LAPLACE TELECOMS ACADEMY
4/30/2013
Presented By:
Adesoji Lawal
Principal Consultant
Telecoms For Non-Engineers
Telecoms Training
Table of ContentChapter 1: Basic Concepts
Chapter 2: Basic Blocks of Communication System
Chapter 3: Transmission Media
Chapter 4: Analog and Digital Modulation
Chapter 5: Fixed Telecoms Network
Chapter 6: Mobile Telecoms Network
Chapter 7: Datacom Network
Chapter 8: Internet Network
Chapter 9: Satellite Network
Chapter 10: Broadband Technologies
Radio Link Planning Principle
4/30/2013
Chapter 1: Basic Concept
Radio Link Planning Principle
4/30/2013
Low Versus High Frequency Signals
Voice and Data Signal
Electromagnetic Waves Propagation
Free Space Loss
Modulation
Chapter 1: Basic Concept
Radio Link Planning Principle
4/30/2013
Signals - Low Versus High Frequency Signals
Low Frequency LF Signals
LF refers to Radio Frequencies (RF) in the Range of 30 kHz–300 kHz
frequency = speed /wavelength (f = v /λ)
Low Frequency implies High Wavelength
High Wave length Implies Large Antennas.
LF use Mast Antennas with Heights of more than 150 Meters in many
Applications.
Chapter 1: Basic Concept
Radio Link Planning Principle
4/30/2013
Signals - Low Versus High Frequency Signals
Signals can be Characterized.
s(t) =Acos(2˄ft + ɵ)
Parameters For Characterization Include;
Amplitude – Signal Intensity/Loudness dB
Frequency – Signal Frequency/ Reoccurrence per Second Hz
Chapter 1: Basic Concept
Radio Link Planning Principle
4/30/2013
Signals -
Chapter 1: Basic Concept
Radio Link Planning Principle
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Signals – Voice and Data Signal
Voice Signals are Audio Signals
Audio Signal are Low Frequency Signal
Audio Signals can only few Kilometers
Radio Signal can be “Impregnated” with
Audio Signal - MODULATION
Chapter 1: Basic Concept
Radio Link Planning Principle
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Signals – Data Signal
What is Data – Digital Information in form of 1s and 0s (Bits)
They are pulse signals.
Unit of Measurement – Bits per Second
Chapter 1: Basic Concept
Radio Link Planning Principle
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Signals - Low Versus Higher Frequency Signals
Higher frequencies are HF, VHF, UHF, EHF
Higher Frequencies implies Smaller Antennas
Higher Frequencies also Implies Shorter Coverage Distance.
Chapter 1: Basic Concept
Radio Link Planning Principle
4/30/2013
Signals – Electromagnetic Waves Propagation
EM Wave travel through Free Space
Chapter 1: Basic Concept
Radio Link Planning Principle
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Signals – Electromagnetic Waves Propagation
Multipath Propagation
Chapter 1: Basic Concept
Radio Link Planning Principle
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Signals – Electromagnetic Waves Propagation
Chapter 1: Basic Concept
Radio Link Planning Principle
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Signals – Free Space Loss
gradual loss in Signal Intensity with Distance Travelled
d in Km and f in MHz
Chapter 1: Basic Concept
Radio Link Planning Principle
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Signals – Modulation
WHY????????????????Answer =
1. Audio Signal CANNOT travel far – few kilometer
2. Radio Signal CAN travel very far – thousand of kilometer
Baby can only crawl, but mummy can
run extremely fast !!!!
If you want baby to arrive fast……..
Chapter 1: Basic Concept
Radio Link Planning Principle
4/30/2013
Signals – Modulation
Modulation is the process of varying one or more properties of a
high-frequency periodic waveform called the carrier signal, with a
modulating signal which typically contains information to be transmitted.
Properties Include :
amplitude -volume
frequency - pitch
phase - timing
Chapter 1: Basic Concept
Radio Link Planning Principle
4/30/2013
Signals – Modulation
Low Frequency Signal to be
Transmitted over a some
distance .
High Frequency Amplitude
Modulated Signal
Low Frequency Modulated
Signal
Chapter 1: Basic Concept
Radio Link Planning Principle
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An analog signal is a continuous waveform which changes in
accordance with the properties of the information being
represented.
Chapter 1: Basic Concept
Radio Link Planning Principle
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Digital information is a set of discrete values.
Time can also be represented digitally.
Chapter 1: Basic Concept
Radio Link Planning Principle
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The A/D conversion is performed by using a process called
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM). PCM involves three main steps:
· Sampling
· Quantization
· Coding
Chapter 2: Basic Blocks of Communication System
Radio Link Planning Principle
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Components of Radio Transmission System
Cellular Network Architecture
Site Configuration
Chapter 2: Basic Blocks of Communication System
Radio Link Planning Principle
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Transceiver Unit – Source of the Radio Signal
Unit is Watt W or decibel dB
Typical Output Power Level is 40 W
Chapter 2: Basic Blocks of Communication System
Radio Link Planning Principle
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Feeder 1/2., 7/8 Loss/Meter dB
Connectors 2- 4 dB Loss
Chapter 2: Basic Blocks of Communication System
Radio Link Planning Principle
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Antennas: Positive Gain , dBi and dBd
Point to Point Vs Point to Multipoint
Single Band Vs Multiband
Omni Vs Sector
Indoor Vs Outdoor
Radiation Pattern
Specification Sheet
Chapter 2: Basic Blocks of Communication System
Radio Link Planning Principle
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Chapter 2: Basic Blocks of Communication System
Radio Link Planning Principle
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Cellular Network Architecture
Radio Link Planning Principle
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Cellular Network Architecture
Radio Link Planning Principle
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Cellular Network Architecture
Radio Link Planning Principle
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Cellular Network Architecture
Radio Link Planning Principle
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Cellular Network Architecture
Radio Link Planning Principle
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Site Configuration
Radio Link Planning Principle
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Site Configuration
Radio Link Planning Principle
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Site Configuration
Radio Link Planning Principle
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Site Configuration
Radio Link Planning Principle
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Site Configuration
Radio Link Planning Principle
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Site Configuration
Radio Link Planning Principle
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Site Configuration
Radio Link Planning Principle
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Site Configuration
Radio Link Planning Principle
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Site Configuration
Radio Link Planning Principle
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Site Configuration
Radio Link Planning Principle
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Site Configuration
Radio Link Planning Principle
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Site Configuration
Chapter 3: Transmission MediaRadio Link Planning Principle
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Optics Fiber
Radio Link
Satellite
Copper
Coaxial
Chapter 3: Transmission MediaRadio Link Planning Principle
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Optics Fiber
High Capacity
Less signal degradation
Low power
Immunity to Electrical Noise
Lower signal attenuation
Chapter 3: Transmission MediaRadio Link Planning Principle
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Wireless Radio Link
Faster to Deploy
Prone to EM Disturbance
Environmental Impact
Chapter 3: Transmission MediaRadio Link Planning Principle
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Satellite Link
Reliable
Efficient
Expensive
Chapter 3: Transmission MediaRadio Link Planning Principle
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Copper and Coaxial Cable Link
Twisted-pair cable
Widely Deployed for PSTN, ISDN & LANs
Cheaper
Prone to Cross-Talk
Chapter 4: Analog and Digital ModulationRadio Link Planning Principle
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Analog Modulation
Digital Modulation
Chapter 4: Analog and Digital ModulationRadio Link Planning Principle
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Analog Modulation – The Modulated Signal is a Continuous Wave Form
Amplitude Modulation AM s(t) =Acos(2˄ft + ɵ)
Frequency Modulation FM s(t) =Acos(2˄ft + ɵ)
Chapter 4: Analog and Digital ModulationRadio Link Planning Principle
4/30/2013
Analog Modulation – Modulated Signal is in Discrete Form (Positive and
Negative Pulses.
More Spectrum Efficient – More bps/Hz ( FASTER Communication)
More Prone to Error
Example Phase Shift Keying PSK s(t) =Acos(2˄ft + ɵ)
Chapter 5: Fixed Telecoms Network
Radio Link Planning Principle
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PSTN - Analog Lines
ISDN – Digital Lines
Chapter 5: Fixed Telecoms Network
Radio Link Planning Principle
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PSTN - public switched telephone network
telephone was wired to a local telephone exchange
exchanges were wired together with trunks
Networks were connected together in a hierarchical manner until they
spanned cities, countries and continents
SS7 network
Automated telephone exchanges now use digital switching rather than
mechanical or analog switching
Chapter 5: Fixed Telecoms Network
Radio Link Planning Principle
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ISDN - Integrated Services Digital Network
Communications standards for simultaneous digital transmission of voice,
video, data, over PSTN
Integrates speech and data on the same lines
Chapter 6: Mobile Telecoms NetworkRadio Link Planning Principle
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Mobile Telephony Standard Evolution
Global System for Mobile Communications - GSM
Chapter 6: Mobile Telecoms NetworkRadio Link Planning Principle
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Mobile Telephony Standard Evolution
Chapter 6: Mobile Telecoms NetworkRadio Link Planning Principle
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Mobile Telephony Standard Evolution
Better Quality of Service
World-wide Inter-operability
Chapter 6: Mobile Telecoms NetworkRadio Link Planning Principle
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Global System for Mobile Communications – GSM
GSM was first developed in the 1980s.
Radio frequencies of operation are 900 MHz and/o1800 MHz
digital system and a narrowband TDMA
modulation scheme chosen was Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK).
Frequency Division Duplex - 935–960 MHz and the downlink frequency is
890–915 MHz
Time Division Multiple Access
Chapter 6: Mobile Telecoms NetworkRadio Link Planning Principle
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Cellular Concept –Omni Site
Cellular Concept –Sectorized Sites
Handover – Communication Continuity
Chapter 7: Datacom NetworkRadio Link Planning Principle
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Computer Networks
LAN
WAN
Network Security
Chapter 7: Datacom NetworkRadio Link Planning Principle
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LAN – Local Area Network - computer network
Switches and Routers are Key element
Interconnection of computers in a small area
Files and other information are easily shared
Printers and other expensive resource are shared
IEEE 802 family of IEEE standards
OSI Reference Data Communication Model
Chapter 7: Datacom NetworkRadio Link Planning Principle
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LAN – Local Area Network - computer network
Interconnection of computers in a small area
Files and other information are easily shared
Printers and other expensive resource are shared
IEEE 802 family of IEEE standards
OSI Reference Data Communication Model
Chapter 7: Datacom NetworkRadio Link Planning Principle
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Switches Segment a LAN
Router Segment WAN
IP Address
Chapter 7: Datacom NetworkRadio Link Planning Principle
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Peer to Peer Communication
Chapter 8: Internet NetworkRadio Link Planning Principle
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global system of interconnected computer networks
GLOBALLY???? Chaos
Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) was standardized
Each Internet computer, called a host
Services are Hosted on Internet Computer , called Servers
gain access through a commercial Internet Service Provider (ISP).
Chapter 8: Internet NetworkRadio Link Planning Principle
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Mobile Internet Evolution
Chapter 9: Satellite NetworkRadio Link Planning Principle
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Satellite Orbits
Satellite Launch
Satellite terminals
Telecoms Applications
Chapter 9: Satellite NetworkRadio Link Planning Principle
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a satellite is an object which has been placed
into orbit by human Endeavour.
Satellite Orbits – LEO& GEO
Chapter 9: Satellite NetworkRadio Link Planning Principle
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Satellite Launch
Rockets are used to send and put Satellite in the Earth’s orbit
Diameter of Earth - 12,753 km
Chapter 9: Satellite NetworkRadio Link Planning Principle
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satellite Terminals
portable terminals
Operate under harsh Weather Condition
Service Availability
Relative High Cost !!!!!!!!!!!!!
Chapter 9: Satellite NetworkRadio Link Planning Principle
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Chapter 10: Broadband TechnologiesRadio Link Planning Principle
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Telecommunications signal or device of greater bandwidth
High data rate connection to the Internet
Ranging from 64 kbit/s up to 4.0 Mbit/s
Enabling Technologies
DSL – Digital Subscriber Line
Data throughput of consumer DSL services typically
ranges from 256 kbit/s to 20 Mbit/s
ISDN - Integrated Services Digital Network
bandwidths of 256 kbit/s or mor
Thank U OOOOOoooooo
Radio Link Planning Principle
4/30/2013