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INFORMATION & COMMUNICATIONTECHNOLOGY INSTITUTE (ICTI)
Tariffication & Regulation Principles
Verily, never will Allah (j) change the condition of
people unless they change it themselves (013,011)
()
((013011
BUS 201
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Objectives of the Course / Subject
At the end of this course, students will learn:The importance of Tariffication & Regulation Principles
The Vision and Objectives of the MoCIT
Basic Economic Principles of Offer & Demand
Analysis of Demand, Analysis of Income
Analysis of the Economic Factors affecting Liber
International Accounts, International Tariffs
Billing Systems and Customer Care
Effective Tariffication Policy, Impact on Markets
Licensing process, Centralized Systems
Other economic Factors influencing tariffs & more
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Information can be as important as food, water, shelter, ormedicine when responding to a catastrophic event. Without accurate
and timely information the ability of responders to effectively
distribute critical supplies, equipment, and resources is seriously
impaired (unfit).The Telecommunication is the first link in the information chain.
It has the ability to disseminate warnings, call for help, describe the
level of damage, discuss needs, and deliver information requires the
establishment of two-way communications.
Therefore, this requirement places Telecommunications at the top of
the disaster management technology support list.
Information & Communication Technology
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The tsunami relief effort included the deployment of well establishedalong with new telecommunication technologies. Hand-held satellite
phones provided reliable communications for field personnel.
Computers were originally used by scientists for calculating
numbers, and have gradually become useful in offices and industries.The Internet is a global collection of many types of computers and
computer networks that are linked together. It is increasingly
becoming the solution to many information, problems, information
exchange, and marketing.
Tele-fax systems permit the transaction of images (photos, printed
images, maps, drawings) and their reproduction on paper at a
remote receiver. Any document, whether it is handwritten, contains
pictures, diagrams, graphs, charts or typed text can be transmitted.
Information & Communication Technology
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Electronic mail (e-mail) is the exchange of text messages and
computer files transmitted via communications networks such as the
Internet , And not only written data, but all sorts of information in
the form of video, audio, or photographs, can be sent via e-mail,
describes e-mail as an increasing popular method of communication,especially in the workplace.
Mobile phoneswere once the tool of rich and busy executives who
could afford the luxury. Mobile phones are now the ICT that is
reshaping and revolutionizing the communications globally. Itsimpact on the economic activities of nations, businesses, and small
entrepreneurs is phenomenal. It is bringing about a profound
restructuring of economic, political, and cultural relations among
states.
Information & Communication Technology
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Vision:To enable Afghanistan to benefit further from Informationand Communication Technologies by becoming part of the global
information society while preservingAfghanistans cultural heritage.
Afghanistan has a very small and nascent ICT sector. It needs to
adopt innovative strategies to increase the ICT skills in the private
sector and leverage opportunities by the Government, private sector
and donor agencies.
Afghanistan will use ICTs to improve Government and social
services effectively and foster the rebuilding process, increase
employment, create a vibrant private sector, reduce poverty and
support underprivileged groups.
Afghan.. Tel Comm Law (67 Article, Afghanistan Constitution Article 10, 37),
Telecomm & Internet Policy of Afghanistan.
Ministry of Comms & IT: Vision
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MCIT - vision for the future is focusing on the following scope ofachievements:
Wide coverage of services in all cities, towns and 5000 villages
Improved quality, lower tariffs (halved) in next 4 years competitive
environment with 5 telecom companies providing servicesNational optical fiber project backbone completed providing high
quality low cost ground based national and international
connectivity in next 3 years
Cumulative investments in telecom of over 1.5 billion in next 4 years
5 million phone users in next 4 years (20% of population)
50,000 jobs will be created in the next 4 years
Government revenues from telecom in the next 10 years USD 2 bill
MCIT: Vision for the Future
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ICTI is the educational branch of the Ministry of Telecommunicationand it is responsible for the development of professional human
resources in the areas of ICT. It offers a range of in-service training
courses up to Bachelor Degree in the area of Communications, IT,
Electronics and Science to the national and international students.Telecommunications has become an increasingly important area of
attention by policymakers as new services such as cellular telephone
and Internet services become increasingly important to businesses and
consumers. ICTs describes various technologies that makeinformation and communication services available to a wide range of
users. The term is used broadly to address a range of established and
relatively new technologies, among which are the telephone-
infrastructure, computers, internet and broadcast media.
Information & CommunicationTechnology Institute (ICTI)
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Many people think that economics is about money. Well, to someextent this is true. Economic has a lot to do with money, but lets say
economic is more than just the study of money.
Actually Economics is concerned with Production & Consumption.
The production of goods and services: How much the economyproduces; what particular combination of goods and services; how
much each firm produces and many more.
The consumption of goods and services: how much the population as a
whole spends (and how much it saves); what the pattern ofconsumption is in the economy; how much people buy of particular
items; how peoples consumption is affected by prices, advertising ,
fashion and other factors.
Economic Terms and Concepts
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Scarcity is the excess of human wants over what can actually be
produced to fulfill these wants. Human wants are virtually unlimited,
whereas the resources available to satisfy these wants are limited.
Factors of Productions are the transformation of inputs into the
goods and services: labor (all forms of human inputs, both physical and
mental), land and raw material (natural land and mineral deposits in the
ground), and capital (all inputs into production that have themselves
been produced; factories, machines and tools).
Since things are scarce, choices have to be made.
What goods and services are going to be produced and in what quantities.
Howare things going to be produced, there are more ways of producing
goods.
For whom are things going to be produced?
Economic Terms and Concepts
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Macroeconomicsis concerned with the economy as a whole. It is thus
concerned with aggregate demand and aggregate supply. By aggregate
demand we mean the total amount of spending in the economy, whether
by consumers, by customers outside the country for our exports, by the
government, or by firms when they buy capital equipment or stock up on
raw materials. It studies the determination of national output and its
growth over time.
Microeconomics is concerned with the individual parts of the
economy. It is concerned with the demand and supply of particular goods
and services and resources: it studies the interrelationships b/w these
units in determining the pattern of production and distribution of goods
and services: households, firms, industries, clothes and haircuts,
electricians, secretaries, computers and oil.
Economic Terms and Concepts
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Since things are scarce, societies are concerned that their resources
should be used as fully as possible, and that over time their national
output should grow. Macroeconomics studies the determination of
national output and its growth over time. It also studies the problems of
recession, unemployment, inflation, the balance of international
payments and cyclical instability.
Aggregate Demandis the total level of spending in the economy.
Aggregate Supplyis the total amount of output in the economy.
Inflation refers to a general rise in the level of prices throughout the
economy. If aggregate demand rises substantially, firms are likely to
respond by raising their prices. After all, if demand is high they can
probably still sell as much as before even the higher prices, and thus
make more profits.
Economic Terms and Concepts
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Current Account (Balance of Payments) is the exports of goods and
services minus imports of goods and services. If exports exceed imports,
there is a current account surplus (a positive figure). If imports exceed
exports, there is a current account deficit (a negative figure).
Recession is a period where national output falls for a few months or
more. Output in the economy declines, in other words growth becomes
negative. Recession is associated with a low level of consumer spending.
Unemployment is the number of people who are actively looking for
works but are currently without a job. (note that there is much debate as
to who should officially be counted as unemployed).
Demand side policy and supply side policy.
Economic Terms and Concepts
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We said that economics is concerned with consumption & production
which is equal to Demand & Supply.
Demand is related to wants. If goods and services were free, people
would simply demand whatever they wanted. Such wants are virtually
boundless.
Supply is related to resources such as goods and services. It is limited.
The amount firms can supply depends on the resources and technology
available. Free economy = individual decision, no gov involvement.
Relationship between price and demand(consumption): when the
price of a good rises, the quantity demanded will fall. This relationship is
known as the law of demand. Quantity demanded refer to the amount
consumers are willing and able to purchase at a given price over a given
time period (eg. A week, moth or a year).
Demand & Supply
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The demand schedule can be represented graphically as a demand curve.
Demand & Supply
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Table 1.1 The demand for potatoes (monthly)
Demand & Supply
Demand Point Price / Kg ABC Demand ADE Demand Market Demand
A 4 28 16 700
B 8 15 11 500
C 12 5 9 350
D 16 1 7 200
E 20 0 6 100
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Table 1.1 The Supply for potatoes (monthly)
Demand & Supply
Demand Point Price / Kg ADE Demand Market Demand
a 4 50 100
b 8 70 200
c 12 100 350
d 16 120 530
e 20 130 700
100 200 300 400 500 600 700
20
16
12
8
4
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A good place to begin the supply and demand analysis is to think as
broadly as possible about the kinds of information you will need for
your planning efforts. Actually, before thinking about the future, it is
important to know where your are starting from, think about your
current workforce.
The purpose of doing the Competency Assessment is to determine
whether your current workforce includes the kind of employees
needed both now and in the future.
We define competencies as: the knowledge, skills, behaviors,
personal attributes, or other characteristics that are associated with
or predictive of superior job performance.
Demand & Supply Analysis
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Does your Supply reallySupply your Need?
Supply Analysis is how you define your supply. Is it the number of
bodies, or is it whats in the hearts, hands and minds of those
bodies?
If you have 100 Juvenile Probation Officers, but only 80 of them havethe competencies required to do the job effectively, is your supply of
JPOs 80 or 100? Actually, its both. And that goes to the heart of why
your Supply Analysis has to look at both the numbers and the
competencies of your workforce. You must look beyond the numbersand assess the kind of competencies possessed by your current
workforce.
The Supply Analysis identifies your agencys available staffing
resources both now and in the future.
Supply Analysis
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Rules and regulations that human beings need to follow and align
their practices with those codes of conducts (jurisdictions and
charters). They provide frameworks or guidelines to organizations
that offer a degree of flexibility and allow them to be transferable
across organization types. In other words, to accept such a practiceimplies a degree of control and commitment against which the
complying organization will be measured or evaluated.
Not all issues are solved solely by government action. Before decidingwhether to intervene in relation to a specific problem, it makes good
sense to look at the situation from a broad perspective.
Regulatory Practices
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Best practice in the sphere of government intervention suggests that
before any intervention is considered, there should be:
clear evidence that a problem exists, taking into account the views of
those who are affected; an analysis of the likely benefits and costs of
action and non-action; and consideration of alternative approaches for addressing the problem.
Experience has shown that "today's problem" may be a result of
"yesterdays intervention." In this case, re-evaluating the need for
intervention may be justified. Reducing involvement, rather thanincreasing it, may be a better practice.
Regulatory Practices
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Regulatory Practices
Lammiman (1997) suggest that such practices are aimed at
facilitating the effectiveness of the organisation through lower costs,
increased efficiency and promotion of growth and innovation.
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Regulatory Practices
Benefits of the regulation practices. It is obvious that we cant live
without law and regulation, meanwhile we need to follow the
regulations which have been set by the gov or by the organization.
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Economic Factors affecting Liberalization of Tel
The information and communication technology (ICT) sectors are
technologically converging rapidly for past few years. Majordeterminants of this process are technological innovations coupledwith the liberalization of the telecommunications market. Both ofthese factors lead to a further process of mergers and alliances byfirms in order to attain advantageous positions in the newlyemerging markets or to retain existing ones. Since technologyconvergence is a wholly new phenomenon seen from an economicperspective, high risk and uncertainties are invariably associatedwith it.Technology convergence can be defined as a process by which thetelecommunications, broadcasting, information technologies andentertainment sectors converge towards platform independenceresulting in a unified market structure. This effectively means that aterminal (e.g. a television, computer, mobile phone or other suchdevices) is able to access data independent of type or size, e.g. anytextual or multimedia content. The medium of transmission, thus,becomes irrelevant.
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