Status – Validation of Eulerian Spray Modelling
University of ZagrebFaculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval
ArchitectureDepartment of Energy, Power Engineering and
EnvironmentChair of Power Engineering and Energy
Management
Milan VujanovicMilan Vujanovic May, 2006May, 2006
Validation: I-Level projectValidation: I-Level project
Version v8.5006 vs. Version v8.5014Version v8.5006 vs. Version v8.5014
Nozzle DNozzle D – – 205 micron diameter205 micron diameter
Rail pressure – Rail pressure – 500 bar500 bar
Gas chamber pressure – Gas chamber pressure – 72 bar72 bar
Gas temperature in chamber - Gas temperature in chamber - 900 K900 K
Test Case - Test Case - Nozzle DNozzle D – – 205 micron diameter205 micron diameter
Experimental data – Experimental data – injection rateinjection rate::
Point RailpressureGas chamber
pressure Temperature
4 500 bar 72 bar 900 K
rate at 500 bar
0
5
10
15
20
-0,5 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3
time [ms]
inje
cti
on
ra
te [
mm
³/m
s]
rate at 500 bar
Modified Inlet Flow Velocity 500 bar, Nozzle D 205 micron
0
100
200
300
400
500
0 0,001 0,002 0,003
time [s]
Inle
t v
elo
cit
y [
m/s
]vel at 500 barvelmod at 500 bar
Calculation settingsCalculation settings
Upto Time [s] Δt
upto 1.0e-6 2.5e-08
upto 1.0e-4 2.5e-07
upto 2.0e-4 5.0e-07
upto 0.0026 1.0e-06
Time discretisation:Time discretisation:
The liquid The liquid →→ Diesel Diesel →→ T=373 KT=373 K
Eulerian spray with 6 phasesEulerian spray with 6 phases
Primary brake-up model: Dies.Core InjectionPrimary brake-up model: Dies.Core Injection
Secondary brake-up model: Wave modelSecondary brake-up model: Wave model
Evaporation model: Abramzon-Sirignano modelEvaporation model: Abramzon-Sirignano model
Turbulent dispersion coefficient = 6Turbulent dispersion coefficient = 6
Phase Fluid Class diametre [m]
1 gas
2 droplet 5e-0.6
3 droplet 1e-0.5
4 droplet 2e-0.5
5 droplet 4e-0.5
6 droplet 0.000205
Point RailpressureGas
chamber pressure
Temperature
4 500 bar 72 bar 900 K
Penetration for liquid phase and vapour phase compared with experimental resultsPenetration for liquid phase and vapour phase compared with experimental results
8.50148.5014
8.50068.5006
Validation: I-Level projectValidation: I-Level project
Impact of initial k and epsilon valuesImpact of initial k and epsilon values
Nozzle DNozzle D – – 205 micron diameter205 micron diameter
Rail pressure – Rail pressure – 500 bar500 bar
Gas chamber pressure – Gas chamber pressure – 72 bar72 bar
Gas temperature in chamber - Gas temperature in chamber - 900 K900 K
Case 1_1Case 1_1
Turb. kin. energy – Turb. kin. energy – 10 m10 m22/s/s22
Turb. length scale – 2e-05 mTurb. length scale – 2e-05 m
Turb. diss. rate – Turb. diss. rate – 259 808 m259 808 m22/s/s33
Case 6_1Case 6_1
Turb. kin. energy – Turb. kin. energy – 250 m250 m22/s/s22
Turb. length scale – 2e-05 mTurb. length scale – 2e-05 m
Turb. diss. rate – Turb. diss. rate – 3.247e+07 m3.247e+07 m22/s/s33
Point RailpressureGas
chamber pressure
Temperature
4 500 bar 72 bar 900 K Penetration for liquid phase and vapour phase compared with experimental resultsPenetration for liquid phase and vapour phase compared with experimental results
Case 1_1Case 1_1
Turb. kin. energy – Turb. kin. energy – 10 m10 m22/s/s22
Turb. length scale – 2e-05 mTurb. length scale – 2e-05 m
Turb. diss. rate – Turb. diss. rate – 259 808 m259 808 m22/s/s33
Case 6_1Case 6_1
Turb. kin. energy – Turb. kin. energy – 250 m250 m22/s/s22
Turb. length scale – 2e-05 mTurb. length scale – 2e-05 m
Turb. diss. rate – Turb. diss. rate – 3.247e+07 m3.247e+07 m22/s/s33
Validation: I-Level projectValidation: I-Level project
Impact of constant Impact of constant ccεε22
Nozzle DNozzle D – – 205 micron diameter205 micron diameter
Rail pressure – Rail pressure – 500 bar500 bar
Gas chamber pressure – Gas chamber pressure – 72 bar72 bar
Gas temperature in chamber - Gas temperature in chamber - 900 K900 K
The constant The constant ccεε22 in the transport equation for the dissipation rate of the in the transport equation for the dissipation rate of the
turbulent kinetic energy was set turbulent kinetic energy was set toto ccεε22== 1.8 1.8 instead instead ccεε22=1.92=1.92
Calculation settingsCalculation settings
Upto Time [s] Δt
upto 1.0e-6 2.5e-08
upto 1.0e-4 2.5e-07
upto 2.0e-4 5.0e-07
upto 0.0026 1.0e-06
Time discretisation:Time discretisation:
The liquid The liquid →→ Diesel Diesel →→ T=373 KT=373 K
Eulerian spray with 6 phasesEulerian spray with 6 phases
Primary brake-up model: Dies.Core InjectionPrimary brake-up model: Dies.Core Injection
Secondary brake-up model: Wave modelSecondary brake-up model: Wave model
Evaporation model: Abramzon-Sirignano modelEvaporation model: Abramzon-Sirignano model
Turbulent dispersion coefficient = 6Turbulent dispersion coefficient = 6
Phase Fluid Class diametre [m]
1 gas
2 droplet 5e-0.6
3 droplet 1e-0.5
4 droplet 2e-0.5
5 droplet 4e-0.5
6 droplet 0.000205
Point RailpressureGas
chamber pressure
Temperature
4 500 bar 72 bar 900 K
Penetration for liquid phase and vapour phase compared with experimental resultsPenetration for liquid phase and vapour phase compared with experimental results
ccεε22=1.92=1.92
ccεε22=1.8=1.8
Calculation settingsCalculation settings
Upto Time [s] Δt
upto 1.0e-6 2.5e-08
upto 1.0e-4 2.5e-07
upto 2.0e-4 5.0e-07
upto 0.0026 1.0e-06 / 5.0e-07
Time discretisation:Time discretisation:
The liquid The liquid →→ Diesel Diesel →→ T=373 KT=373 K
Eulerian spray with 6 phasesEulerian spray with 6 phases
Primary brake-up model: Dies.Core InjectionPrimary brake-up model: Dies.Core Injection
Secondary brake-up model: Wave modelSecondary brake-up model: Wave model
Evaporation model: Abramzon-Sirignano modelEvaporation model: Abramzon-Sirignano model
Turbulent dispersion coefficient = 6Turbulent dispersion coefficient = 6
Phase Fluid Class diametre [m]
1 gas
2 droplet 5e-0.6
3 droplet 1e-0.5
4 droplet 2e-0.5
5 droplet 4e-0.5
6 droplet 0.000205
Point RailpressureGas
chamber pressure
Temperature
4 500 bar 72 bar 900 K
Penetration for liquid phase and vapour phase compared with experimental resultsPenetration for liquid phase and vapour phase compared with experimental results
ccεε22=1.92=1.92
ccεε22=1.8=1.8
Validation: I-Level projectValidation: I-Level project
Impact of constant Impact of constant ccεε22
Nozzle DNozzle D – – 205 micron diameter205 micron diameter
Rail pressure – Rail pressure – 1200 bar1200 bar
Gas chamber pressure – Gas chamber pressure – 72 bar72 bar
Gas temperature in chamber - Gas temperature in chamber - 900 K900 K
The constant The constant ccεε22 in the transport equation for the dissipation rate of the in the transport equation for the dissipation rate of the
turbulent kinetic energy was set turbulent kinetic energy was set toto ccεε22== 1.8 1.8 instead instead ccεε22=1.92=1.92
Calculation settingsCalculation settings
Upto Time [s] Δt
upto 1.0e-6 2.5e-08
upto 1.0e-4 2.5e-07
upto 2.0e-4 5.0e-07
upto 0.0026 5.0e-07
Time discretisation:Time discretisation:
The liquid The liquid →→ Diesel Diesel →→ T=373 KT=373 K
Eulerian spray with 6 phasesEulerian spray with 6 phases
Primary brake-up model: Dies.Core InjectionPrimary brake-up model: Dies.Core Injection
Secondary brake-up model: Wave modelSecondary brake-up model: Wave model
Evaporation model: Abramzon-Sirignano modelEvaporation model: Abramzon-Sirignano model
Turbulent dispersion coefficient = 6Turbulent dispersion coefficient = 6
Phase Fluid Class diametre [m]
1 gas
2 droplet 5e-0.6
3 droplet 1e-0.5
4 droplet 2e-0.5
5 droplet 4e-0.5
6 droplet 0.000205
Point RailpressureGas
chamber pressure
Temperature
4 1200 bar 72 bar 900 K
Penetration for liquid phase and vapour phase compared with experimental resultsPenetration for liquid phase and vapour phase compared with experimental results
ccεε22=1.92=1.92
ccεε22=1.8=1.8
Validation: I-Level projectValidation: I-Level project
Impact of constant Impact of constant ccεε22
Nozzle DNozzle D – – 205 micron diameter205 micron diameter
Rail pressure – Rail pressure – 500 bar500 bar
Gas chamber pressure – Gas chamber pressure – 54 bar54 bar
Gas temperature in chamber - Gas temperature in chamber - 900 K900 K
The constant The constant ccεε22 in the transport equation for the dissipation rate of the in the transport equation for the dissipation rate of the
turbulent kinetic energy was set turbulent kinetic energy was set toto ccεε22== 1.8 1.8 instead instead ccεε22=1.92=1.92
Calculation settingsCalculation settings
Upto Time [s] Δt
upto 1.0e-6 2.5e-08
upto 1.0e-4 2.5e-07
upto 2.0e-4 5.0e-07
upto 0.0026 1.0e-06
Time discretisation:Time discretisation:
The liquid The liquid →→ Diesel Diesel →→ T=373 KT=373 K
Eulerian spray with 6 phasesEulerian spray with 6 phases
Primary brake-up model: Dies.Core InjectionPrimary brake-up model: Dies.Core Injection
Secondary brake-up model: Wave modelSecondary brake-up model: Wave model
Evaporation model: Abramzon-Sirignano modelEvaporation model: Abramzon-Sirignano model
Turbulent dispersion coefficient = 6Turbulent dispersion coefficient = 6
Phase Fluid Class diametre [m]
1 gas
2 droplet 5e-0.6
3 droplet 1e-0.5
4 droplet 2e-0.5
5 droplet 4e-0.5
6 droplet 0.000205
Point RailpressureGas
chamber pressure
Temperature
4 500 bar 54 bar 900 K
Penetration for liquid phase and vapour phase compared with experimental resultsPenetration for liquid phase and vapour phase compared with experimental results
ccεε22=1.92=1.92
ccεε22=1.8=1.8
Validation: I-Level projectValidation: I-Level project
Impact of constant Impact of constant ccεε22
Nozzle DNozzle D – – 205 micron diameter205 micron diameter
Rail pressure – Rail pressure – 800 bar800 bar
Gas chamber pressure – Gas chamber pressure – 54 bar54 bar
Gas temperature in chamber - Gas temperature in chamber - 900 K900 K
The constant The constant ccεε22 in the transport equation for the dissipation rate of the in the transport equation for the dissipation rate of the
turbulent kinetic energy was set turbulent kinetic energy was set toto ccεε22== 1.8 1.8 instead instead ccεε22=1.92=1.92
Calculation settingsCalculation settings
Upto Time [s] Δt
upto 1.0e-6 2.5e-08
upto 1.0e-4 2.5e-07
upto 2.0e-4 5.0e-07
upto 0.0026 5.0e-07
Time discretisation:Time discretisation:
The liquid The liquid →→ Diesel Diesel →→ T=373 KT=373 K
Eulerian spray with 6 phasesEulerian spray with 6 phases
Primary brake-up model: Dies.Core InjectionPrimary brake-up model: Dies.Core Injection
Secondary brake-up model: Wave modelSecondary brake-up model: Wave model
Evaporation model: Abramzon-Sirignano modelEvaporation model: Abramzon-Sirignano model
Turbulent dispersion coefficient = 4.5Turbulent dispersion coefficient = 4.5
Phase Fluid Class diametre [m]
1 gas
2 droplet 5e-0.6
3 droplet 1e-0.5
4 droplet 2e-0.5
5 droplet 4e-0.5
6 droplet 0.000205
Point RailpressureGas
chamber pressure
Temperature
4 800 bar 54 bar 900 K
Penetration for liquid phase and vapour phase compared with experimental resultsPenetration for liquid phase and vapour phase compared with experimental results
ccεε22=1.92=1.92
ccεε22=1.8=1.8
Validation: I-Level projectValidation: I-Level project
Impact of constant Impact of constant ccεε22
Nozzle DNozzle D – – 205 micron diameter205 micron diameter
Rail pressure – Rail pressure – 1200 bar1200 bar
Gas chamber pressure – Gas chamber pressure – 54 bar54 bar
Gas temperature in chamber - Gas temperature in chamber - 900 K900 K
The constant The constant ccεε22 in the transport equation for the dissipation rate of the in the transport equation for the dissipation rate of the
turbulent kinetic energy was set turbulent kinetic energy was set toto ccεε22== 1.8 1.8 instead instead ccεε22=1.92=1.92
Calculation settingsCalculation settings
Upto Time [s] Δt
upto 1.0e-6 2.5e-08
upto 1.0e-4 2.5e-07
upto 2.0e-4 5.0e-07
upto 0.0026 5.0e-07
Time discretisation:Time discretisation:
The liquid The liquid →→ Diesel Diesel →→ T=373 KT=373 K
Eulerian spray with 6 phasesEulerian spray with 6 phases
Primary brake-up model: Dies.Core InjectionPrimary brake-up model: Dies.Core Injection
Secondary brake-up model: Wave modelSecondary brake-up model: Wave model
Evaporation model: Abramzon-Sirignano modelEvaporation model: Abramzon-Sirignano model
Turbulent dispersion coefficient = 6Turbulent dispersion coefficient = 6
Phase Fluid Class diametre [m]
1 gas
2 droplet 5e-0.6
3 droplet 1e-0.5
4 droplet 2e-0.5
5 droplet 4e-0.5
6 droplet 0.000205
Point RailpressureGas
chamber pressure
Temperature
4 1200 bar 54 bar 900 K
Penetration for liquid phase and vapour phase compared with experimental resultsPenetration for liquid phase and vapour phase compared with experimental results
ccεε22=1.92=1.92
ccεε22=1.8=1.8
Validation: I-Level projectValidation: I-Level project
k – k – zeta – f turbulence modelzeta – f turbulence model
Nozzle DNozzle D – – 205 micron diameter205 micron diameter
Rail pressure – Rail pressure – 500 bar500 bar
Gas chamber pressure – Gas chamber pressure – 72 bar72 bar
Gas temperature in chamber - Gas temperature in chamber - 900 K900 K
Calculation settingsCalculation settings
Upto Time [s] Δt
upto 1.0e-6 2.5e-08
upto 1.0e-4 2.5e-07
upto 2.0e-4 5.0e-07
upto 0.0026 1.0e-06
Time discretisation:Time discretisation:
The liquid The liquid →→ Diesel Diesel →→ T=373 KT=373 K
Eulerian spray with 6 phasesEulerian spray with 6 phases
Primary brake-up model: Dies.Core InjectionPrimary brake-up model: Dies.Core Injection
Secondary brake-up model: Wave modelSecondary brake-up model: Wave model
Evaporation model: Abramzon-Sirignano modelEvaporation model: Abramzon-Sirignano model
Turbulent dispersion coefficient = 6Turbulent dispersion coefficient = 6
Phase Fluid Class diametre [m]
1 gas
2 droplet 5e-0.6
3 droplet 1e-0.5
4 droplet 2e-0.5
5 droplet 4e-0.5
6 droplet 0.000205
Point RailpressureGas
chamber pressure
Temperature
4 500 bar 72 bar 900 K
Penetration for liquid phase and vapour phase compared with experimental resultsPenetration for liquid phase and vapour phase compared with experimental results
k – epsilonk – epsilon
k –zeta - fk –zeta - f
Validation: I-Level projectValidation: I-Level project
k – k – zeta – f turbulence modelzeta – f turbulence model
Nozzle DNozzle D – – 205 micron diameter205 micron diameter
Rail pressure – Rail pressure – 1200 bar1200 bar
Gas chamber pressure – Gas chamber pressure – 54 bar54 bar
Gas temperature in chamber - Gas temperature in chamber - 900 K900 K
Calculation settingsCalculation settings
Upto Time [s] Δt
upto 1.0e-6 2.5e-08
upto 1.0e-4 2.5e-07
upto 2.0e-4 5.0e-07
upto 0.0026 5.0e-07
Time discretisation:Time discretisation:
The liquid The liquid →→ Diesel Diesel →→ T=373 KT=373 K
Eulerian spray with 6 phasesEulerian spray with 6 phases
Primary brake-up model: Dies.Core InjectionPrimary brake-up model: Dies.Core Injection
Secondary brake-up model: Wave modelSecondary brake-up model: Wave model
Evaporation model: Abramzon-Sirignano modelEvaporation model: Abramzon-Sirignano model
Turbulent dispersion coefficient = 6Turbulent dispersion coefficient = 6
Phase Fluid Class diametre [m]
1 gas
2 droplet 5e-0.6
3 droplet 1e-0.5
4 droplet 2e-0.5
5 droplet 4e-0.5
6 droplet 0.000205
Point RailpressureGas
chamber pressure
Temperature
4 1200 bar 54 bar 900 K
Penetration for liquid phase and vapour phase compared with experimental resultsPenetration for liquid phase and vapour phase compared with experimental results
k – epsilonk – epsilon
k –zeta - fk –zeta - f
Validation: I-Level projectValidation: I-Level project
Calculation with nozzle interfaceCalculation with nozzle interface
Coupling internal nozzle flow simulation and initialisation of spray calculationCoupling internal nozzle flow simulation and initialisation of spray calculation
Nozzle DNozzle D – – 205 micron diameter205 micron diameter
Rail pressure – Rail pressure – 500 bar500 bar
Gas chamber pressure – Gas chamber pressure – 72 bar72 bar
Gas temperature in chamber - Gas temperature in chamber - 900 K900 K
Using the data of the two phase flow calculation inside the Using the data of the two phase flow calculation inside the nozzle as a start and boundary condition for Eulerian spray nozzle as a start and boundary condition for Eulerian spray
calculationcalculation
Calculation settingsCalculation settings
Upto Time [s] Δt
upto 1.0e-6 2.5e-08
upto 1.0e-4 2.5e-07
upto 2.0e-4 5.0e-07
upto 0.0026 1.0e-06
Time discretisation:Time discretisation:
The liquid The liquid →→ Diesel Diesel →→ T=373 KT=373 K
Eulerian spray with 6 phasesEulerian spray with 6 phases
Primary brake-up model: Dies.Core InjectionPrimary brake-up model: Dies.Core Injection
Secondary brake-up model: Wave modelSecondary brake-up model: Wave model
Evaporation model: Abramzon-Sirignano modelEvaporation model: Abramzon-Sirignano model
Turbulent dispersion coefficient = 6Turbulent dispersion coefficient = 6
Phase Fluid Class diametre [m]
1 gas
2 droplet 5e-0.6
3 droplet 1e-0.5
4 droplet 2e-0.5
5 droplet 4e-0.5
6 droplet 0.000205
Point RailpressureGas
chamber pressure
Temperature
4 500 bar 72 bar 900 K
Penetration for liquid phase and vapour phase compared with experimental resultsPenetration for liquid phase and vapour phase compared with experimental results
without nozzle interfacewithout nozzle interface
with nozzle interfacewith nozzle interface
Validation: I-Level projectValidation: I-Level project
Calculation with nozzle interfaceCalculation with nozzle interface
Coupling internal nozzle flow simulation and initialisation of spray calculationCoupling internal nozzle flow simulation and initialisation of spray calculation
Nozzle DNozzle D – – 205 micron diameter205 micron diameter
Rail pressure – Rail pressure – 1200 bar1200 bar
Gas chamber pressure – Gas chamber pressure – 72 bar72 bar
Gas temperature in chamber - Gas temperature in chamber - 900 K900 K
Using the data of the two phase flow calculation inside the Using the data of the two phase flow calculation inside the nozzle as a start and boundary condition for Eulerian spray nozzle as a start and boundary condition for Eulerian spray
calculationcalculation
Calculation settingsCalculation settings
Upto Time [s] Δt
upto 1.0e-6 2.5e-08
upto 1.0e-4 2.5e-07
upto 2.0e-4 5.0e-07
upto 0.0026 1.0e-06
Time discretisation:Time discretisation:
The liquid The liquid →→ Diesel Diesel →→ T=373 KT=373 K
Eulerian spray with 6 phasesEulerian spray with 6 phases
Primary brake-up model: Dies.Core InjectionPrimary brake-up model: Dies.Core Injection
Secondary brake-up model: Wave modelSecondary brake-up model: Wave model
Evaporation model: Abramzon-Sirignano modelEvaporation model: Abramzon-Sirignano model
Turbulent dispersion coefficient = 6Turbulent dispersion coefficient = 6
Phase Fluid Class diametre [m]
1 gas
2 droplet 5e-0.6
3 droplet 1e-0.5
4 droplet 2e-0.5
5 droplet 4e-0.5
6 droplet 0.000205
Point RailpressureGas
chamber pressure
Temperature
4 1200 bar 72 bar 900 K
Penetration for liquid phase and vapour phase compared with experimental resultsPenetration for liquid phase and vapour phase compared with experimental results
without nozzle interfacewithout nozzle interface
with nozzle interfacewith nozzle interface
The endThe endThe endThe end
University of ZagrebFaculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval
ArchitectureDepartment of Energy, Power Engineering and
EnvironmentChair of Power Engineering and Energy
Management
Nozzle DNozzle D – – 205 micron diameter205 micron diameter
Experimental data – Experimental data – injection rateinjection rate::
Points RailpressureGas chamber
pressure Temperature
1 500 bar 54 bar 900 K
2 800 bar 54 bar 900 K
3 1200 bar 54 bar 900 K
4 500 bar 72 bar 900 K
5 800 bar 72 bar 900 K
6 1200 bar 72 bar 900 K
22nd nd phase of validation: I-Level projectphase of validation: I-Level project
Test Case: I-Level projectTest Case: I-Level project
Nozzle DNozzle D – – 205 micron diameter205 micron diameter
Experimental data – Experimental data – injection rateinjection rate::
0
5
10
15
20
-0,5 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3
time [ms]
inje
cti
on
ra
te [
mm
³/m
s]
rate at 300 bar rate at 500 bar
rate at 800 bar rate at 1200 bar