conformance to standards.
Firmware
Firmware will be pre-loaded with ZigBee module product. This can be
customized depends on your application, all support will be available from
supplier to make end product as per customer need.
Device Certification
Once the end product is ready, product should go some certification level
process to get Zigbee certified product.
6.1 Telegesis Smart Energy Product solution
ETRX3 series modules
The ETRX3 series is the 3rd generation
of advanced ZigBee modules from
Telegesis and the first module family on
the market to feature the EM357 and
EM351- the latest ARM® Cortex M-3
SOC's from Ember. ETRX3 series
modules have a footprint of just 19mm
x 25mm for both standard and PA/LNA
versions which represents a 40%reduction in size compared to the ETRX2
module. They will be available with either an on board antennae or a
Hirose UFL connector to allow connection of external antennae.
ETRX2USB-IPD
The ETRX2USB wireless mesh
networking USB Stick is effectively an
RS232 to USB bridge connected to an
ETRX2 wireless meshing module. This
allows connectivity to a computer’sUSB port. The supplied drivers create
a virtual COM Port, so that the
command line of the ETRX2 can be
accessed via any terminal software
application.ETRX2USB ZigBee USB
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stick pre loaded with ZigBee Smart Energy in Home Display (IHD)
firmware.
6.2 Drop-in Networking solutions by Digi
Drop-in Networks provide end-to-end wireless connectivity to electronic
devices in locations where wire line infrastructure doesn’t exist or satisfy
customer needs. Digi products are used to create Drop-in Networking
solutions, These include ConnectPort X gateways, XBee adapters and
embedded modules as well as XBee wall routers as shown one of the
example in figure 6. This solution Provide IP connectivity to the zigbee
network using the connect portX4 gateway & Monitor light and
temperature readings from the XBee ZB wall router.
Figure 6: IP connectivity to the zigbee network
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Drop-in Networks are suited to a wide range of applications in Lighting
controls Automatic Meter Reading, Tank level monitoring, Agricultural
automation,HVAC control, Remote site monitoring and backup,
Refrigeration monitoring, medical sensing and monitoring.
6.3 ATMEL Zigbee product
ZigBit Wireless Modules
ZigBits are compact 802.15.4/ZigBee
modules featuring record breaking range
performance and exceptional ease-of-
integration. ZigBits also pack a complete FCC /CE/ARIB-certified RF design that eliminates
costly and time-consuming RF development
to get your product to market on-time and
on-budget. The product also combines a
bundled IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee PRO-
certified software to make ZigBits so they can
be used worldwide by system integrators and OEMs to add standards-
based wireless connectivity to their products for energy efficiency,
building automation, automated meter reading and other applications.
ATmega128RFA1
Atmel's ATmega128RFA1 is the Industry's first
wireless and touch single-chip microcontroller.
The embedded radio interface offers a unique
hardware feature set to boost the overall
system performance and to support a great
variety of IEEE 802.15.4 compliant
applications. The radio link reliability is alsoimproved when using the antenna diversity
feature, which automatically selects the best
signal from two antennas for each incoming
frame. The device supports the control of
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external power amplifiers for range extension. High-data rate modes of up
to 2 Mbit/s are available to address the general purpose 2.4 GHz ISM
applications.
ATmega128RFA1 evaluation kit (ATAVR128RFA1-EK1)
The ATmega128RFA1
evaluation kit accelerates
development, debugging,
and demonstration of IEEE
802.15.4-compliant wireless
applications. The kit
contains two evaluation
boards for the Atmel ATmega128RFA1 device, which covers the 2.4GHz
ISM bands for use with the STK600 Starter Kit. The BitCloud PS SDKprovides a complete set of tools—including API documentation, reference
applications, BitCloud ZigBee PRO stack and ZCL libraries—to build
ZigBee-compliant end products running customized ZigBee Smart Energy,
ZigBee Commercial Building Automation, and ZigBee Home Automation
applications on Atmel megaRF, AVR® XMEGA®, AVR UC3, and SAM3S
series families of microcontrollers.
6.4 NXP JN5148-EK010 Evaluation kit
NXP’s JN5148-EK010 evaluation kit
provides a complete environment for
the development of JenNet and
ZigBee PRO applications based on
the JN5148 wireless microcontroller.
The kit contains a complete package
of hardware and software, includingfive wireless sensor nodes, an
unrestricted software developer kit
(SDK), and example code.
The SDK provides a complete set of
development tools, software libraries
and APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) for programming and
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controlling the on-chip peripherals of the JN5148, for configuring and
managing the network and for data communication.
Out of the box, the hardware nodes are pre-programmed and
demonstrate an example home sensor demo that monitors the state of
sensors on the wireless nodes and presents this information on thecontroller node’s LCD display.
6.5 TI's ZigBee solutions
TI offers three ZigBee-compliant platforms, built on the second generation
CC2530 and CC2520 IEEE 802.15.4 radios.
The ZigBee second generation CC2530 SOC (system-on-chip) is a
ZigBee "golden unit suite" that is targeted for low power
applications and small form factor designs.
The CC2530ZNP ( ZigBee network processor) can be used for
designs where the CC2530ZNP, containing the ZigBee Pro stack,
communicate to the system's main processor through the SPI
interface. This partitioning option allows the designer to keep the
ZigBee application profile and any other applications on the main
processor.
The second generation CC2520 802.15.4 transceiver can be usedwith the MSP430™ MCU's and Stellaris™ suite of ARM Cortex M3
technology. It is recommended for designers who want additionalflash and RAM.
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6.6 Renesas RZB-CC16C-ZDK
The ZigBee Demo Kit
(ZDK) is the first of three
kits in Renesas' complete
development environment.The kit includes hardware,
software and
documentation necessary
to experience true ZigBee
networking capabilities first
hand.
The hardware consists of
four M16C 2.4 GHz RF
development boards with one board pre-programmed with sniffer
functionality. Additional boards can be ordered to expand the network.(RZB-CC28FC-BRD) Developed in-house by Renesas, the software
includes a full implementation demo version of the ZigBee stack and IEEE
802/15/4 MAC. The ZDK comes with a Renesas packet sniffer that can
follow devices as they create and join networks and trace packets
transmitted over the air between nodes. Also included is an evaluation
version of the M16C software development suites of tools that can be
used to develop M16C applications.
6.7 Microchip MRF24J40MA moduleMRF24J40MA is a certified 2.4 GHz IEEE
802.15.4 radio transceiver module. The
MRF24J40MA has an integrated PCB antenna,
matching circuitry, and supports the ZigBee™,
MiWi™ and MiWi P2P protocols. The
MRF24J40MA Module connects to hundreds of
PIC® microcontrollers via a 4-wire SPI
interface and is an ideal solution for wirelesssensor networks, home automation, building
automation and consumer applications.
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6.8 RFMD RF6525
RFMD offers the RF6525, which integrates a
complete solution in a single front end module (FEM)for Smart Energy/ZigBee applications in the 2.4-2.5
GHz band. This FEM integrates the power amplifier
plus harmonic filter in the transmit path and the lownoise amplifier (LNA) with bypass mode in thereceive side. The RF6525 also incorporates adiversity switch and provides balanced input andoutput signals for both transmit and receive paths,respectively.
7.
Reference Design
7.1 CC2530 Reference Designs (CC2530BALUN-REFDES) from
Texas Instruments
The CC253X chipset family from
Texas Instruments are single-chip
solutions for 2.4 GHz IEEE
802.15.4 / RF4CE / ZigBee. The
chips include radio, up to 256kB
FLASH and a single-cycle
microcontroller.
Power consumption in sleep mode
can be as low as 0.4uA. Johanson
Technology, Inc’s 2450BM15A0002
Balun-Low Pass Filter integrated
passive component was specifically designed for use with the CC253X
family. This matched balun simplifies the RF front-end by considerably
reducing component count and implementation area size. The
2450BM15A0002 is a six-pin device with small mechanical dimensions of
only 2.0 mm x 1.25 mm x 0.7mm (EIA 0805) and an approximate
footprint of 1.65 mm x 2.8 mm.
Johanson Technology has developed a solution with a chip Balun-LPF that
is especially matched for the CC253X family ICs, the 2450BM15A0002 as
shown in figure.
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EM35x Reference Design Using RFMD RF6525(RFSM6525EM357-410)
RFMD’s portfolio of single-chip integrated front end modules (FEMs) are
developed for high-performance ZigBee® Home Area Network(HAN) /
Smart Energy applications in the 2.4 GHz to 2.5 GHz ISM band.
The RF6525, RF6515, and RF6535 are specifically designed to operate
with the Ember EM300 Series System-on-Chips (SoCs) - EM351 and
EM357, EM250 SoC, and EM260 co-processor.
The RFSM6525EM357
reference design is a
partnership between
RFMD and Ember
presenting a complete
2.4GHz IEEE
802.15.4-2003-
compliant radio
transceiver solution.
Ember presents a fully
integrated system-on-
chip (SoC) with 32-bit ARM® Cortex™-M3 microprocessor, flash memory,
and RAM memory, delivering unmatched performance and EmberZNet
PRO network protocol stack to designers of ZigBee-based systems. RFMD
presents a world class front end module (FEM) for efficient extended
output power above 20dBm with harmonic filtering, diversity switch, and
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LNA option for "bypass mode". This document briefly describes the
RFSM6525EM357 reference design and how it is set up and configured for
Engineering Evaluation of the RF6525 FEM using Ember’s nodetest
application firmware, pre-flashed on the EM357 SoC. Snapshots of Tx and
Rx data are included.
The schematics in this package can be used in both NCP & SOC designs
involving the EM35x. Connect NCP to the host using either UART or SPI
serial connection as shown in below block diagram.
RF6515/RF6525 FEM Block Diagram
7.2 IEEE 802.15.4 USB Dongle Reference design from NXP
The IEEE 802.15.4 USB Dongle provides an easy way of communicating
with Jennic’s JN5148 wireless microcontroller from a USB connection.
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With suitable embedded software running on the JN5148 device, the
dongle can then communicate with an IEEE 802.15.4, JenNet or ZigBee
PRO network.
The IEEE 802.15.4 USB Dongle provides an easy way of interfacing a host
machine (such as a PC) to a wireless network based on the IEEE 802.15.4
protocol standard, where this network may additionally employ theZigBee PRO or JenNet networking protocol. The dongle incorporates the
Jennic JN5148 wireless microcontroller, allowing a direct USB connection
between the host machine and the JN5148 device, which then provides
the radio interface to the wireless network. Typical uses of the dongle
include:
A complete and stable hardware environment for the development
of IEEE 802.15.4, ZigBee PRO and Jenie/JenNet applications,
facilitating an accelerated time-to-market for wireless network
products
The basis of a packet sniffer for IEEE 802.15.4-based wireless
communications
A means of integrating the host machine into a wireless network,
typically as the network Co-ordinator
The small-footprint PCB of the dongle provides all the necessary
components for a wireless microcontroller with access to a USB
connection. All RF layout and decoupling issues are handled by the design
of this dongle. Therefore, this design is ready for application development
without the necessity of hardware development.
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The basic block shown in Layout for JN5148 USB Dongle as shown below.
Layout for JN5148 USB Dongle
8.
Zigbee Development Kits
Manufact
urer EVKs Part
Number Evaluation Kits Title NOC FOC
TI
CC2530ZDK-
ZNP-MINI CC2530 Mini ZNP Kit 21T0788 1866743
TI CC2530ZDK CC2530 ZigBee Development Kit 11R6294 1752230
TI
CC2420MSP430Z
DK
CC2420+MSP430 ZigBee/IEEE
802.15.4 development kit NA NA
TI
CC2500-
CC2550DK CC2500/CC2550DK Development Kit 80K1272 1248465
TI
CC2510-
CC2511DK CC2510/CC2511 Development Kit 13M6220 1752222
TI CC2520DK KIT, CC2520, ZIGBEE DEVELOPMENT 72M7122 1573886
TI CC2430DK CC2430 Development Kit 80K1270 1248475
TI DK-EM2-2520Z
The Stellaris® 2.4 GHz ZigBee
Wireless Networking Kit 01T0046 1856670
NXP JN5148-EK010
Development of JenNet and ZigBee
PRO applications based on the JN5148
wireless microcontroller 33R0170 1739333
ATMEL ATAVRRZ600
RZ600 Evaluation and Development
Kit NA NA
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ATMEL
ATmega128RFA1
-EK1 ATmega128RFA1 Evaluation Kit NA NA
RENESAS RZB-CC16C-ZDK ZigBee Demonstration Kit NA NA
RFM(CIRRO
NET ) ZMN2405 DK Pro Pro Zigbee®Developer Kit NA NA
RFM
ZMN2405HPDKP
RO K Pro Zigbee®Developer Kit NA 1549682
RFM ZMN2405HPDK Pro Zigbee®Developer Kit NA 1549681
RFM ZPM3570DK 2.4 GHz Development Kit NA NA
AUREL
ZIGBEE DEMO
KIT AUREL ZigBee Development Kit 04R7751 1699482
DIGI XK-Z11-EBP-WE
ZB ZigBee Networking Development
Kit 34R5512 1751802
TELEGESIS ETRX3DVKA357 ETRX3 ZigBee Development Kit 20T2024 1854238
9.
Available Zigbee modules in market/E14
Manufactur
e
Part number Description NOC FOC
TI CC2520-
CC2591EMK
KIT, EVAL MOD, CC2520-
CC2591
12P7413 1752226
TI CC2520EMK KIT, EVAL MOD, CC2520 45P6552 1752227
TI CC2530-CC2591EMK
KIT, EVAL MODULE, FORCC2530-CC2591
63R9869 1866742
TI CC2530EMK KIT, EVAL MOD, CC2530 08R6191 1752229
TI CC2590EMK KIT, DEV, ZIGBEE, CC2590 12P7414 1752231
TI CC2591EMK KIT, EVALUATION MODULE 14N9000 1631623
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FOR CC2591
DIGI XB24-AWI-001 WIRE ANTENNA MODULE,
XBEE, 1MW
42M2670 1337912
DIGI XBP24-AWI-
001
WIRE ANTENNA MODULE,
XBEEPRO, 100MW
42M2667 1337916
ATMEL ATZB-24-A2R 2.4 GHz ZigBee OEM Module
w/ dual chip antenna
51R6347 1773400
ATMEL ATZB-A24-U0R 2.4 GHz ZigBee Power
Amplified OEM Module w/
Unbalanced RF output
51R6346 1773403
NXP JN5148-001-
M00
JenNet, ZigBee PRO and
IEEE802.15.4 Module
33R0173 33R0173
TELEGESIS ETRX2USB ETRX2USB ZigBee USB stick 11N7868 1606666
TELEGESIS ETRX3USB ETRX357 ZigBee module. NA NA
TELEGESIS ETRX-UMI ZigBee module on the market
meeting the new UMI
(Universal Metering
Standard)
NA NA
TELEGESIS ETRX357 MODULE, ZIGBEE, ETRX3,
CHIP ANT
20T2026 1854234
TELEGESIS ETRX351 MODULE, ZIGBEE, ETRX351,
CHIP ANT
20T2025 1854394
RFM ZPM3570-C 2.4 GHz Transceiver Module NA NA
AUREL XTR-ZBI-CLI ZigBee module for short
range applications (low
power Cordinator),
04R7745 1699480
AUREL XTR-ZBI-ELI ZigBee module for shortrange applications (low
power End device)
04R7746 1699479
AUREL XTR-ZBI-RLI ZigBee module for short
range applications (low
power Router)
04R7748 1699478
AUREL XTR-ZBI-CHE ZigBee module for long range 04R7744 1699476
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Solution for Zigbee Applications Page
applications (high power
Cordinator )
AUREL XTR-ZBI-RHE ZigBee module for long range
applications (high power
Router )
04R7747 1699475
10.
Glossary:
AF Application Framework
APL Application Layer
APSApplication Supportsublayer
MACMedium Access Controllayer
NIBNetwork InformationBase
NWK Network layer
PHY Physical layer
WPANWireless Personal AreaNetwork
ZC ZigBee Coordinator
ZDO ZigBee Device Object
ZED ZigBee End Device
ZR ZigBee Router
11.
Reference
http://www.zigbee.org/en/index.asp
http://www.zigbee.org/en/resources/presentations.asp
P. Kinney, ZigBee Technology: Wireless Control that Simply Works, White
Paper dated 2 October 2003.
http://www.technologyreview.com/articles/04/08/wo_brown081904.asp
http://www.zigbee.org/imwp/idms/popups/pop_download.asp?ContentID
=6200
http://www.ieee802.org/15/
www.daintree.net/downloads/whitepapers/zigbee_primer
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Basic introduction of Zigbee
European ZigBee Forum
ZigBee: The Choice for Energy Management and Efficiency
ZigBee Wireless Sensor Applications for Health, Wellness and Fitness
ZigBee Enables Smart Buildings of the Future Today
ZigBee Vision for the Home
ZigBee Technology: Wireless Control that Simply Works
ZigBee FAQ
ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 Summary
ZigBee™ Wireless Transceiver Engineering Options
ZigBee 2009 Resource Guide
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