8/14/2019 Sustainability - an enduring trend in aquaculture
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July | August
Feature heading: SustainabilityFeature title: Sustainability - an enduring trend in aquaculture
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Aquaculture will play a
critical role in supplying
the growing demand for
protein by populations
worldwide. According to the FAO
World Agriculture Toward 2015 -30,
consumption of fish will increase 150
to 160 million tonnes, or 19-20kg per
person and aquaculture will be the
critical source of supply as ocean fish
stocks continue to be over fished and
mismanaged.
Obstacles to growthHowever, an obstacle stands in the path
of aquacultures future success.Ineffective fish and crustacean farming
practices result in pollution of the local
environment and disease in the fish popula-
tions. Intensive fish farming currently takes
place in select countries worldwide and is
contributing to a backlash from non profit
organizations, governments and end consum-
ers concerned with aquacultures contribu-
tion to the destabilising and degradation of
local ecosystems.
Unsustainable fish
farming produces
waste water
filled with
fish feces,
f i sh
feed and residues of pesticides and veteri-
nary drugs.
Aquaculture also contributes to envi-
ronmental degradation of 50 percent
of mangrove forests, which serve as
natural coastal protectors from storms.
Aquaculture populations, who require
fresh water to grow, have been given
often-illegal antibiotics and pesticides by
fish farmers.
When residues from the antibiotics and
pesticides are discovered in the fish, the
aquaculture industry cannot sell their prod-
ucts to foreign markets as import bans are
put in place to protect consumers.
Sustainable aquaculture is a trend that
will need to be embraced by the industry or
negative repercussions will follow.
Consumer consciousness worldwide is
already being raised to fear eating con-
taminated fish from fish farms. Activists andgovernments could yet be pushed to limit
the expansion of the industry. Worse yet,
without protection of local ecosystems by
good aquaculture management, there
may not be enough clean water for fish
farming. This would inhibit expansion
of the industry and its ability to meet
the need of a growing population
reliant on fish and crustaceans as a
key source of protein.
Sustainable aquacultureGood management and the correct
application of technology can increase
by Heather Lenz, Buhl er, Uzwil
-
10 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | Juy-augus 09
Sustainability
the sustainability of aquaculture, decrease
the need for chemicals and medicine and
maintain the health and optimal growth of
the fish population.
Aqua feed is a key example of how the
correct application of technology and good
management can decrease the negative
effect of pollution from aqua farming.
The use of unpelleted or poor
quality pelleted fish feed can lead to
inefficient fish growth and uneaten feed
material. Uneaten fish feed becomes
Juy-augus 09 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 11 -
Sustainability
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8/14/2019 Sustainability - an enduring trend in aquaculture
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Two-stage dryingThe hot and steaming product very
rapidly releases the free surface moisture
to the hot air stream. Once the surface has
been dried, the drying action is limited by
the diffusion rate inside the product, and
the air stream can be reduced.
Such a multi-stage drying process con-
sists of a hot air conveying system and
a fluid-bed dryer, followed by a belt orcounter current dryer.
This process allows very fast, gentle, and
nondeforming drying to the necessary final
moisture content of eight to 10 percent even
of soft and sticky products.
Coating/coolingUsually, the dried extrudates are coated
while still warm directly after the dryer.
During this stage, it is possible to add
fats, flavorings, attractants, colors, and even
powdered ingredients.
Depending on the temperature and the
specific surface area of the extrudates, up
to 12 percent liquids can be absorbed in the
coating drum and the subsequent cooler.
For higher oil quantities up to 40 percent,it is common practice to apply vacuum
coaters/mixers.
One-step in the value chainIn the production of aqua feed, it is
important to ensure the ideal formula-
tion and production. Buhlers technology
and process steps
enable high per-
formance aqua feed
to be produced
by feed millers
worldwide.
But this is just
one step towards
the future sustain-
ability of aquac-ulture. There is
a rising need for
more awareness
and training of
in-farm feed and
water management
strategies for fish
farms in developing
countries.
Leading feed
millers, academics
and other members
of the aquaculture
industry have an
important and
continuing role to
play in transferring
research and good
management prac-
tices to developing
countries to ensure
the advancement of
the entire industry.
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- Juy-augus 09 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 13
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and continuously optimised on the basis
of commercial and nutritional criteria.
A fine grinding system reduces the raw
component blend to an average particle
size smaller than 250 microns. The blend
is then conveyed pneumatically to the
control sifter.
Control sifting
A sifter especially suitable for processingfinely ground, fatty fish feed formulations is
required to eliminate insoluble substances
such as bones, scales, sand, and fibres, which
might clog die holes smaller than 1.5 -
2mm. Buhler recommends a mesh aperture
smaller than about 70 percent of the die
hole diameter.
Extrusion processThe extrusion process is essentially a
cooking process during which the starch-
containing components are decomposed
and the proteins are denatured.
Together with the other ingredients, a
hydrophil yet water stable matrix is created.
The required heat is added mainly
in the form of direct steam in the
preconditioner. In the extruder, the
mass preheated to about 95C is fur-
ther heated by mechanical processing
so that temperatures of about 120
to 140C are achieved. The patented
Density Control System allows the
steam pressure of the hot dough mass
to be controlled while the mass is still
inside the extruder. This enables the
sinking or floating characteristics to be
controlled across a wide range without
compromising on the cooking degree.
Shaping/cuttingThe die hole geometry is crucial in the
process,as the hot product melt has to be
depressurised,shaped,and cut.Especially
small die holes up to 0.6mm requirean optimised number of
holes and a wear-resistant
die plate.
A correct die selec-
tion achieves high pellet
quality and the right expan-
sion. The cutter speed can be varied
to change the length of the extruded pellets.
Since a considerable volume of moisture is
evaporated at this point, hot air addition and
a good aspiration are needed in order to
prevent condensation and agglomeration of
the products.
fat contents with a good water absorption
rate and high water stability to sink slowly
in saline water.
Fish, such as sturgeons, yellow tail,
and sea bass
can be fed
sinking pellets.
Shrimp pellets
are fast sinking
and retain theirelastic structure
even after hours
in the water.
Steps tosustainableaqua feed
Buhler has
three critical
goals for its aqua
feed production
technology. The
technology must
enable aqua feed
millers to create
a complete diet, which the animal can ingest
and assimilate optimally, maintaining the
animals health.
Extrusion technology should maximise
the conversion rate and the meat qual-
ity while minimizing the costs. Last of all,
Buhler supports good management and
the sustainability of the aqua feed with
technology that reduces the need for
overfeeding.
Blending and mixing, grindingThe raw materials, which account
for over 80 percent of the total
production cost, are formulated
waste in the aquaculture system, pol-
luting the water.
Buhler supplies technology to the aqua feed
industry to decrease the amount of uneaten
feed, maximize the feed conversion rate and
increase the health of the entire fish population
while lowering pollution of water outflow.
The ideal feed for each fish type can be
produced via Buhlers extrusion technology
to maximise feed digestibility and conver-
sion rates while minimising water pollution.
Micro pellets are very small, accurately cut
and for feeding all species whether as float-
ing or sinking. Floating feeds are pellets
with moderate protein and fat content
for feeding warm-water species such as
tilapia and eels. Sinking feed
are pellets with
high protein and
12 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | Juy-augus 09 -
Sustainability
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www.aquafeed.co.ukTHE INTERNATIONALMAGAZINE FOR THE AQUACULTURE FEED INDUSTRY
MemberoftheWorldAquacultureSociety,EuropeanAquacultureSociety,AmericanFeedIndustryAssociationandtheInternationalAquafeedAssociation
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