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Standardization efforts to accommodate new spectrum policy approaches.
PCCA, 14th June-2013
Al JetteNokia Siemens Networks
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Spectrum = Real Estate for Mobile Broadband
Coverage800, 900, 700, UHFFDD, 10M, co-primary
Capacity2100, 1800, 2600FDD, 20M, light HetNet
Densification2600, 3500, 2300TDD, >20M, dense HetNet
Support up to 1000 times
more capacity
Support up to 1000 times
more capacity
100 MHz 1 GHz 10 GHz 100 GHz
Wide Area Local Area Personal Area
More Spectrum
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3GPP adding bands at “warp” speed4
Operating band Band name Total spectrum
1.7/2.1 GHz
1800 MHzBand 3
Band 4 2x45 MHz
2x75 MHz
850 MHzBand 5 2x25 MHz
800 MHzBand 6 2x10 MHzRel-6
Rel-7
2.6 GHzBand 7 2x70 MHz
900 MHzBand 8 2x35 MHz
1700 MHzBand 9 2x35 MHz
Ext 1.7/2.1 MHzBand 10 2x60 MHz
1500 MHz lower Band 11 2x25 MHz
Rel-8Dec 2008
Lower 700 MHzBand 12 2x18 MHz
Upper 700 MHzBand 13 2x10 MHz
Upper 700 MHz, public safety/privateBand 14 2x10 MHz
Lower 700 MHz,AT&T blocks B&CBand 17 2x12 MHz
2.1 GHzBand 1 2x60 MHz
1900 MHzBand 2 2x60 MHz
R’99
Rel-4
Rel-5UMTS Bands carried forward into original Rel-8 LTE Standard
Initial LTE FDD bands shown
Industry migrating to LTE and looking to ensure spectrum is supported in standards.
• Requires extensive work to standardize a new band:• Band plan parameters defined (e.g.
guard bands, emission limits, supported channel bandwidths, channel plan, UE power reduction)
• Coexistence evaluations treat proximity to adjacent bands, unique deployment characteristics, BS and UE filter performance, regulatory requirements, etc.
• Additional signaling support• 3GPP has been focused on licensed
bands
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3GPP adding bands at “warp” speed
Ref: 3GPP TS 36.104
4Operating band Band name Total spectrum
800 MHz B, DCM
800 MHz A, KDDIBand 18
Band 19 2x15 MHz
2x15 MHz
UMTSLTE800EUBand 20 2x30 MHz
1500 MHz upper Band 21 2x15 MHz
Rel-9Dec 2009
Rel-10Mar 2011
3.4 – 3.6 GHzBand 22 2x80 MHz
2 GHz S-band Band 23 2x20 MHz
1.5 GHz L-band Band 24 2x34 MHz
Ext 1900 MHz Band 25 2x65 MHz
E850 MHz UB Band 26 2x35 MHz
Rel-11Sept 2012
E850 MHz LB Band 27 2x17 MHz
APT 700 Band 28 2x45 MHz
700 DL onlyBand 29 1x11 MHz
4Operating band Band name Total spectrum
1.7/2.1 GHz
1800 MHzBand 3
Band 4 2x45 MHz
2x75 MHz
850 MHzBand 5 2x25 MHz
800 MHzBand 6 2x10 MHzRel-6
Rel-7
2.6 GHzBand 7 2x70 MHz
900 MHzBand 8 2x35 MHz
1700 MHzBand 9 2x35 MHz
Ext 1.7/2.1 MHzBand 10 2x60 MHz
1500 MHz lower Band 11 2x25 MHz
Rel-8Dec 2008
Lower 700 MHzBand 12 2x18 MHz
Upper 700 MHzBand 13 2x10 MHz
Upper 700 MHz, public safety/privateBand 14 2x10 MHz
Lower 700 MHz,AT&T blocks B&CBand 17 2x12 MHz
2.1 GHzBand 1 2x60 MHz
1900 MHzBand 2 2x60 MHz
R’99
Rel-4
Rel-5UMTS Bands carried forward into original Rel-8 LTE Standard
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Let’s not forget TDD
Rel-8
Rel-7
Rel-99 Rel-6
Operating band
Total spectrum
Band 39Band 40
40 MHz100 MHz
Band 38 50 MHz
Band 33Band 34
Band 35
Band 36Band 37 20 MHz
60 MHz
15 MHz
20 MHz
60 MHz
Ref: 3GPP TS 36.104
Rel-10 Band 41
Band 42Band 43 200 MHz
194 MHz
200 MHz
Band 44 100 MHzRel-11
Frequencies [MHz]
1880-19202300-2400
2570-2620
1910-1930
1850-1910
2010-2025
1900-1920
1930-1990
3600-3800
2496-2690
3400-3600
703-803
UMTS Bands carried forward into original Rel-8 LTE Standard
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Carrier Aggregation
Data rate addition
• Enables competitive peak data rates on non-contiguous spectrum
• Mitigates the challenge of fragmented spectrum
Example:
Spectrum assets Peak data rateon Cat.4 device with carrier
aggregation
150 Mbps
150 Mbps
300 Mbps120MHz in 2.6GHz band
20MHz in 800MHz bandNote 1: theoretical peak
Aggregates downlink carriers for improved performance• Dozens of band
combinations in Rel-11 and Rel-12.
• Standard has both intra-band and inter-band carrier aggregation
• Can be used with unpaired spectrum to allow additional DL
• Ultrafast resource allocation provides higher average throughput
2011 World‘s first LTE-A dynamic carrier aggregation demo by NSN at MWC 2011 on Flexi Multiradio LTE eNB• 40 MHz (2 carriers) • 290 Mbps
More Dynamic Spectrum Usage for Better User Experience
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A new way of licensing spectrumLicensed Shared Access
Mainstream ApproachAuctions
of Cleared Spectrum
Mainstream ApproachAuctions
of Cleared Spectrum
Unlicensed Approach
Dedicated to Wi-Fi
Unlicensed Approach
Dedicated to Wi-Fi
Complementary License Model
Licensed Shared Access
Complementary License Model
Licensed Shared Access
Exclusive Use Ensures Quality of Service
* Preferred Option *
Shared Use Unpredictable
Quality of Service Exclusive Shared UseExclusive use on a shared and binary
basis in Time, Location, and/or Frequency with Incumbent* (defense, government, etc.)
Ensures Quality of Service
* a current holder of spectrum rights of use which have not been granted through an award procedure (first come, first served; beauty contest, auction) for commercial use
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Innovative approach: Licensed Shared Access (LSA)
Operator
LSA Controller
IMT-device uses spectrum according to network control
IncumbentLSA spectrum available for
use in Region-A
Region-B
Base stationBase station
LSA Repository Spectrum use
information
Permission to use LSA spectrum
Region-A
Operator Licensed Spectrum
Binary Approach:• Either incumbent or
operator uses spectrum• Introduces “time” aspect
Binary Approach:• Either incumbent or
operator uses spectrum• Introduces “time” aspect
NSN/Qualcomm Demoat MWC 2013
NSN/Qualcomm Demoat MWC 2013
Sharing rules between incumbent (e.g., DoD) and Licensed shared partner (including rules, rights, compensation, etc) must be pre-negotiated.
+ LSA SpectrumOperator Spectrum
Initial State – Only using Operator Exclusive Use
Spectrum
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LSA spectrum needed by incumbent in Region-A
Permission to use LSA spectrum
LSA spectrum available for use in Region-A
Innovative approach: Licensed Shared Access (LSA)
Operator
LSA Controller
IMT-device uses spectrum according to network control
Incumbent
Region-B
Base stationBase station
LSA Repository Spectrum use
information
Clear LSA spectrum
Region-A
Operator Licensed Spectrum
Binary Approach:• Either incumbent or
operator uses spectrum• Introduces “time” aspect
Binary Approach:• Either incumbent or
operator uses spectrum• Introduces “time” aspect
NSN/Qualcomm Demoat MWC 2013
NSN/Qualcomm Demoat MWC 2013
Sharing rules between incumbent (e.g., DoD) and Licensed shared partner (including rules, rights, compensation, etc) must be pre-negotiated.
+ LSA SpectrumOperator Spectrum
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LSA Opportunities in the US
AWS-1 (3GPP Band 4)
UL
DL
Spectrum auctioned planned for Feb 2015, requires sharing with government systems
Broadcast Auxiliary Service (BAS) spectrum best choice for pairing, but access could be challenging.
Preferred UL by Industry. NPRM expected Q3 2013. Excellent international harmonization.
Spectrum auction planned for Feb 2015
Sharing at 1700 MHz being worked in Commerce Spectrum Management Advisory Committee (CSMAC) / National Telecommunications & Information Administration (NTIA) . Spectrum currently used by Military and satellite weather. CSMAC reports due: June-2013.
Non-exclusive “license light”
FCC NPRM issued in Dec 2012. Industry interest for TDD small cells.
Frequency (MHz)37003550
Federal Spectrum High power radar
3500 3650
Cable TV feedSatellite Control
4200
Federal Spectrum at 3600 MHz currently in use by high power navy radar & satellite systems. Aligns with 3GPP TDD bands 42 & 43. Excellent for cellular small cells & international alignment.
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Licensed Shared Access (LSA) in 3.5GHz
No “Priority Access” class of users. Instead, common LSA class of users (critical & non critical)
• Cleared, exclusively licensed spectrum is strongly preferred for predictable Quality of Service.• Only when not possible or available in reasonable timeframe/cost, consider Licensed Shared Access.
FCC’s 3-Tier Proposal (based on PCAST 2012)
NSN LSA 2-Tier Proposal Approach
Priority Access (e.g., hospitals, utilities, state &
local governments, …)
General Authorized Access (e.g., residential, business, and others, incl. wireless telephone
&Internet service providers, …)
Incumbent Access
(Federal, FSS)
License Shared Access
Incumbent Access
(Federal, FSS)
Non critical (e.g., operators)
Critical Access (e.g., hospitals, utilities,
governments, PS, …)
Goal: Provide greater degree of certainty for investment in small cell deployments.
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HetNet (Heterogeneous Networks) including Wi-Fi address datatraffic growth with positive end user experience
Wide area Medium area Hot spots Indoor
HetNets combine a range of radio access technologies
Wi-Fi impacts:Cellular networks become more heterogeneous
More capacity to access networks cost efficiently; both indoors and public hotspots
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Wi-Fi Offload to Complement Cellular
Source: Cisco VNI Mobile Forecast 2013
0
5
10
15
20Cellular Traffic Offloaded Traffic
46%
54%
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
2010 2015+
MHz Spectrum for WiFi
100 MHz @ 2.4 GHz & 555 MHz @ 5 GHz
7 GHz
@ 60 GHz
802.11ad
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TV White Space in U.S.• TV White Space (TVWS) refer to unused TV channels in the VHF and UHF spectrum (e.g. unused due to
frequency re-use pattern or limited TV offerings in rural areas)• White spaces are fragmented in the TV spectrum and only regional and -potentially- temporarily available• US regulator FCC adopted rules to allow unlicensed radio transmitters in TV White Spaces from June 2009,
refined in September 2010• All devices must include
1. Geo-location capability – except devices in client mode2. Database access to get a list of protected services – except devices in client mode
Fig.: Example of TV White Spaces (white space varies with location and even time of day)Note: Some upper UHF TV spectrum being repurposed for mobile broadband.
174 …….. 21654 -72 & 76-88unused TV channel
VHF Channels UHF Channels
470 MHz ………………………………………….. 698 MHz
Approach may be viable rural areas, but provides no broadband benefit in urban areas.Urban will have small fragments of spectrum with other usage (e.g., microphones)
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Standards Related to White Space / LSA (partial list)
IEEE• IEEE 802.11af: Wi-Fi deployment in TV WS spectrum• IEEE 802.22: Wireless Regional Area Networks (fixed wireless access system)• IEEE 802.19.1: Coexistence methods for TV WS• IEEE DySPAN: Dynamic Spectrum Access Ntwks (DySPAN). Protocols and data models for
repositories (can be applied to LSA)
IETF PAWS (Protocol to Access White Space) Database• Protocol specification for TV WS database access• May extend database for other white space (e.g. LSA)
ETSI RRS (Reconfigurable Radio Systems)• TV WS operation• LSA / ASA Usage• Roadmap for Cognitive Radios
3GPP• Likely to require new interface(s) for LSA controller and repository (database)
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Spectrum Sharing in Europe
European Commission looking to identify more spectrum for wireless broadband• Studying TV White Space and Licensed Shared Access
European Union LSA efforts focused on 2.3 2.4 GHz• Published: “System Reference Document for mobile broadband services in the 2300 MHz – 2400 MHz
band under Licensed Shared Access regime”. [TR 103 113]• Developed in co-operations between ETSI and CEPT, ballot comments resolved: May 2013• Aligns with 3GPP TDD band 40 with excellent global support – an ITU IMT band• ETSI RRS beginning work on System Requirements for LSA in the 2300 – 2400 MHz band, target completion Dec
2013.
EU targeting for LSA3GPP TDD Band 40
Frequency (MHz) 2400
Use varies by country: Possibly exclusive license or may need LSA (currently used for telemetry & other)
2300
Unlicensed (WiFi, Bluetooth, etc)
2483.5
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TV White Space Standards - Unlicensed
IEEE 802.22• Developed Wireless Regional Area Networks using TV White
Space (54 – 862 MHz, both VHF & UHF)• Standard focused on rural areas using portable (nomadic)
terminals.• Spectrum sensing and spectrum mgmt
– Will sense TV (analog & digital television) and other (microphone) signals.
– Ntwk maintains an incumbent database. – Senses in-band (channels currently in-use) and out-of-band
(potential alternate channels).– Network can create quiet periods for spectrum sensing.
• Subscribers can alert the BS to the presence of incumbents• BS can then re-assign subscribers to move to a different
channel• Standard published July 2011 (IEEE 802.22-2011)
IEEE 802.11af (White-fi)
• Modifies the 802.11 Physical and MAC layers to operate in UHF TV White Space (470 – 710 MHz)
• Standard leverages cognitive radios and geographic database.
• Standard currently in letter ballot with plans to publish in Dec 2013
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Summary
• Additional spectrum is needed for this critical national resource Below 1 GHz provides coverage for network. Between 1 and 5 GHz provides capacity for the data growth
• Exclusive licensed spectrum is clearly preferred Operator controls quality of service and interference management Substantial investment to deploy a new band – operator needs assurance their investment is sound
• We see the need to maximise for global economies of scale and international roaming capabilities. Spectrum harmonisation needs to be a key consideration when re-allocating existing.
• Where exclusive use may not be possible, for spectrum optimization. LSA access models can open up scarcely used spectrum that is primarily allocated to other services while maintaining predictable Quality of Service.
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Thank You! Questions ?
Acknowledgements:Thanks to Amitava Ghosh and Prakash Moorut of NSN.
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BACKUP
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Challenge: Sharing with Federal Government (CSMAC/NTIA* WGs)
Costly ($18B) and timely (>10 years) Clearance: Consider Spectrum Sharing
• WG1: 1695-1710 MHz Weather Satellite Receive Earth Stations
• WG2: 1755-1850 MHz Law Enforcement Surveillance and other short range fixed
• WG3:1755-1850 MHz Satellite Control Links and Electronic Warfare
• WG4: 1755-1850 MHz Fixed Point-to-Point and Tactical Radio Relay
• WG5: 1755-1850 MHz Airborne Operations
• WG1: 1695-1710 MHz Weather Satellite Receive Earth Stations
• WG2: 1755-1850 MHz Law Enforcement Surveillance and other short range fixed
• WG3:1755-1850 MHz Satellite Control Links and Electronic Warfare
• WG4: 1755-1850 MHz Fixed Point-to-Point and Tactical Radio Relay
• WG5: 1755-1850 MHz Airborne Operations
*Commerce Spectrum Management Advisory Committee/National Telecommunications & Information Administration
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Innovative approach: Licensed Shared Access (LSA)
Administration/Regulator
LSA Controller
LSA licensee (IMT-operator)
IMT-device uses spectrum according to network control
Incumbent
grant/award of LSA rights
LSA spectrum andaward rules
where/when LSA spectrum is available (Dynamic)
Incumbent prohibits use of LSA spectrum
Base stationBase station
LSA Repository Spectrum use
information Permission or prohibition of use
of LSA spectrum
Incumbent permits use of LSA spectrum
Exclusive spectrum of IMT-operator to be used
Use of exclusive + LSA spectrum
Binary Approach:•Either incumbent or operator uses spectrum•Introduces “time” aspect
Binary Approach:•Either incumbent or operator uses spectrum•Introduces “time” aspect
NSN/Qualcomm Demo at MWC 2013NSN/Qualcomm Demo at MWC 2013