1 South Africa | Country reports | Trends in global energy efficiency 2011
South AfricaEnergy efficiency report
Objectives:
– 12% energy intensity reduction by 2015–15%finalenergydemandreductionforindustryby2015
1 TheEuropeanUnion,asthebest-performingregion,isusedasthebenchmark.
Latest update: February 2011
Overview 2009 2000-2009 (% / year)
Primaryintensity(EU=100)1 253 -- -1.1% -CO2intensity(EU=100) 294 -- -1.7% -
CO2emissionspercapita(intCO2 /cap) 6.9 + 0.4% -Power generation 2009 2000-2009 (% / year)Efficiencyofthermalpowerplants(in%) 38 - 0.7% +RateofelectricityT&Dlosses(in%) 11 -- 2.7% --CO2emissionsperkWhgenerated(ingCO2 /kWh) 817 -- -0.7% -Industry 2009* 2000-2009* (% / year)Energyintensity(EU=100) 215 -- -2.3% -Unitconsumptionofsteel(intoe/t) 0.60 -- -0.7% -*2008and2000-2008forsteel
++ Amongbestcountries + Better than the EU average1 - BelowtheEUaverage1 -- Amongcountrieswithlowestperformances
Trends in global energy efficiency 2011 | Country reports | South Africa 2
1. Overview1.1. Policies: 12% energy intensity reduction target for 2015FollowingtheapprovaloftheEnergyEfficiencyStrategyofSouthAfricabytheCabinetin2005,alistofcommitmentswasnegotiatedbetweenindustryandthegovernment.TheMinisterforEnergyandMinerals,togetherwiththeCEOsof24majorenergyusersandsevenindustrialassociations,signedtheEnergyEfficiencyAccord,therebyvoluntarilycommittingthemselvestoindividuallyandcollectivelyworktowardtheachievementofthegovernment’senergysavingstarget.Thestrategyinvolvesa15percentenergydemandreductiontargetinindustryby2015comparedwithareferenceprojection,anda12percenttotalenergyintensityreductiontargetforthecountryasawholebythesamedate.
1.2. Energy consumption trends: important role for coalSouthAfrica’senergyconsumptionpercapitaishighcom-paredwiththeworldaverage:2.7toeversus1.8toe.Totalenergyconsumptionincreasedby1.1percent/yearbetween1990and2002.Eversince,ithasincreasedattheveryrapidrateofover4percent/year.Finalconsumptionfollowedthesametrendastotalenergyconsumptionbetween1990and2002;sincethenithasincreasedataslowerrateperyear.
Coalplaysanimportantroleinmeetingthecountry’senergydemand,accountingforaround70percentofconsumptionin2009,butitsmarketshareisdecreasing(74percentin2000).In2009oilaccountedfor13percentofconsumption,andbiomassforaround10percent.Themarketshareofgasisincreasingslightly(3percentin2009comparedwith1.6per-centin2000),whilenuclearaccountsforaround3percent.
Source: Enerdata
Primary consumption
Final consumption
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
1990 1995 2000 2005 2009
Mto
e
Figure 1: Total and final energy consumption trends
Whiletheshareofindustrialenergyconsumptionisstableatagloballevel,itisdecreasingsignificantlyinSouthAfrica:from
53percentin1990toaround40percentin2009.Thehouse-holds,servicesandagriculturesectorsabsorbedmorethan25percentofconsumptionin1990and35percentin2009.Transportcurrentlyaccountsfor24percent.
Source: Enerdata
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
1990 2000 2005 2009
Households - Services -Agriculture
Transport
Industry (including non energy uses)
Figure 2: Distribution of final energy consumption by sector
Thecountry’selectricityconsumptionpercapitaisabout60percenthigherthantheworldaverage(4,150kWhin2009,comparedwiththeworldaverageof2,550kWh).Totalelectric-ityconsumptionincreasedatapaceof3percentperyearfrom1990to2007.Becauseoftheglobalcrisis,electricitycon-sumptionhasdecreasedby3.5percentperyearsince2007.
Electricityrepresents26percentoffinalenergyconsumption,withanincreasingmarketshare(21percentin1990and25percentin2000).Theindustrialsectorconsumesabout60percentoftheelectricityusedinthecountry.
Source: Enerdata
0
50
100
150
200
250
TWh
Industry Others
1990 1995 2000 2005 2009
Figure 3: Electricity consumption trends by sector
3 South Africa | Country reports | Trends in global energy efficiency 2011
South AfricaEnergy efficiency report
1.3. Energy efficiency and CO2 trends: decrease in CO2 intensity between 2000 and 2009TotalenergyconsumptionperunitofGDP(primaryenergyintensity),measuredatpurchasingpowerparity,isabout60percenthigherthantheworldaverage.
Totalenergyintensitydecreasedattheslowrateof0.4per-cent/yearbetween1990and2009.Since2000,SouthAfrica’stotalenergyintensityhasdecreasedmorerapidly(1per-cent/year).Onaverage,thereductioninfinalenergyintensity(finalenergyconsumptionperunitofGDP)wasfasterbetween1990and2008;thosedifferenttrendsareexplainedbyincreasinglossesinpowergenerationduetothefactthatelectricityconsumptionisgrowingrapidly,andthatelectricityispredominantlyproducedfromcoal.
CO2emissionsperunitofGDP(CO2intensity)decreasedatafasterpacethantotalenergyintensity(abouttwiceasfastbetween1990and2009).Between2000and2009,CO2 intensity decreased even faster: about 40 percent of that decreaseisexplainedbyenergyswitchestocarbon-freeenergies(decreaseintheshareofcoalinenergyconsumption),andtheremaining60percentbytheenergyintensityreduction.
Source: Enerdata
-1.8%
-1.6%
-1.4%
-1.2%
-1.0%
-0.8%
-0.6%
-0.4%
-0.2%
0.0%
1990-2009 2000-2009
%/y
ear
Primary energy intensity
Final energy intensity
CO2 intensity
Figure 4: Energy and CO2 intensity trends
2. Power generation2.1. Policies: 10 TWh from renewables in 2013In2003thegovernmentpublishedaWhitePaperonRenew-ableEnergy,whichsetsa10TWhrenewableenergyproduc-tiontargetfor2013.
TheEnergyRegulator(NERSA)hasapprovedtheRenewableEnergyFeed-InTariff(Refit)guidelines.TheRefitPowerPur-chaseAgreement,whichhasatermof20years,willbereviewedeveryyearthroughoutthefirstfiveyearsofitsimple-mentation,andeverythreeyearsthereafter.
TheSouthAfricanutilityEskomhaslaunchedanationalDemand-SideManagement(DSM)initiativetoauditenergyuseintheindustrial,commercialandhouseholdssectors.TheDSMauditssupportEskom’slong-termstrategytoreduceSouthAfrica’selectricitydemandduringpeakperiods.
2.2. Power generation trends by source: strong domination of coalSouthAfricahasoneoftheworld’slargestsharesofelectricityproductionfromcoal:in2009,92percentofelectricitywasgeneratedfromcoal,whilenuclearpoweraccountedfor6percentandhydroelectricityforaround2percent.Accordingly,CO2-freeelectricitygenerationaccountedfor8percentoftotalpowergeneration.Theseshareshavebeenstablesince1990.
Source: Enerdata
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1990 2000 2009
TWh
Other*
Hydro
Nuclear
Gas
Oil
Coal-Lignite
*Including biomass, geothermal and solar
Figure 5: Power generation by source
2.3. Efficiency of the power sector: significant improve-ments over the last 10 yearsSincemorethan90percentofpowergenerationisproducedfromcoal,theoverallefficiencyofpowergenerationisclosetothatofthermalpowerplants.Theefficiencyofthermalpowergenerationcurrentlycorrespondstointernationalstandards,despiteasteadydeclineinthepast,from38percentin1990tolessthan34percentin1998.Ithasbeenincreasingsincethenandin2009reached38percent,whichis1percentagepointlowerthantheworldaverage.
Trends in global energy efficiency 2011 | Country reports | South Africa 4
Source: Enerdata
Total power generation
Thermal power plants
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
%
1990 1995 2000 2005 2009
Figure 6: Efficiency of power generation and thermal power plants
Source: Enerdata
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Steam
GW
1990 1995 2000 2005 2009
Figure 7: Thermal electricity capacity, by technology
TherateofT&DlossesintheSouthAfricangridwasabove11percentofthedistributedvolumesin2009,whichishigherthantheworldaverage(9percent).Thoselosseshaveincreasedovertime(6.5percentin1990).
Source: Enerdata
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
%
1990 1995 2000 2005 2009
Figure 8: Electric T&D losses
The average CO2emissionfactorforpowergenerationishighbecauseoftheshareofcoal:itwas820gCO2/kWhin2009,whichisabout60percenthigherthantheworldaverage.
Source: Enerdata
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
gCO
2 /
kWh
1990 1995 2000 2005 2009
Figure 9: CO2 emission factor for power generation
3. Industry3.1. Policies: voluntary energy saving commitmentsTodate,theEnergyEfficiencyAccord,whichisavoluntaryagreementwith24majorindustrialenergyusersandsevenindustrialassociations,isthemainmeasuretopromoteenergysavingsinthesector.
3.2. Energy consumption trends: decrease in industrial use of coal and ligniteIndustrialenergyconsumptionhasvariedsignificantlyovertime:itfirstdecreasedby9percentperyearbetween1990and1993becauseofarecession(-2percentofGDPbetween2001and2002),andthenincreased,withenergyconsumption
5 South Africa | Country reports | Trends in global energy efficiency 2011
South AfricaEnergy efficiency report
reachingits1990level(ie,23Mtoe)againin1998.Itthendecreasedagain,by3percentperyear,until2001.Untiltheglobalcrisis,industrialenergyconsumptionincreasedsteadily,reaching23Mtoein2008.
Source: Enerdata
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Mto
e
1990 1995 2000 2005 2009
Figure 10: Industrial energy consumption
Theshareofelectricityinindustrialenergyconsumptionhasincreased since 1990 and in 2009 reached 40 percent of the total(comparedwith30percentin1990).Theuseofcoalandligniteinindustryhasdecreasedby30percentsince1990,anditsshareintotalenergyconsumptionisalsodecreasing(from50percentin1990to38percentin2009).Theshareofindus-trialgasconsumptionincreasedto10percentin2009,upfrom2percentin1990.Biomassaccountedfor9percentin2009andoilfor3percent.
Theshareofenergy-intensiveindustriesinoverallindustrialenergyconsumptionhasdecreasedsince1990.Thesteelindustry’sshareofenergyconsumptioninparticularhasdecreasedsteadilyandnowstandsataround20percent.Theshareofthechemicalindustryhasincreasedslightly,whilethenon-metallicmineralssector(cement,ceramics,etc.)hasmaintaineditsshare.
Source: Enerdata
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1990 2000 2005 2009
Biomass
Electricity
Gas
Oil
Coal/Lignite
Figure 11: Energy consumption of industry, by source
Source: Enerdata
Other
Paper
Non metallic minerals
Chemical
Steel
1990 2000 2005 2008
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Figure 12: Energy consumption of industry, by branch
3.3. Energy intensity trends: rapid reduction in energy intensityOvertheperiod1990-2008,thereductionintheconsumptionperunitofindustrialvalueadded(energyintensity)washighand,onaverage,reached2percent/year,whichis25percenthigherthantheworldaverage.
Trends in global energy efficiency 2011 | Country reports | South Africa 6
Source: Enerdata
-5.0%
-4.0%
-3.0%
-2.0%
-1.0%
0.0%
1.0%
2.0%
Total*
Steel
Chemical
Cement**
Paper
%/y
ear
1990-2008 2000-2008
*Including construction and mining
**Non metallic minerals
Figure 13: Trends in the energy intensity of industrial branches
Copyright notices
“Trendsinglobalenergyefficiency2011”isbasedondataandinformationpro-videdbyEnerdataandtheEconomistIntelligenceUnit.Thedataandinforma-tionispublishedwiththeconsentofEnerdataandtheEconomistIntelligenceUnit.
AllinformationordataprovidedbyEnerdata,inanyform,isthepropertyofEn-erdataandisprotectedineachcountrybynationallawsgoverningintellectualproperty.AllinformationordataprovidedbyEnerdataiscopyrightprotected,inclusiveofmaterialappearinginahardcopyformatorelectronically.Datapro-videdbyEnerdataarebasedoncompilationandanalysisofthebestsourcesintheindustry.Enerdatahasagreementswiththoseproviderstouseandpublishthisdata.
AllpicturesCopyrightABB