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Performance GradedPerformance Graded
Asphalt BindersAsphalt BindersBob Horan, P.E.
Consulting EngineerMechanicsville, VA
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What is Asphalt?What is Asphalt?
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The 3 A’s of Hot Mix AsphaltThe 3 A’s of Hot Mix Asphalt
Aggregates,Aggregates,Asphalt,Asphalt,
HMA = Asphalt + Aggregates + AirHMA = Asphalt + Aggregates + Air
and Airand Air
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Asphalt OverviewAsphalt Overview
•• TerminologyTerminology
•• HistoryHistory
•• UsesUses
•• BackgroundBackground
•• Asphalt Behavior Asphalt Behavior •• Classification (Grading) of AsphaltClassification (Grading) of Asphalt
•• Asphalt ModificationAsphalt Modification
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What is Asphalt?What is Asphalt?
•• Called different thingsCalled different things
– – BitumenBitumen
– – AsphaltAsphalt
– – Liquid AsphaltLiquid Asphalt
– – Asphalt CementAsphalt Cement
– – Asphalt BinderAsphalt Binder
– – BinderBinder
… But mean basically the same thing!… But mean basically the same thing!
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BackgroundBackground
•• AsphaltAsphalt
– – Soluble in petroleumSoluble in petroleum
productsproducts
– – Generally a byGenerally a by--product of petroleumproduct of petroleum
distillation processdistillation process
– – Can be naturallyCan be naturally
occurringoccurring
•• TarTar
– – Resistant toResistant to
petroleum productspetroleum products
– – Generally byGenerally by--product of cokeproduct of coke
(from coal)(from coal)
productionproduction
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AsphaltAsphalt -- Definition:Definition:
“A dark brown to black cementitious“A dark brown to black cementitious
material in which the predominatingmaterial in which the predominating
constituents are bitumens whichconstituents are bitumens which
occur in nature or are obtained inoccur in nature or are obtained inpetroleum processing.”petroleum processing.”
(ASTM D8)(ASTM D8)
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Asphalt OverviewAsphalt Overview
•• TerminologyTerminology
•• HistoryHistory
•• UsesUses
•• BackgroundBackground
•• Asphalt Behavior Asphalt Behavior •• Classification (Grading) of AsphaltClassification (Grading) of Asphalt
•• Asphalt ModificationAsphalt Modification
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Brief HistoryBrief History
•• 32003200 -- 540 B. C.540 B. C. Extensive use inExtensive use in MesapotamiaMesapotamia andandIndus Valley as cement for masonry andIndus Valley as cement for masonry andstreet construction and as waterproofingstreet construction and as waterproofing
agentagent•• 300 B.C.300 B.C. Used for mummification in EgyptUsed for mummification in Egypt
•• 18701870 First asphalt pavement laid in Newark,First asphalt pavement laid in Newark,
New JerseyNew Jersey•• 11876876 First sheet asphalt pavement laid inFirst sheet asphalt pavement laid in
Washington, DC with imported lakeWashington, DC with imported lake
asphaltasphalt•• 19021902 Approx. 20,000 tons of asphalt refinedApprox. 20,000 tons of asphalt refined
from petroleum in United Statesfrom petroleum in United States
•• NowNow Over 30,000,000 tons produced in U.S.Over 30,000,000 tons produced in U.S.
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Asphalt OverviewAsphalt Overview
•• TerminologyTerminology
•• HistoryHistory
•• UsesUses
•• BackgroundBackground
•• Asphalt Behavior Asphalt Behavior •• Classification (Grading) of AsphaltClassification (Grading) of Asphalt
••
Asphalt ModificationAsphalt Modification
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•• Refining produces asphalt withRefining produces asphalt with
specific characteristics forspecific characteristics for
varied usesvaried uses
– – Paving asphaltPaving asphalt
– – Roofing asphaltRoofing asphalt
– – Other special usesOther special uses•• WaterproofingWaterproofing
•• SealingSealing
Asphalt SourcesAsphalt Sources
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Asphalt OverviewAsphalt Overview
•• TerminologyTerminology
•• HistoryHistory
•• UsesUses
•• BackgroundBackground
•• Asphalt Behavior Asphalt Behavior •• Classification (Grading) of AsphaltClassification (Grading) of Asphalt
••
Asphalt ModificationAsphalt Modification
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Sources of AsphaltSources of Asphalt
•• Natural asphalt depositsNatural asphalt deposits
•• Petroleum asphaltsPetroleum asphalts
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Asphalt TypesAsphalt Types
•• Natural asphalt depositsNatural asphalt deposits
– – Natural evaporation of volatileNatural evaporation of volatileportions of petroleum leaving theportions of petroleum leaving the
asphalt fractionsasphalt fractions
– – Lake asphaltLake asphalt•• TrinidadTrinidad
•• BermudezBermudez
– – Rock asphaltRock asphalt
•• Natural asphalt deposits in porous rock Natural asphalt deposits in porous rock
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Trinidad Lake AsphaltTrinidad Lake Asphalt
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BackgroundBackground
•• Each lake asphalt source veryEach lake asphalt source veryconsistentconsistent
– – Used solubility test to determine sourceUsed solubility test to determine source
•• Insolubles differed substantially betweenInsolubles differed substantially between
sourcessources
•• Demand for paved roads exceeded theDemand for paved roads exceeded thesupply of lake asphalts in late 1800’ssupply of lake asphalts in late 1800’s
– – Led to use of petroleum asphaltsLed to use of petroleum asphalts
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Asphalt is one of the products of the petroleum industryAsphalt is one of the products of the petroleum industry
Petroleum AsphaltPetroleum Asphalt
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PetroleumPetroleum--Based AsphaltsBased Asphalts
•• Asphalt is waste product fromAsphalt is waste product from
refinery processing of crude oilrefinery processing of crude oil
– – Sometimes called the “bottom of theSometimes called the “bottom of the
barrel”barrel”
•• Properties depend on:Properties depend on: – – Refinery operationsRefinery operations
– – Composition crude which areComposition crude which aresourcesource--dependentdependent
GasolineGasoline
KeroseneKerosene
Lt. Gas OilLt. Gas OilDieselDiesel
Motor OilsMotor Oils
Burner FuelBurner FuelAsphaltAsphalt
Barrel of Crude OilBarrel of Crude Oil
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Refinery OperationRefinery Operation
FIELD STORAGE
PUMPING
STATION
LIGHT DISTILLATE
HEAVY DISTILLATE
PROCESSUNIT
ASPHALTCEMENTS
FOR PROCESSING INTO
EMULSIFIED AND
CUTBACK ASPHALTS
STILL
AIR
AIRBLOWNASPHALT
STORAGE
TOWERDISTILLATIONREFINERY
RESIDUUM
OR
GAS
PETROLEUM
SAND AND WATER
CONDENSERSANDCOOLERS
TUBEHEATER
MEDIUM DISTILLATE
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Asphalt OverviewAsphalt Overview
•• TerminologyTerminology
•• HistoryHistory
•• UsesUses
•• BackgroundBackground
•• Asphalt Behavior Asphalt Behavior •• Classification (Grading) of AsphaltClassification (Grading) of Asphalt
•• Asphalt ModificationAsphalt Modification
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Asphalt Binder Behavior Asphalt Binder Behavior
– – TemperatureTemperature
– – Time of LoadingTime of Loading
– – Aging is alsoAging is alsoimportantimportant
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Asphalt Binder BehaviorAsphalt Binder Behavior
Consistency Consistency
LiquidLiquid
SemiSemi--SolidSolid
TemperatureTemperature
Asphalt is a Asphalt is a thermoplastic thermoplastic materialmaterial
that softens as it is heated andthat softens as it is heated andhardens when cooled.hardens when cooled.
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Temperature, °CTemperature, °C
Stiffness (Response to Load)Stiffness (Response to Load)
--3030 2525 6060 135135
elasticelastic
viscousviscous
elasticelastic
solid solid
viscousviscous
fluid fluid
?
Asphalt has Viscoelastic Properties
Asphalt Binder Behavior Asphalt Binder Behavior
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60 C60 C
25 C25 C
1 hour1 hour
1 hour1 hour
Time versus TemperatureTime versus Temperature
10 hours10 hours
Flow
Asphalt Binder BehaviorAsphalt Binder Behavior
(MS(MS--22, Fig. 2.03)22, Fig. 2.03)
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Binder BehaviorBinder Behavior -- AgingAging
•• Asphalt Reacts with OxygenAsphalt Reacts with Oxygen – – Long and ShortLong and ShortTermTerm
– – “oxidative” or “age” hardening“oxidative” or “age” hardening•• During ConstructionDuring Construction -- Short TermShort Term
– – hot mixinghot mixing
– – placing/compaction placing/compaction
•• In ServiceIn Service -- Long TermLong Term
– – hot climate worse than cool climatehot climate worse than cool climate
– – summer worse than winter summer worse than winter
•• VolatilizationVolatilization-- Short TermShort Term
– – volatile components evaporate during constructionvolatile components evaporate during construction
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Asphalt OverviewAsphalt Overview
•• TerminologyTerminology
•• HistoryHistory
•• UsesUses
•• BackgroundBackground
•• Asphalt Behavior Asphalt Behavior •• Classification (Grading) of AsphaltClassification (Grading) of Asphalt
•• Asphalt ModificationAsphalt Modification
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Early SpecificationsEarly Specifications
•• Lake AsphaltsLake Asphalts
– – AppearanceAppearance – – Solubility in carbon disulfideSolubility in carbon disulfide
•• Petroleum asphalts (early 1900’s)Petroleum asphalts (early 1900’s) – – ConsistencyConsistency
•• ChewingChewing
•• Penetration machinePenetration machine
– – Measure consistencyMeasure consistency
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ViscosityViscosity
100 g100 g 100 g100 g
penetrationpenetration
0 sec0 sec5 sec5 sec
Penetration GradingPenetration Grading
Typical Pen Grades
85-100 • 120-150
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ViscosityViscosity
vacuumvacuum
Typical Vis Grades
AC - 20 • AC - 10
Viscosity GradingViscosity Grading
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2525 6060 135135--1515
“Stiffness” of three different asphalts“Stiffness” of three different asphalts
hardhard
softsoft
penpen
AABB
CC
Temperature, CTemperature, C
Penetration TestPenetration Test
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2525 6060 135135--1515
hardhard
softsoft
penpenvisvis
visvis
AABB
CC
Temperature, CTemperature, C
Penetration andPenetration and
Viscosity TestViscosity Test
“Stiffness” of three different asphalts“Stiffness” of three different asphalts
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Problems with Current SystemProblems with Current System
•• ViscosityViscosity
– – viscous effects only at 60 Cviscous effects only at 60 C
•• PenetrationPenetration
– – empirical consistency only at 25 Cempirical consistency only at 25 C
•• No Low Temperature PropertiesNo Low Temperature Properties
MeasuredMeasured
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Problems with Current SystemProblems with Current System
•• Problems with Modified AsphaltProblems with Modified Asphalt
CharacterizationCharacterization
•• Specification ProliferationSpecification Proliferation
•• Long Term Aging not ConsideredLong Term Aging not Considered
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Asphalt OverviewAsphalt Overview
•• TerminologyTerminology
•• HistoryHistory
•• UsesUses
•• BackgroundBackground
•• Asphalt Behavior Asphalt Behavior •• Classification (Grading) of AsphaltClassification (Grading) of Asphalt
•• Asphalt ModificationAsphalt Modification
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Why Modify Asphalt?Why Modify Asphalt?
•• Change effects of temperature andChange effects of temperature and
loading on physical properties of asphaltloading on physical properties of asphalt
•• Provides a “stiffer” binder at highProvides a “stiffer” binder at high
temperatures (higher PG binder grade)temperatures (higher PG binder grade)
•• Reduce effects of aging/oxidation onReduce effects of aging/oxidation on
asphalt propertiesasphalt properties
•• Improve adhesion to aggregatesImprove adhesion to aggregates
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Modified PG BindersModified PG Binders
•• Many different types of modified bindersMany different types of modified binders
– – elastomers (Stylink, Citgoflex, others)elastomers (Stylink, Citgoflex, others) --SBS,SBR SBS,SBR
– – plastomers (Novophalt, Vestoplast, others)plastomers (Novophalt, Vestoplast, others)
– – gelled (Multigrade)gelled (Multigrade)
– – blown, oxidizedblown, oxidized•• Little performance history with someLittle performance history with some
modifiersmodifiers
•• Use of modified binder grades will increaseUse of modified binder grades will increase
cost (materials cost $2cost (materials cost $2 -- $5/ton of mix)$5/ton of mix)
•• Is it worth the extra cost?Is it worth the extra cost?
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When should a modified binderWhen should a modified binder
be specified?be specified?•• In extreme climatic conditions (very hot orIn extreme climatic conditions (very hot or
very cold)very cold)•• In very heavy traffic conditions, especiallyIn very heavy traffic conditions, especially
when loading is slow or stoppedwhen loading is slow or stopped
•• In problem situations where rutting, shoving,In problem situations where rutting, shoving,instability is occurringinstability is occurring
•• Where improved elastic properties areWhere improved elastic properties areneeded (i.e. resistance of reflective cracking)needed (i.e. resistance of reflective cracking)
•• To provide for thicker binder film thicknessTo provide for thicker binder film thicknessin open graded and gap graded mixesin open graded and gap graded mixes
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What is Asphalt?What is Asphalt?
•• Black, glueBlack, glue--like, waterproof materiallike, waterproof material
•• A product of the petroleum refining operationA product of the petroleum refining operation
•• Used extensively in the paving, roofing industriesUsed extensively in the paving, roofing industries
•• Is a thermoplastic materialIs a thermoplastic material
•• Must be in liquid form for roadway applicationsMust be in liquid form for roadway applications(heat, dilution in solvent, emulsification)(heat, dilution in solvent, emulsification)
•• Can be used in pavements effectively in the full rangeCan be used in pavements effectively in the full range
of climate and loading conditionsof climate and loading conditions
•• Can be polymer modified to improve properties forCan be polymer modified to improve properties for
better performance when necessarybetter performance when necessary
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Performance Graded BindersPerformance Graded Binders
•• HistoryHistory•• TestingTesting
•• SpecificationSpecification
•• Grade SelectionGrade Selection
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•• Product of Strategic Highway ResearchProduct of Strategic Highway ResearchProgram (SHRP)Program (SHRP)
•• New tests and specificationNew tests and specification
•• Provides a temperature range throughProvides a temperature range throughwhich the asphalt must meet certainwhich the asphalt must meet certainphysical properties to resist rutting andphysical properties to resist rutting and
crackingcracking•• Includes conditioning procedures toIncludes conditioning procedures to
simulate changes in asphalt propertiessimulate changes in asphalt properties
due to aging in the fielddue to aging in the field
HMA BindersHMA Binders--
Performance Graded (PG) SystemPerformance Graded (PG) System
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Pavement Temperature, CPavement Temperature, C
-- 2020 2020 6060 135135
Illustration of PG Binder TestsIllustration of PG Binder Tests
Low Temp.Low Temp.CrackingCracking
FatigueFatigueCrackingCracking
RuttingRutting HandlingHandling
L T t C kiL T t C ki
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Low Temperature CrackingLow Temperature Cracking
Alli C ki
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Alligator CrackingAlligator Cracking
(Fatigue)(Fatigue)
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Rutting in Subgrade or BaseRutting in Subgrade or Base
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Rutting in Asphalt Surface LayerRutting in Asphalt Surface Layer
R tti t R d b tRutting at a Roundabout
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In what layer is rutting occurring?
Rutting at a RoundaboutRutting at a Roundabout
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Superpave Asphalt BinderSuperpave Asphalt Binder
SpecificationSpecification
• Grading System Based on Climate
PerformancePerformance
GradeGradeAverage 7Average 7--dayday
max pavementmax pavement
design tempdesign temp
Min pavementMin pavement
design tempdesign temp
PG 58PG 58 -- 2222
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Performance Graded BinderPerformance Graded Binder
SpecificationsSpecifications
•• Superior to viscosity and penetrationSuperior to viscosity and penetrationgrading systemsgrading systems
•• Have resulted in higher quality bindersHave resulted in higher quality binders
•• Allow appropriate grade of binder forAllow appropriate grade of binder for
specific location based upon:specific location based upon:
– – air and pavement temperatureair and pavement temperature
– – loading conditionsloading conditions
– – traffic speedtraffic speed
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FatigueFatigue
Cracking Cracking Rutting Rutting ConstructionConstruction
[RV][RV][DSR][DSR]
Low Temp Low Temp
Cracking Cracking
[BBR][BBR]
[DTT][DTT]
Pavement AgePavement Age
PAV PAV -- aging aging No aging No aging
RTFO RTFO -- aging aging
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R R ollingolling TThinhin FFilmilm OOvenven
163 C
controlscontrols fanfan
bottle carriagebottle carriageair jetair jet
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asphaltasphalt
sample pansample pansample rack sample rack pressure vesselpressure vessel
airair
pressurepressure
temperaturetemperatureprobeprobe
PPressureressure AAgingging
VVesselessel
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samplesample
chamberchamber
spindlespindle
asphalt sampleasphalt sample
applied torqueapplied torque
from motorfrom motor
Rotational ViscometerRotational Viscometer
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Oscillating PlateOscillating Plate
FixedFixed
Base PlateBase Plate
BinderBinder
SampleSample
DSR Test EquipmentDSR Test Equipment
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FluidFluid
BathBath
Deflection TransducerDeflection Transducer
Load CellLoad Cell
Asphalt BeamAsphalt Beam
Air BearingAir Bearing
LoadingLoading
FrameFrameSupportsSupports
Control andControl andData AcquisitionData Acquisition
Temperature Probeemperature Probe
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DDirectirect TTensionension TTesterester
change in length (change in length ( L)L)
effective gauge length Leffective gauge length Lee
failure strain (failure strain ( f f ) =) =
LL
LoadLoad
LLLLee
LL ++ LLFailureFailure
PPerformanceerformance GGradesrades
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PG 46 PG 52 PG 58 PG 64 PG 70 PG-76 PG 82
(Rotational Viscosity) RV
90 90 100 100 100 (110) 100 (110) 110 (110)
(Flash Point) FP
46 52 58 64 70 76 82
46 52 58 64 70 76 82
(ROLLING THIN FILM OVEN)(ROLLING THIN FILM OVEN) RTFORTFO Mass LossMass Loss 1.00 kPa
< 5000 kPa
> 2.20 kPa
S < 300 MPa m > 0.300
Report Value
> 1.00 %
20 Hours, 2.07 MPa
10 7 4 25 22 19 16 13 10 7 25 22 19 16 13 31 28 25 22 19 16 34 31 8 25 22 19 37 34 31 28 25 40 37 34 31
(Dynamic Shear Rheometer) DSR G* sin
( Bending Beam Rheometer) BBR “S” Stiffness & “m”- value
-24 -30 -36 0 -6 12 -18 -24 30 -36 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 0 -6 -12 -18 -24
-2 -30 -36 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 -36 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 0 -6 -12 -18 -24
(Dynamic Shear Rheometer) DSR G*/sin
(Dynamic Shear Rheometer) DSR G*/sin
< 3 Pa.s @ 135 oC
> 230 oC
CEC
Which PG grades should I useWhich PG grades should I use
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Which PG grades should I useWhich PG grades should I use
at my facility???at my facility???•• Many factor to considerMany factor to consider – – Suggested grades from Superpave WeatherSuggested grades from Superpave Weather
DatabaseDatabase
– – Amount and type of traffic loadingsAmount and type of traffic loadings
– – Desired reliabilityDesired reliability – – Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) usageReclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) usage
– –
Current available gradesCurrent available grades
– – Capabilities of binder suppliersCapabilities of binder suppliers
– – Typical types of distress in pavementsTypical types of distress in pavements
– – Binder costsBinder costs
Developed from AirDeveloped from Air
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pp
TemperaturesTemperatures
•• Superpave Weather DatabaseSuperpave Weather Database – – 6500 stations in U.S. and Canada6500 stations in U.S. and Canada
•• AnnualAnnual airair temperaturestemperatures – – hottest sevenhottest seven--day temp (avg. and std dev)day temp (avg. and std dev)
– – coldest temp (avg. and std dev)coldest temp (avg. and std dev)•• CalculatedCalculated pavementpavement temperaturestemperatures
used in PG selectionused in PG selection
> 20 years> 20 years
S H R P
S H R P AA- - 6 4 8 A6 4 8 A
Eff t f L di R tEffect of Loading Rate on
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Effect of Loading Rate onEffect of Loading Rate on
Binder SelectionBinder Selection
•• DilemmaDilemma – – specified DSR loading rate is 10 rad/secspecified DSR loading rate is 10 rad/sec
– – what aboutwhat about longerlonger loading times ?loading times ?
•• Use binder with more stiffness atUse binder with more stiffness at
higher tempshigher temps
– – slowslow -- -- increase one high temp gradeincrease one high temp grade
– – stationarystationary -- -- increase two high temp gradesincrease two high temp grades
– – no effect on low temp gradeno effect on low temp grade
90 kph90 kph
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Effect of Loading Rate onEffect of Loading Rate on
Binder SelectionBinder Selection
•• Example with heavy loadingExample with heavy loading
– – for toll roadfor toll road
PG 64PG 64--2222
– – for toll boothfor toll booth
PG 70PG 70--2222
– – for weigh stationsfor weigh stations
PG 76PG 76--2222
90 kph90 kph
SlowSlow
StoppingStopping
Eff t f T ffi A tEff t f T ffi A t
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Effect of Traffic AmountEffect of Traffic Amount
on Binder Selectionon Binder Selection
•• 1010 -- 30 x 1030 x 1066 ESALESAL
– – Consider increasingConsider increasing ---- one high tempone high tempgradegrade
•• 30 x 1030 x 1066 + ESAL+ ESAL – – Recommend increasingRecommend increasing ---- two high temptwo high temp
gradesgrades
80 kN ESALs80 kN ESALs
>> EEquivalentquivalent SSingleingle AAxlexle LLoadsoads
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Superpave Asphalt BinderSuperpave Asphalt Binder
SpecificationSpecification
• Grading System Based on Climate
PG 58PG 58 -- 2222
PerformancePerformanceGradeGrade
Average 7Average 7--daydaymax pavementmax pavement
design tempdesign temp
Min pavementMin pavementdesign tempdesign temp
Which PG asphalt shouldWhich PG asphalt should
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Which PG asphalt shouldWhich PG asphalt should
perform best in resistingperform best in resistingthermal cracking?thermal cracking?
•• PG 64PG 64--2222
•• PG 76PG 76--2222•• PG 64PG 64--2828
•• PG 58PG 58--3434
Which PG asphalt shouldWhich PG asphalt should
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Which PG asphalt shouldWhich PG asphalt should
perform best in resistingperform best in resistingthermal cracking?thermal cracking?
•• PG 64PG 64--2222
•• PG 76PG 76--2222•• PG 64PG 64--2828
•• PG 58PG 58--3434
i f f i G
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Which of the following PGWhich of the following PG
binders should perform best inbinders should perform best inresisting rutting?resisting rutting?
•• PG 82PG 82--2222
•• PG 76PG 76--2828
•• PG 70PG 70--2828
•• PG 76PG 76--2222
Whi h f h f ll i PG
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Which of the following PGWhich of the following PG
binders should perform best inbinders should perform best inresisting rutting?resisting rutting?
•• PG 82PG 82--2222
•• PG 76PG 76--2828
•• PG 70PG 70--2828
•• PG 76PG 76--2222
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SuperpaveSuperpave Binder Binder ImplementationImplementation
1999 Lead State Survey1999 Lead State Survey
2003
2004
Undetermined
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PG Binders in South CarolinaPG Binders in South Carolina
•• Adopted in 2000 for all work Adopted in 2000 for all work
•• Two grades selected:Two grades selected:
– – PG 64PG 64--2222
•• Low volume secondary, primary andLow volume secondary, primary and
interstate pavementsinterstate pavements
– – PG 76PG 76--2222•• Heavy loaded interstate andHeavy loaded interstate and specealtyspecealty
locations (intersections)locations (intersections)
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Performance Graded BinderPerformance Graded Binder
Testing, Specification andTesting, Specification and
Grade SelectionGrade Selection
Questions?Questions?