Waldir Moreira, Manuel de Souza, Paulo Mendes, and Susana Sargento [email protected]
July 9th, 201211th International Conference on Ad-Hoc Networks and Wireless (ADHOC-NOW 2012)
Belgrade, Serbia
Study on the Effect of Network Dynamics on Opportunistic Routing
2
Agenda
• Introduction
• Motivation
• Our Approach
• Evaluation
• Results
• Conclusions and Future Work
3
Introduction
• Powerful devices
• Spontaneous networks
• Opportunistic contacts
- Intermittent connectivity
• Many routing solutions
- epidemic, encounter history, social aspects ...
• Resulting proximity graphs are unstable
• Dynamism of users’ daily life routines
• Study the effect of network dynamics
4
Motivation
• To consider the oscillations of social interactions (influenced by daily routines)
• Two utility functions
- Time-Evolving Contact Duration (TECD)
- TECD Importance (TECDi)
5
Our Approach
6
Our Approach
7
Our Approach: TECD
A Bw(B,x)
A B
If Mx Buffer(B) and w(B,x) > w(A,x)
Mx
(1)
(2)
8
Our Approach: TECDi
AI(B)
AMx
(1)
(2)
B
B
If Mx Buffer(B) and I(B) > I(A)
9
EvaluationParameters Values
Simulator Opportunistic Network Environment (ONE)
Routing Proposals
Contact-based vs Social-based
PRoPHET, Epidemic, TECD Bubble Rap, Rank, TECDi
Heterogeneous Mobility
1036800 sec
150 (people/vehicles)
Working Day, Bus, Shortest Path Map Based
Bluetooth (250 kbps / 10 m) Wi-Fi (Bus: 11 Mbps / 250 m)
2 MB
24 hours and Unlimited
1 – 100 kB
6000
5 (Bubble Rap)
700 sec (Bubble Rap)
0.8 (Rank)
10
Results
- TECD has a gain of: PROPHET: 16.17% (24) and 18.41% (Un) Epidemic: 23.77% (24) and 23.26% (Un)
- PROPHET suffers occasional finite loops => use transmission opportunities
- Epidemic quickly exhausts buffer space => 2 MB per node
- TECDi has a gain of: Rank: 6.06% (24) and 4.88% (Un) Bubble Rap: 12% (24) and -9% (Un)
- Bubble Rap has more time for communities => increased delivery capability
- Rank doesn't consider social levels => important nodes, weak ties
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Results
- TECD with less replicas (57.37 and 121.30): PROPHET: 272.35 (24) and 247.11 (Un) Epidemic: 454.12 (24) and 535.04 (Un)
- TECD advantage decreases with unlimited => messages live longer in the system
- PROPHET and Epidemic => buffer limitations
- TECDi with less replicas (266.12 and 363.02): Rank: 302.05 (24) and 418.21 (Un) Bubble Rap: 559.69 (24) and 495.69 (Un)
- TECDi reduces the potential next hops => important nodes, strong ties
- Bubble Rap has the highest costs => global centrality
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Results
- Latency increases with TTL
- Lack of a stale data removal mechanism => affects all solutions
- Unlimited TTL => more messages, increase in delivery probability
- TECDi replicates based on importance => top-ranked nodes, more time to reach destination
- Bubble Rap high latency with 24-hour TTL => formation of communities => finding higher centrality nodes influences overall latency
• Dynamism positive affects forwarding decisions
• TECD performs better than TECDi => node importance
• "Opportunistic Routing Based on Daily Routines," in Proc. of the 6th IEEE WoWMoM Workshop AOC, SFO, USA, June, 2012
• Internet-Draft (draft-moreira-dlife-00)DTNRG Meeting, Vancouver, July 2012
• Next steps
13
Conclusions andFuture Work
Information-Centric version of dLife
To FCT for financial support via PhD grant (SFRH/BD/62761/2009) and UCR project (PTDC/EEA-TEL/103637/2008)
14
Acknowledgements
Waldir Moreira, Manuel de Souza, Paulo Mendes, and Susana Sargento [email protected]
July 9th, 201211th International Conference on Ad-Hoc Networks and Wireless (ADHOC-NOW 2012)
Belgrade, Serbia
Study on the Effect of Network Dynamics on Opportunistic Routing
