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FatimahFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other people of the same name, seeFatima (name).
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Fatimah(Arabic:; fimah; pronounced /ftma/; born c. 605[1][2]or 615[3] d. 633) was a daughter
ofMuhammadandKhadijah, wife ofAliand mother ofHasanandHusain, and one of the five members ofAhl
al-Bayt.[1][2]
She became the object of great veneration by all Muslims, because she lived closest to her father
and supported him in his difficulties and because of historical importance of her husband and her two sons, and
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that she is the only member of Muhammad's family that gave him descendants, numerously spread through the
Islamic world.[1]
She was involved in three significant political actions, each recorded in almost all sources. First, after the
conquest of Mecca, she refused her protection toAbu Sufian; Second, after Muhammad's death, she
courageously defended Alis cause, fiercely opposed the election ofAbu Bakr, and had violent disputes with
him and particularly with Umar; Third, she laid claim to the property rights of her father and challenged Abu
Bakrs categorical refusal to cede them, particularlyFadakand a share in the produce ofKhaybar.[4]
She died a few months after her father's death, and was buried inJannat Al-Baqi', but the exact location of her
grave is unknown. MostShia Muslimsbelieve that she died as a result of her injury caused by Umar, incurred
while defending Ali against Abu Bakr.[1]
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Contents
[hide]
1 Birth
2 Titles
3 Early life
4 Marriage
5 Life before the death of Muhammad
o 5.1 Poverty
o 5.2 Marriage Relationship
o 5.3 On the battlefield
6 Fatimah in the Quran
7 Life after the death of Muhammad
o 7.1 Caliphate of Abu Bakr
o 7.2 Inheritance
8 Death
9 Descendants
10 Views
o 10.1 Shia view
11 See also
12 Notes
13 References
o 13.1 Primary Sources
o 13.2 Books and journals
o 13.3 Encyclopedias
14 External links
o 14.1 Shia sources
[edit]Birth
See also:Genealogy of Khadijah's daughters
Fatimah was born in Mecca to Khadija, the firstwife of Muhammad. There are differences of opinion on the
exact date of her birth (605 or 615), but the widely accepted view is that she was born five years before the
firstQur'anic revelations, during the time of the rebuilding of theKaabain 605,[5][6][7]
although this does imply
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she was over 18 at the time of her marriage, which was unusual inArabia.[1]
Shia sources, however, state that
she was born either two or five years after the first Qur'anicrevelations,[3]
but that timeline would imply her
mother was over fifty at the time of her birth.[1]
Fatimah as believed by Sunnis is the fourth of Muhammad's daughters afterZaynab,Ruqayya, andUmm
Kulthum.[1]
While according to Shi'a scholars, Fatimah was Muhammad's only biological daughter,[8][9]
they
further claimed, Ruqayyah and Umm Kulthum are actually, being the daughters of Hala, the sister of Khadijah,
who were adopted by Muhammad and Khadijah at her death. A strong reason given by the Shi'a scholars for
this belief is the event of(mubahala) mentioned in the Quran, in which there is no reference of the presence of
any other female apart from Fatimah, however Sunnis accept that Muhammad had four daughters all from
Khadijah.[10]
[edit]Titles
Arabic calligraphy readingFatimah az-Zahra
See also:List of Shi'a titles for Fatima Zahra
Fatimah is given many titles by Muslims to show their admiration of her moral and physical characteristics. The
most used title is "al-Zahra", meaning "the shining one", and she is commonly referred to as Fatimah
Zahra.[2][11]
She was also known as Ummu Abeeha (Mother of her Father) and "al-Batul" (the chaste and pure
one) as she spent much of her time inprayer, reciting the Qur'an and in other acts ofworship.[2]
[edit]Early life
Following the birth of Fatimah, she was personally nursed, contrary to local customs where the newborn were
sent to "wet nurses" in surrounding villages.[12]
She spent her early youth under the care of her parents in
Mecca in the shadow of the tribulations suffered by her father at the hands of the Quraysh.[1]
According to tradition, on one occasion while Muhammad was performing the salah (prayer) in the Kaaba,Amr
ibn Hishm(Abu Jahl) and his men poured camelplacentaover him. Fatimah, upon hearing the news, rushed
to her father and wiped away the filth while scolding the men.[1][13]
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_of_Shi%27a_titles_for_Fatima_Zahrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fatimah&action=edit§ion=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatima_Zahra#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mubahalahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatima_Zahra#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatima_Zahra#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatima_Zahra#cite_note-EOIUSC-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umm_Kulthum_bint_Muhammadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umm_Kulthum_bint_Muhammadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruqayyah_bint_Muhammadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zainab_bint_Muhammadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatima_Zahra#cite_note-EOIUSC-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatima_Zahra#cite_note-Ordoni_1990_pp.42-45-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qur%27anhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatima_Zahra#cite_note-EOIUSC-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula7/30/2019 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Following the death of her mother, Fatimah was overcome by sorrow and found it very difficult to come to terms
with her death. She was consoled by her father, who informed her that he had received word
fromangelGabrielthatGodhad built for her a palace in paradise.[1]
[edit]Marriage
[hide]
Part ofa serieson
Sha Islam
Beliefs and practices
Monotheism
Holy Books
Prophethood
Succession to Muhammad
Imamate of the Family
Angels
Judgement Day
Mourning of Muharram
IntercessionIsmah
The OccultationClergy
Views
The Qur'anSahaba
Holy days
AshuraArba'eenMawlid
Eid ul-FitrEid al-Adha
Eid al-Ghadeer
Eid al-Mubahila
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History
Twelver
Two things
IsmlZaidi
The verse of purification
MubahalaTwo things
KhummFatimah's house
First FitnaSecond Fitna
The Battle of Karbala
Persecution
Ahl al-Kisa
MuhammadAliFatimah
HasanHussein
List of Shia companions
Holy ladies
FatimahKhadijahZaynab bint AliFatimah bint al-HasanSukayna bint
HusaynRubabShahrbanuNijmahFtimah bint MsHakimah
KhtnNarjisFatimah bint AsadFarwah bint al-Qasim
V
T
E
Many of Muhammad's companions asked for Fatimah's hand in marriage, including Abu Bakr and Umar.
Muhammad turned them all down, saying that he was awaiting a sign of her destiny.[1]
Ali,Muhammad's cousin,
also had a desire to marry Fatimah but did not have the courage to approach Muhammad due to his (Ali's)
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poverty. Even when he mustered up the courage and went to see Muhammad, he could not vocalise his
intention but remained silent. Muhammad understood the reason for his being there and prompted Ali to
confirm that he had come to seek Fatimah in marriage. He suggested that Ali had a shield, which if sold, would
provide sufficient money to pay the bridal gift (mahr).[1][2]
Muhammad put forward the proposal from Ali to
Fatimah, who remained silent and did not protest, which Muhammad took to be a sign of affirmation and
consent.[1][14]
The actual date of the marriage is unclear, but it most likely took place in 623, thesecond year of the hijra,
although some sources say it was in 622. The age of Fatimah is reported to have been 9 or 19 (due to
differences of opinion on the exact date of her birth i.e. 605 or 615) at the time of her marriage while Ali was
between 21 and 25.[1][2][3]
Muhammad told Ali that he had been ordered by God to give his daughter Fatimah to
Ali in marriage.[15]
Muhammad said to Fatimah: "I have married you to the dearest of my family to me."[2]
Ali sold
his shield to raise the money needed for the wedding, as suggested by Muhammad.[1]
However,Uthman ibn
Affan, to whom the shield was sold, gave it back to Ali saying it was his wedding gift to Ali and
Fatimah.[2]
Muhammad himself performed the wedding ceremony and two of his wives,AishaandUmm
Salama, prepared the wedding feast with dates, figs, sheep and other food donated by various members of the
Medinan community.[1]
According toHossein Nasr, their marriage possesses a special spiritual significance for
all Muslims because it is seen as the marriage between the greatest saintly figures surrounding
Muhammad.[15]
Their marriage lasted about ten years and ended when Fatimah died. Althoughpolygynyis
permitted by Islam, Ali did not marry another woman while Fatimah was alive.[15]
[edit]Life before the death of Muhammad
Main article:Fatimah marital life
[edit]Poverty
After her marriage to Ali, the wedded couple led a life of abject poverty in contrast to her sisters who were all
married to wealthy individuals.[2]
Ali had built a house not too far from Muhammad's residence where he lived
with Fatimah. However, due to Fatimah's desire to be closer to her father, a Medinan (Haritha bin al-Numan)
donated his own house to them.[1]
At the beginning they were extremely poor. For several years after her marriage, she did all of the work by
herself. The shoulder on which she carried pitchers of water from the well was swollen and the hand with which
she worked the handmill to grind corn where often covered with blisters.[16]Fatimah vouched to take care of the
household work, make dough, bake bread, and clean the house; in return, Ali vouched to take care of the
outside work such as gathering firewood, and bringing food.[17]
Ali worked to irrigate other peoples lands by
drawing water from the wells which caused him to complain of chest pains.[2]
Their circumstances were akin to
many of the Muslims at the time and only improved following theBattle of Khaybarwhen the produce of
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Khaybar was distributed among the poor. When the economic situations of the Muslims become better,
Fatimah gained some maids but treated them like her family and performed the house duties with them.[1]
Another reference to their simple life comes to us from theTasbihof Fatimah, a divine formula that was first
given to Fatimah when she asked her father for a kaneez (servant girl) in order to help her with household
chores. Her father asked her if she would like a gift instead that was better than a servant and worth more than
everything in the world. Upon her ready agreement, he told her to recite at the end of every prayer the Great
Exaltation,Allahu Akbar34 times, the Statement of Absolute Gratitude,Alhamdulillah33 times and the
Invocation of Divine Glory,Subhan'Allah33 times, totalling 100. This collective prayer is called the Tasbih of
Fatima.[18]
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[edit]Marriage Relationship
An indication of their special relationship is found in the fact that Ali never married another woman as long as
Fatima was alive. Sunni sources explain this curiosity in a tradition in which Ali asks for Abu Jahl's daughter in
marriage, but the Prophet does not allow him to marry her because it would upset Fatima. The three most
popular versions of this tradition are related by al-Miswar b. Makhrama, a Companion who was about nine
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years old when the Prophet died.[19]
On one occasion, a member of the house ofHisham ibn al-
Mughirahproposed that Ali marry a woman from their clan. Ali did not immediately reject the proposal and
when word reached Muhammad he is reported to have said, "Fatima is a part of me and whoever offends her
offends me."[20]
Muhammad re-iterated his affection for Fatimah when she was made aware that Ali had proposed to a
daughter ofAbu Jahl. From thepulpitMuhammad pronounced, "she is indeed a part of me" and that Ali would
have to first divorce Fatimah before the marriage could go ahead.
According to Denise L. Soufi, the purpose of the narration -in which Ali asks for Abu Jahl's daughter's hand- is
to denigrate Ali or to establish the Sunni orthodoxy that the fourth Khalif, i.e. Ali, is lower in rank than the earlier
ones.[21]
Ali was given the name of Abu Turab (the man of dust) by Muhammad. Although some sources explain this bylinking it to the disputes with Fatimah where, instead of arguing with Fatimah, Ali would go and put dust on his
head.[22]
, other sources such as Ibn Hisham and Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal say this name was given to Ali
before marriage.[23]
According to theEncyclopedia of Islam, Fatimah had occasional disputes with her husband and often sought
the intersession of her father who showed signs of great satisfaction upon reconciling the couple's differences.
Denise L. Soufi on the other hand finds such tradition as "mere a narrative device to prais Ali". For example she
says:
((...her complaints about Ali elicit high praise from the Prophet for him. In fact, whenever Fatima has any
troubles or worries in her life, it is usually praise for Ali which is used to comfort her.))
In her view, these traditions are kept for the purpose of the Sunni-Shia debate over the Caliphate, even though
they are in contrast with what she describes the Shia picture of the marriage to be "harmonious and divinely
ordained".[24]
Shia acknowledge the saying of Muhammad, "Fatimah is a part of me and whoever offends her offends me",
however the context of the reporting in reference to Ali is disputed. "Among the many fabricated stories told
against Imam Ali was that he had asked for Abu Jahl's (the chief of infidels) daughter's hand in marriage. When
this news reached Fatimah (A), she rushed to her father who found out the falsity of the story. "[25]
Shia say this statement was used by Fatimah herself when she spoke to Abu Bakr and Umar, stating that they
had both displeased her.[26]
[edit]On the battlefield
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Following theBattle of Uhud, Fatimah tended to the wounds of her father and husband, and took it upon herself
to regularly visit the graves of all those who died in the battle and pray for them. Fatimah, along with her
husband, was also called upon byAbu Sufyanto intercede on his behalf with Muhammad while attempting to
make amends following the violation of theTreaty of Hudaybiyyah. Abu Sufyan also asked for Fatimah's
protection when she went to Mecca while it was under occupation which she refused under instruction from her
father.[1]
[edit]Fatimah in the Quran
See also:Ahl al-Bayt
Some verses in the Qur'an are associated to Fatimah and her household by classicalexegetes, although she is
not mentioned by name. According to J. D. McAuliffe, two of the most important verses includethe verse of
purification, which is the 33rdayahinsuraal-Ahzab[27]
and the 61st ayah in suraAl-i-Imran.[28][29]
In the first
verse, the phrase "people of the house" (ahl al-bayt) is ordinarily understood to consist of Muhammad,
Fatimah, her husband Ali and their two sons (al-Tabariin his exegesis also mentions a tradition that interprets
"people of the house" as Muhammad's wives; forIbn al-Jawzi, the order of these options is reversed).[29]
The
second verse refers to an episode in which Muhammad proposed an ordeal of mutual adjuration (mubahala) to
a delegation of Christians. Fatimah, according to the "occasion for the revelation" of this verse, was among
those offered by Muhammad as witnesses and guarantors.[29]
Muslim exegesis of the Qur'anic verse3:42, links the praise of Mary, the mother ofJesus, with that of Fatimah
based on a quote attributed to Muhammad that lists the outstanding women of all time asMary,Asiya(the wife
ofPharaoh), Khadija and Fatimah (the all Muslim commentaries insists upon the absolute superiority of
Fatimah).[29]
[edit]Life after the death of Muhammad
Location of grave of Fatema (marked *) and others at J.Baqi, Medina
grave of Fatema(single front one) and others at J.Baqi,Medina
[edit]Caliphate of Abu Bakr
Main article:Succession to Muhammad
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ra#cite_note-EoQ-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu%27l-Faraj_ibn_al-Jawzihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Jarir_al-Tabarihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatima_Zahra#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatima_Zahra#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-i-Imranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ahzabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ahzabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_verse_of_purificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_verse_of_purificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exegesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahl_al-Baythttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fatimah&action=edit§ion=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatima_Zahra#cite_note-EOIUSC-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Hudaybiyyahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Sufyanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Uhud7/30/2019 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See also:Umar at Fatimah's house
For the few months that she survived following the death of her father, Fatimah found herself indirectly at the
center of political disunity. Differing accounts of the events surrounding the commencement of the caliphate
exist which were the cause of the Shia and Sunni split. According to the Sunnis the majority of Muslims at thetime of Muhammed's death favoured Abu Bakr as the Caliph while a portion of the population supported
Fatimah's husband, Ali.[1]
Following his selection to the caliphate after a meeting inSaqifah, Abu Bakr and Umar with a few other
companions headed to Fatimah's house to obtain homage from Ali and his supporters who had gathered there.
Then Umar threatened to set the house on fire unless they came out and swore allegiance with Abu
Bakr.[30]
There isn't consensus among the sources about what happened next.
According to the Encyclopaedia of Islam, some Shia sources say that upon seeing them, Ali came out with his
sword drawn but Umar, Abu Bakar and their companions returned without any allegiance on the hand of Abu
Baker.Ali did not accept or reject Abu Bakar's Khilafat and also helped him in solving may state problems.
According to Denise L. Soufi:
((...traditions discussing her involvement in the events which took place after the death of the Prophet seem to
contain some truth despite their partisan biases. This is due to the fact that the Sunnis were unable to
completely suppress what was so obviously detrimental to their reconstruction of religious history: namely, that
Fatima quarreled with abu Bakr over his seizure of the caliphate and the Prophet's properties, that she never
forgave hime for his actions and that ther death was kept secret for some time, probably at her request, in order
to prevent him from presiding over her funeral rites. What is ironic is that this small window into the character of
Fatima has been downplayed or ignored by Sunnis and inflated and overemphasized by Shiis...))[31]
Shia historians hold that Umar called for Ali and his men to come out and swear allegiance to Abu Bakr. When
they did not, Umar broke in, resulting in Fatimah's ribs being broken by being pressed between the door and
the wall causing her to miscarry Muhsin which led to her eventual death.[32][33]
Another version of the events
says that Umar sent a force led by his slave-boy Qunfud to Fatimah's house instructing them to bring Ali to
themosque. Arriving at the house, Qunfud requested permission to enter, which was refused by Ali causing
Qunfud to return to Abu Bakr and Umar and relate the events, who instructed them to go back and enter the
house by force if necessary. Qunfud and his men returned but were this time refused permission by Fatimah
which caused Qunfud to send his men back to Abu Bakr and Umar for further instructions who told them to
burn the house down if necessary in order to bring Ali to them.[1][32][33]
[edit]Inheritance
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This section needs additionalcitationsforverification. Please helpimprove this articleby adding
citations toreliable sources. Unsourced material may bechallengedandremoved.(April 2012)
Main article:Fadak
After the death of her father, Fatimah approached Abu Bakr and asked him to relinquish her share of the
inheritance from Muhammad's estate. Fatimah expected the land of Fadak (situated 30 mi (48 km) from
Medina[34]) and a share of Khaybar would be passed onto her as part of her inheritance. However, Abu Bakr
rejected her request citing a narration where Muhammad stated thatprophets do not leave behind
inheritanceand that all their possessions becomesadaqahto be used for charity. Fatimah was upset at this flat
refusal by Abu Bakr and did not speak to him until her death (however some Sunni sources claim she had
reconciled her differences with Abu Bakr before she died).[1]
Shias contend that Fadak had been gifted to
Fatimah by Muhammad and Abu Bakr was wrong in not allowing her to take possession of it.[35]
In the hadith collected byMuhammad al-BukhariAisha stated the following;
(mother of the believers) After the death ofAllah's Apostle Fatimah the daughter of Allah's Apostle asked Abu
Bakr As-Siddiq to give her, her share of inheritance from what Allah's Apostle had left of the Fai (i.e. booty
gained without fighting) which Allah had given him. Abu Bakr said to her, "Allah's Apostle said, 'Our property
will not be inherited, whatever we (i.e. prophets) leave is Sadaqa (to be used for charity)." Fatimah, the
daughter of Allah's Apostle got angry and stopped speaking to Abu Bakr, and continued assuming that attitude
till she died. Fatimah remained alive for six months after the death of Allah's Apostle.
Muhammad al-Bukhari,Sahih al-Bukhari, Book 53, One-fifth of Booty to the Cause of Allah (Khumus)[36]
According to the one of the famous scholars, "Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir, (Book of the Major Classes), Volume
2, by Ibn Sad, pages 391394
Fatimah asked Abu Bakr, "When you die who will inherit you?" He replied, "My children and relatives." She
said, "What is the justification of your becoming inheritor of the Prophet keeping us away?" He replied, "O
daughter of the Apostle of Allah! I did not inherit your fathers land, gold, silver, slave, or property. She said,
"The share of Allah (Khums i.e. one-fifth) which He has allotted to us and which is only our share is in your
hands." Thereupon he replied, "I heard the Apostle of Allah saying, "It is the food that Allah makes me eat.
When I die it will be distributed among the Muslims" (page 392). Abu Bakr said, "Verily, the Apostle of Allahsaid, "We do not leave inheritance, what we leave goes into sadaqah. Verily, the members of Muhammads
family will get provision from this money. By Allah! I shall not change the distribution of the sadaqah of the
Apostle of Allah from what it was in the time of Apostle of Allah. I shall continue to spend them under the same
heads as the Apostle of Allah was spending. So Abu Bakr refused to give anything to Fatimah. Consequently
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Fatimah became angry with Abu Bakr and left him. She did not talk with him till she died. She lived six months
after the Apostle of Allah. (page 392)
Fatimah came to Abu Bakr and demanded her share in the inheritance. Al-Abbas came to him and demanded
his share in the inheritance. Ali came with them. Thereupon Abu Bakr said, "The Apostle of Allah said, "We
leave no inheritance, what we leave behind us is sadaqah." I shall make provisions for those for whom the
Prophet had made." On this Ali said, "Sulayman (Solomon) inherited Dawud (David), and Zakariya said, He
may be my heir and the heir of the children of Yaqab (Zachariah and John the Baptist)". Abu Bakr said, "This is
as this is. By Allah! You know it as I know." Thereupon Ali said, "This is the Book of Allah that speaks." Then
they became quiet and retired. (page 393).
[edit]Death
Following thefarewell pilgrimage, Muhammad summoned Fatimah and informed her that he would be dying
soon but also informed her that she would be the first of his household to join him.[1][2]
Some days after this
discussion, Muhammad died, following which Fatimah was grief stricken and remained so for the remainder of
her life until she died less than six months later, in the month ofRamadhan.[2]
Sunnisbelieve that Fatimah
reconciled her differences with Abu Bakr prior to her death although theShiaMuslims believe in her anger with
him until her death.[1][7]
There are two distinct views on the manner of her death between the Shias and Sunnis.
The Sunnis state that on the morning of her death, she took a bath, put on new clothes and lay down in bed.
She asked for Ali and informed him that her time to die was very close. Upon hearing this news, Ali began to
cry but was consoled by Fatimah who asked him to look after her two sons and for him to bury her without
ceremony. After her death, Ali followed her wishes and buried her without informing the Medinan people.[2]
Shias, however, maintain that Fatimah died as a result of injuries sustained after her house was raided
byUmar ibn al-Khattabwho burnt the house and stomed her house by pushing the door to the farthest extent,
cracking her rib-cage whilst she was pregnant. Note that this accident also has been affirmed by the Sufi
(nagina mosque order) scholar Maulana Shibli's famous book Al-Farook, but he has described the other
reasons for this incident as well.[37][38][39][40]
Umar not only murdered her in the process but her unborn child,
Mohsen, who was miscarried shortly thereafter as a direct result of Umar's attack.[39]
Muhammad appeared in a
dream and informed Fatimah that she would be passing away the next day. Fatimah informed her husband Ali
of her impending death, and asked him not to allow the oppressors to be involved in her ceremonial
prayersjanazah(prayer performed in congregation after the death of a Muslim) or take part in the burial.[41]
Some sources say, the next day when she died, her two sons were the first family members to learn of her
death and immediately proceeded to the mosque to inform their father who, upon hearing the news, fell
unconscious. When he regained consciousness, Ali, according to Fatimah's wishes, performed thejanazah and
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buried her during the night on 3rdJumada al-Thani11 AH (632) making out three other false graves to ensure
her real grave could not be identified. With him were his family and a few of his close companions.[42]
[edit]Descendants
See also:Descendants of Ali ibn Abi Talib
Fatimah was survived by two sons,HasanandHusayn, and two daughters,ZaynabandUmm
Kulthum.[1]
Controversy surrounds the fate of her third son,Muhsin. Shias say that she miscarried following
anattack on her houseby Abu Bakr and Umar,[43]
while Sunnis insist that Muhsin died in his infancy of natural
causes.[12]
Modern descendants of Muhammad trace their lineage exclusively through Fatimah, as she was the only
surviving child of Muhammad. Muhammad had no sons who reached adulthood.[44]
Fatimah's descendants are given the honorific titlesSayyid(meaning lordorsir),Sharif(meaning noble), and
respected by both Sunni and Shi'a, though the Shi'as place much more emphasis and value on the
distinction.[45][46]
[edit]Views
Muslims regard Fatimah as a loving and devoted daughter, mother, wife, a sincere Muslim, and an exemplar
for women.[47][48]
It is believed that she was very close to her father and her distinction from other women is
mentioned in manyhadith.[49]
After Khadijah, Muslims regard Fatimah as the most significant historical figure,
considered to be the leader (Arabic:Sayyidih) of all women in this world and inParadise.[47][50][51]
It is because of
her moral purity that she occupies an analogous position inIslamto thatMaryoccupies inChristianity. She was
the first wife of Ali, whom Sunnis consider the fourthRashiduncaliphand Shias consider the first
infallibleImamah, the mother of the second and thirdImams, and the ancestor of all the succeeding Imams;
indeed, theFatimid Caliphateis named after her.[52]
[edit]Shia view
Main article:Shi'a view of Fatimah
See also:The Fourteen InfalliblesandFatimid
Fatimah, regarded as "the Mother of the Imams", plays a special role in Shia piety. She has a unique status as
Muhammad's only surviving child, the wife of Ali, their first Imam, and the mother of Hasan and
Husayn.FatimidCaliphate/ Imamate is based on her name. Fatimid faith continue further in Ismaili/Bohras
(refer Tree on right). She is believed to have beenimmaculate, sinless and a pattern for Muslim women.
Although leading a life of poverty, the Shia tradition emphasizes her compassion and sharing of whatever she
had with others.[53]
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