Cellular Maturation Stages & Clinical SignificanceT-Lymphocytes, T-Helper Cells & Cytotoxic T Cells
Ashley Hamilton MLT 1042 - Professor Terri Domenici
College of Southern MarylandSpring 2015
T- Lymphocytes: Cell-mediated Immunity
T- Helper Cells: orchestrate an immune response, will call on specific killer cells
Cytotoxic T Cells (Killer Cells): matching receptors to the antigen complexes on the infected cells. Will release toxins when it comes in contact.
Natural Killer Cells: Have no immunologic memory.
Role of Cell in the BodyQUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ABNORMALITIES
LymphoblastSize: 10-20 μm N:C ratio: 4:1Chromatin: One – two nucleoli, open-weaved chromatinCytoplasm: Blue, with deep-blue staining at the edge• Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia is caused by an increase in lymphoblast cells.
ProlymphocyteSize: 9-18 μm N:C ratio: 3:1Chromatin: Possible nucleoli, slightly coarse chromatinCytoplasm: Gray-blue, mostly blue at edges• An prolymphocytic transformation is the increase in prolymphocyte cells when CLL is transforming to a more aggressive lymphoma
Large lymphocyteSize: 7-10 μm N:C ratio: 4:1Chromatin: Oval eccentric nucleus, clumpy chromatinCytoplasm: Few, azurophilic, red granules Distinguishing Aspects: Cytoplasm is more abundant, azurophilic granules• Large Lymphocytes indicate large granular lymphocyte leukemia, can be either T cell or NK cell.
Small lymphocyteSize: 15-18 μm N:C ratio: 3:1Chromatin: Looser chromatin patternCytoplasm: Large amount cytoplasmDistinguishing Aspects: Clumping chromatin around nuclear membrane• Small lymphocytic lymphoma is a lymphoma affecting the B-lymphocytes of the immune system. These B-cells may be present in lymph nodes.
CELL LINE MATURATION/DISEASES AT EACH STAGE
Abnormal Cells
Alberts B, J. A. (2002). Lymphocytes and the Cellular Basis of Adaptive Immunity. In J. A. Alberts B, Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th edition. (pp. 497-523). New York: Garland Science. Retrieved from: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Mayo Clinic Staff. ( 2012, September 15). Mayo Clinic. Retrieved from Acute lymphocytic leukemia: http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acute-lymphocytic-leukemia/basics/tests-diagnosis/con-20042915
Territo, M. (2013, January 1). Lymphocytic Leukocytosis. Retrieved from www.merckmanuals.com: http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/blood_disorders/white_blood_cell_disorders/lymphocytic_leukocytosis.html
Zhang, D. &. (2012, December 8). Ash Education Book. Retrieved from Hematology : http://.hematologylibrary.org/content/2012/1/652.full
References
Cytokines and Growth Factors
The cytokines used in the T cell line includes, GM-CSF, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6 and IL-7. These are used from the pluripotent stem cell until the cell reaches the T Lymphoblast stage, then cell development is antigen driven.
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: increase of the lymphoblast cells in a peripheral smear.
Infectious mononucleosis: viral infection, presence of 50% lymphocytes with at least 10% atypical lymphocytes
Prolymphocytic Leukemia: A type of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
Bone Marrow Aspiration: Increase of mature small lymphocytes indicates chronic lymphocytic leukemia.Peripheral Smear: Reactive Lymphocytes are a clear indication of infections (particularly viral and rickettsia infections, whooping-cough (pertussis), bacterial infections in infants and young children. infections in infants and young
CBC: If the number of T cells is abnormally decreased, this is an indication of AIDS. In conditions, such as infections and blood diseases, there is an abnormal increase in T cells.Neoplastic Chemistries: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia Other lymphoid leukemia’s Lymphomas in leukemic phase