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TempleArchitectureDevalayaVastuPartTwo(2Of9)
08SEPTempleandTownship
Madurai
TheIndiantempleisnotabuilding;itisanimage,aconceptionofdivinity.Whileitisbothnaturalandnecessaryfortheimagetobeprojectedintoaspatialarrangementandconcretizedbyastructuralmovement,theimagedoesnotdependuponsuchactivitiesforitscontinuance.Thetempleisanenclosuretotheicon,andcentresroundtheicon.Atemplemustbebuiltfortheicon,andnotanicongotreadyforthetemples,foratempleisreallyanoutgrowthoftheicon,animageoftheicon.Onecannotthinkofatemplewithoutanidol.
Thetempleconstructionprocessinvolvesseveralsteps.TheprocedureiscrypticallyexpressedasKarshanadiPratisthantam,meaningbeginningwithKarshanaandendingwithPratistha.ThedetailsofthestepsinvolvedvaryfromoneschoolofAgamatoanother;butbroadlythesearethestepsintempleconstruction:
Bhupariksha:Examiningandchoosinglocationandsoilfortempleandtown.Thelandshouldbe
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Bhupariksha:Examiningandchoosinglocationandsoilfortempleandtown.Thelandshouldbefertileandsoilsuitable.
Silapariksha:Examiningandchoosingmaterialforimage
Karshana:Cornorsomeothercropisgrownintheplacefirstandisfedtocows.Thenthelocationisfitfortown/templeconstruction.
Vastupuja:Ritualtopropitiatevastudevata.
Salyodhara:Undesiredthingslikebonesaredugoutandremoved.
Adyestaka:Layingdownthefirststone
Nirmana:Thenfoundationislaidandlandispurifiedbysprinklingwater.Apitisdug,watermixedwithnavaratnas,navadhanyas,navakhanijasisthenputinandpitisfilled.Thenthetempleisconstructed.
Murdhestakasthapana:Placingthetopstoneovertheprakara,gopuraetc.Thisagaininvolvescreatingcavitiesfilledwithgemsmineralsseedsetc.andthenthepinnaclesareplaced.
Garbhanyasa:Apotmadeoffivemetals(pancalohakalasasthapana)isinstalledattheplaceofmaindeity.
Sthapana:Thenthemaindeityisinstalled.
Pratistha:Themaindeityisthenchargedwithlife/godness.
Letusnowtrytobrieflygooversomesignificantstagescommonlyinvolvedintempleconstruction,inasummaryform.
Sthala(templesite)
ThetempleconstructionprojectbeginswiththeappointmentofateamofexpertsheadedbyaqualifiedandanexperiencedSthapati,theAcharya,thedirectorforthetempleconstructionprojectandtheShilpi(sculptor).Theyarethekeyfiguresintheconstructionofatemple.Thefirststepis,ofcourse,tolookforapropersite.Thisinvolvesexaminationofallaspectsrelatingtothelocation,theextent,thequalityofSoil,thewatersource,theenvironmentandastrologicalsuitabilityofthesite.Thiselongatedprocessgoesbythename:Bhupariksha.
TheTempleconstruction,inthepast,oftenbeganasthenucleusofanewvillageoratownshipwhichwentbynamessuchasgrama,kheta,kharvata,durga,pura,nagaraetc.Mansaraexplainsthattheproposedsiteforsettingupatownshipshouldbedeterminedbyitssmell,taste,shapeanddirection,soundandtouch.Thepreferredsitesforsuchtownshipsshouldbealongthebanksofariverornearatankortheseashore.Else,thewatertablehadtobeatabouteightfeet(heightofapersonstandingwithraisedarms).Ifthesitewaslocatedalongtheriverbank,thetownshiphadtobeontheconvexsideoftheriverbend.Forinstance,theancientcityofMaduraiwaslocatedalongtheVaigai;theholycityofVaranasiissituatedalongtheconvexsideoftheriverGangaandpresentsasemilunarphase.
Thetemperatureshadtobemodestinsummersandwinters(sukhasamsparsa).Thesiteswithinclination(slope)towardsitsEasternortheNorthernside,toreceivesunlight,werepreferred;orthesitehadtohaveequalelevationonallthesides.Thesiteslocatedtothewestofahillwereavoided.
TheVillageboundariesshouldalwaysbemarkedbyrivers,hills,bulbousplanes,caves,artificialbuildings,ortreessuchasmilkytrees.Etc.
Theground(Desha)isclassifiedintothreecategoriesonthebasisofsixteencriteriaofphysicalfeaturesoftheland(deshabhumi).Thethreebroadcategoriesare:theBarrenlandwherewarmwindsblowisJangala;thesecondisAnupa,beautifulcountrysidewithmoderateclimateandwatersources;andthethirdSadharanaisoftheaveragequalityconsistingvaststretchesofunusedlandareas.ThebestlandisAnupa,whichaboundsinlotusandlilies(supadma)andwhichinclinestowardseastornorth.
Asregardsthecolorsofthesoil,thecolorscouldbewhite,yellow,redorblack.Alandwhichaboundsinanyoneofthesecolorsispreferable;acombinationofcolors,mixedcolorsaretobeavoided.Sandysoilswithassuredsupplyofwaterarepreferable.
Thesoilshouldhavepleasantodorasofflowers,ofgrains;ofghee,ofcowurineetc.Thesoilswithobnoxiousodorasofexcreta,deadbones,ofcorpse,offermentedliquoretcshouldbeavoided.
Thetasteofthesoiltooshouldbeacceptable.Thetasteofsweetissaidtobebest.Theothersinorderareastringent(kashaya),bitterandpungent.Thesoilstastingsour,saltyshouldbeavoided.
Asregardsthesoundtestedbypoundingthesoil,thesoilsgivingoutsoundsofmusicalinstrumentslikedrums(mridanga),neighingofhorse,orlikewavesoftheseaareconsideredbest.Thenextinorderisthesoilsthatsoundlikebirds,animalslikesheep,goatsetc.And,thesoilsthatsoundlikedonkey,drainage,brokenpotetcareto,beavoided.
Thesoilshouldbepleasanttotouch;warminwinter,coolinsummerandoneshouldgenerallyevokeahappyfeeling.
Thesiteswhichwereearliergraveyardsorthelandbloatedlikethebellyofsickanimal,brokenupwithdeadroots,bones,ash,orrottenmaterialshouldbeavoided.
Therealsoothertestsfordeterminingthestrengthofthesoilbydiggingtestpits,fillingthemwithwaterordrivingpegsatvariouspointsarediscussedinvarioustexts.
Thesiteshouldhaveintheirsurroundingsmilkytrees(fourvarietyoftreeshavingmilkysap:nigrodha,oudumbara,ashvattaandmadhuka),treesbearingfruitandflowers;andalsoplentyofantimalarialNeem(nimba)trees.ThesiteshouldbesuitableforgrowingTulasi,Kusha,Dharba,Vishnukrantha,HibiscusandDhruvagrassesandflowers.
Thesiteshouldbelargeandshouldevokepleasantfeelings(manorama)andshouldgenerallybeacceptabletoall.
TownshipLayout
TheShilpatextShivaprakashainitschaptertitledvastubhumibedha,describessixteen(Shodasha)typesoftemplelayouts:theSquare(Chandura);Rectangle(Agatra);Trapezium(withunevensideslikeacartshakata);Circle(Vritta);Elliptical(krittavritta);triangular(dwaja);diamondorrhombus(vajra);Arrow(shara);umbrella(chatra);fish(meena);backofatortoise(kurma);conch(shanka);crescent(ardhachandra);pot(kumbha);sword(khadga);andlotus(kamala).
Theselayoutshavespecificapplications;andarenottobeusedgenerally.Forinstance:thebackofatortoise(kurma),pot(kumbha),conch(shanka)andlotus(kamala)arerecommendedonlyforVishnuandShivatemples.SimilarlytheSquare(Chandura),Rectangle(Agatra),fish(meena),
diamondorrhombus(vajra)andsword(khadga)arerecommendedforDevitemples.Therestofthelayoutsareforother(lesser)deities.
Butalltextsgenerallyagreethatthesquareortherectangularshapeoflayoutarethebestandmostauspicious.VarahasamhitacallssuchlayoutsasSiddhabhumi,thebestofall.Incasethelayoutisrectangular,theNorthSouthdimensionshouldbegreaterthanEastwestdimension.Itisalsosaid,itwouldbebetteriftheelevationonthewestortheSouthisslightlyhigher.
Generally,theVastuShastrarecommendsfivetypesoftownshapes:theSquare(Chandura);Rectangle(Agatra);Circle(Vritta);Elliptical(krittavritta);andcircular(Gola).Adiamondorarhombusshapeisnotrecommended.Abowshapedtownisconsideredpowerful.Thesquareshapeisconsideredsecureandamenabletoprogress.
Theplanforthevillageorthetownshipcommenceswithplacingthetemplerightatthecentreandexpandingthelayoutinlayersandlayersofstreets,andentrances,inaccordancewiththeappropriateVastuMandala.Theentiretownshipislaidoutintheformofasquare.Ifasquareshapeisnotpossiblethenthecitycouldbelaidoutinarectangularshape.Thefollowingareafewofthegeneralrecommendedfeaturesofacity.
1.Thecityshouldappearasabigsquareorarectanglecomprisingofsomanysmallsquares,separatedbytheroadsthatrunnorthsouthandeastwest.
2.Fortifyingwallsshouldbebuiltroundthecity.
3.Thecitywouldbedividedintofourpartsbytwobroadroyalroads(Rajamarga)thatrunnorthsouthandeastwest.Theirwidthwouldbeabout10to12meters.
4.Togoroundthecity,ontheinteriorsideofthefortifyingwall,abroadroadwouldbebuilt..5.Thedwellingplacesofthepeopleofvariouscastesandprofessionsareidentified.
6.ThemarketswouldbeinNorthEastandprisonswouldbeinSouthWest.
7.PlacesliketheroyalpalacesshouldbeintheEast.
8.Andincaseoftemplecities,sayasinthecaseofSrirangamandMadurai,theprincipletemplewouldbeatcentreofthecity,intheBrahmaSthana..And,therewouldbefortifyingwallsbuiltroundit;andinwhichthetemplesofotherdeitiesareaccommodated..Andtheplacebeyondthatfortifiedwallwouldbelongtothehumansandotherbeings.
ThebestexampleofsuchaformationistheancientcityofMadurai.Pleasecheckthissite(Madurai,thearchitectureofacitybyJulianSSmith)forthelayoutmapoftheoldcity(http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/34289/1/02639082.pdf).
AnotherexampleofawelllaidoutTempleTownisthatoftheTirumalaTirupati.Theholydeityofthetemplehasahistorydatingbacktoabouttwothousand.Thetemplestructuresaroundit,developedinstages,spreadoverseveralcenturies.Thetempleisontopofahillseries,atabout3200ftabovesealevel.But,thetemple,perse,islocatedinadepressionsurroundedbyraisinghillsonitsthreesides;leavingopenanapproachfromtheNorthEast.Thetempleisenclosedinaboxlikeformation,withbulgingmoundsofaboutfifteenfeet,risinginallfourdirections.Somepartsofthesemoundsnowbeenlevelledtomakeroomfordevelopments.
http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/34289/1/02639082.pdf
Theouterwallsofthetemple,enclosinganareaofmorethantwoacres,measure414feet(EW)and263(NS),inlength.Thetemplecomplexisinarectangularshape,withthedepth(Aaya)beingmorethanthebreadth(Vyaya)..Thestreets(maadas)runningaroundtheouterwallsoftempleareofunevenlength.TheNorthSouthstreetsrunningbythesideoftheouterwallsmeasure800feet,inlength.Thewestsidestreet(behindthetemple)measures900feetinlength;whiletheEastsidestreet(infrontofthetemple)measures750feet,includingtheswamipushkaraniarea.
Thetempleisfacingeast.SwamiPushkaraniislocatedtothenortheastofthetemple.Awaterfallisinthenortherndirectionandthewaterfromitisusedfortheholybathofthemaindeityeveryday.TheKitchenisinSoutheast,whilethetemplestorehousesareintheNorthWestandNorthside.
(http://ssubbanna.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/tirupati1.jpg)
Theouterwallsofthetemple,enclosinganareaofmorethantwoacres,measure414feet(EW)and263(NS),inlength.Thetemplecomplexisinarectangularshape,withthedepth(Aaya)beingmorethanthebreadth(Vyaya)..Thestreets(maadas)runningaroundtheouterwallsoftempleareofunevenlength.TheNorthSouthstreetsrunningbythesideoftheouterwallsmeasure800feet,inlength.Thewestsidestreet(behindthetemple)measures900feetinlength;whiletheEastsidestreet(infrontofthetemple)measures750feet,includingtheswamipushkaraniarea.
Thetemplefaceseastandhasonlyoneentrance,about11feetwide.TherearethreeenclosuresorPradakshinapathas,forcircumambulatingthetemple.ThemainentranceleadsintoSampangiPradkshina,ofabout120feetindepth.Thereareareanumberofpavilionswithinthis
http://ssubbanna.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/tirupati-1.jpg
enclosure,;suchasPrtathimamantapa,Rangamantapa,Tirumalarayamantapaandothers.TheDwajasthambaisinfrontoftheTirumalarayamantapa.Presentlythisenclosureisclosedtopilgrims.
TheSecondenclosureistheVimanaPradakshina,measuringabout250feet(EW)and160feet(NS).ThisenclosurecontainsshrinestohouseVaradaraja,andnarasimha.TheKalyanamantapa(8036)andkitchenarealsohere.
ThethirdenclosureistheMukkotiPradkshina,whichenclosesthesanctum.Presently,itisratherdifficulttoidentifyitasanenclosure.Thewidthoftheenclosureisuneven;andtheenclosureisopenononlythreesides.Thepathinthesouth(ontherightsideofthedeity)issevenfeetwideandtwentyfeetlong;whilethepathontheotherside(towardstheleftofthedeity)isseventeenfeetwideandninetytwoandhalffeetlong.ThisskewedpositionofthesanctumwithintheBrahmabaghawasperhapstosatisfytherequirementsofthetemplevastunorms.
InthecaseofSriRangamanentiretownshipwasplacedwithinthewelllaidoutrectangulartemplecomplex.
Theprakarasorwallsthatfortifythetemplemayvaryinsizeandnumberaccordingtothedimensionsofthetemple.Largertemples,liketheoneinSriRangam,aresometimessurroundedbyuptosevenconcentricwalls,saidtorepresentthesevenlayersofmatterearth,water,fire,air,either,mindandintelligencethatcovertheoriginalconsciousnessofthelivingentitiesinthematerialworld.
JaipurwasanothercitywhichwaslaidoutaccordingtoVastuShastra,withthePalaceandtempleatthecentre;androadswithEastwestandNorthSouthorientation.RoadsrunninginEasternaxisensurepurificationbysunrays;andtheroadsrunningNorthSouthensurecirculationofairandcooleratmosphere.
VastuPurushaMandalaforthetownship
TostartwiththeVastumandalaoftheentirevillageneedstobedrawnandthelocationofthetemplestogods,Vishnuandothersbefixed.Here,thelayoutoftown,itssize,breadthofdifferentlevelsofstreets,locationsandsizesoffacilitieslikewatertanksaredeterminedbasedonthesizeoftown.Thenthelocationoftemple(Brahmasthana)inthetownisdecided.Templeisusuallyinthecenterofvillage.Theentirearrangementiscalledgramavinyasa.Thethumbruleis,theareademarcatedforthetempleatthecentreshouldatleastbe1/9 ofthetotalareaoftheproposedtownship.
th
Thereare,differenttypesofVastuPurushaMandalasdependingupontheirapplicationssuchasresidentialbuildings,palaces,auditoriums,templesetc.About32typesofVastuPurushamandalasareenumerated,thesimplestamongthemiswithonesquare.Butthemostcommononesarethosewith64squares(padas),81padasand256padas.TheyarecalledManduka,paramasaayikaandtriyuta,respectively.AsforMandukaMandala(88),thewholesquarewouldbedividedbythetwoaxesthatgoNorthsouthandEastwest.InthecaseofParamaSaayikaMandala(99),theentiresquirewouldbeunevenlydivided.
Amongthese,thedifferenttextssuchasMarichi,MayamataandVastuVidyahavetheirslight
Amongthese,thedifferenttextssuchasMarichi,MayamataandVastuVidyahavetheirslightvariations.TosummarizetheirpositiononthequestionoflocatingtheVishnutemplewithinthetown;ashrinemaybeconstructedinthecentreofthetownshiporonthewesternside;butalwaysfacingthetown.Whenitisinthecentre,thesiteplanshouldprovideforlocatingtheshrineattheNorthwesterndirectionwithintheBrahmabagha.TheVishnuiconmaybeinanyposture:standing,sittingorrecumbent.VishnumaybesingleoraccompaniedbythetwoDevis.ThesanctummayhouseonlytheDhruvaandKautukaBheru(immobile)idols.Itisbestifthetemplecomplexhasnine,sixorfiveformsofVishnuinstalled,ifonecanafford;else,asingleiconofVishnuwouldsuffice.
Orientationofthetemplesinexistingtowns
Asregardsconstructingtemplesandtheirorientationinalreadyexistingvillageortownsthreeprinciplesaregenerallyfollowed:First,thetempleshouldfacetherisingSunintheeast.Second,thetempleshouldfacethecentreofthetownorvillage.Third,thedeityinapeaceful(shanta)aspectshouldbelocatedin,andfacingtowardstheplacewherepeoplelive,andwrathful(urga)aspectshouldbesituatedoutsideandfacingawayfromwherepeoplelive.
Incertainexceptionalcasesatemplemayfacesouth,provideditfacesanaturalformationsayahillorawaterbody.
ThetemplesandimagestobeturnedawayincludeNarasimhaandRudra.Sivashouldbeturnedawayexceptwhensituatedintheeastorwest.TheproperplaceforSivatemplesisinforestsandmountainsaccordingtoonetext.
ThedirectionofatempleisaccordingtothistripleorientationtowardstheSun,towardsthecentre,towardsman.Themajorityofthepreservedtemplesdofacetheeast,butitisnotnecessarythattheyphysicallymust.Theotherdirectionscanbedescribedasbeingeast.TothetantricswhohavesomeobscuresymbolismaboutSunriseintheeast,south,westandnorthrelativetoonesspiritualevolution;anydirectionmayrepresenteast.
Mosttemplesfaceeast,westisnextbest,evensouthispermissiblebuttheydefinitelyshouldnotfacethenorth.
Whereitisimpossible,forsomereason,forthetempletofacethetown,thisisremediedbypaintinganexactlikenessofthesacredimageintheGarbhagrhauponthewallofthetemplefacingthedesiredwaytowardsthevillage.
Sources:
A.MapsofMaduraiandSriRangam
BycourtesyofKulturinIndien(http://www.kulturinasien.de/Indien/seite239.htm)
Madurai,IndiaarchitectureofacitybyJulianSSmithhttp://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/34289/1/02639082.pdf(http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/34289/1/02639082.pdf)
B.OtherpicturesfromInternet.
C.DevalayaVastuByProf.SKRRao
16CommentsPostedbysreenivasaraosonSeptember8,2012inTempleArchitecture
Tags:DevalayaVastu,TempleArchitecture,Templelayout
16responsestoTempleArchitectureDevalayaVastuPartTwo(2Of9)
RamachandraBudihal
August14,2013at7:06pm
Fantasticcompilation..kudos..
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sreenivasaraos
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August15,2013at1:36am
DearRamachandra,thankyouforthevisitandfortheappreciation.Pleasedoreadtheotherarticlesintheseriesandletmeknow.HappyIndependenceDay.Regards
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http://sns.51yycn.net/space.php?uid=5&do=blog&id=16
August27,2014at9:34am
Ifsomeonedesirestobeupdatedwithmostuptodatetechnologiesafterwardhemustbepayavisitthissiteandbeuptodateeveryday.
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sreenivasaraos
September22,2014at3:55am
Thanksforthevisit,appreciationandtherecommendation.
Cheers
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flyingkamas
September3,2014at3:55am
IdontevenknowhowIendeduphere,butIthoughtthispostwasgreat.Idonotknowwhoyouarebutcertainlyyouregoingtoafamousbloggerifyouarenotalready Cheers!
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sreenivasaraos
September6,2014at3:49am
ThankyouKamasfortheappreciation.YouareWelcomeRegards
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sreenivasaraos
September22,2014at3:54am
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Thanksforthevisitandtheappreciation.KeepvisitingCheers
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homephilipphillips
September8,2014at3:13pm
Imcurioustofindoutwhatblogplatformyoureutilizing?ImexperiencingsomesmallsecurityissueswithmylatestblogandIdliketofindsomethingmoresafe.Doyouhaveanysolutions?
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sreenivasaraos
September22,2014at3:54am
I,ofcourse,blogonWordPressplatform.Thatisevident.Pleasegetintouchwiththesitemanagersforassistance.Theyarequiteprompt.Cheers
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September22,2014at3:51am
Thanks.
Ienjoyedreadingwellwritten/documentedarticle.
Congrats
Cheers
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acnenomorepdf
September21,2014at12:33pm
Thanks,IverecentlybeensearchingforinfoapproximatelythissubjectforagesandyoursistheebestIhavediscoveredsofar.But,whatabouttheconclusion?Areyoupositiveaboutthesource?
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sreenivasaraos
September22,2014at3:50am
Thanksforthevisitandtheappreciation.Pleasedoreadtheentireseriesofarticles.Thatmighthelpyoubetter.Yes;thearticlesarebasedonoldtextsandbooksofreputedauthors,whichIregardasauthentic.IdidnotquiteunderstandtheremarkaboutconclusionPleaseamplify.Regards
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sreenivasaraos
September25,2014at3:08pm
ThanksIcouldnotmakeoutthelatterpartofthecomment.Pleaseclarify.Regards
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zniczbialapiska.pl
September25,2014at1:43am
Excellentwayofdescribing,andpleasantposttoobtainfactsregardingmypresentationsubjectmatter,whichiamgoingtopresentinacademy.
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sreenivasaraos
September25,2014at2:43pm
Thankyoufortheappreciation.Gladtolearnthatyoufoundthisuseful.\Pleasedoreadtheotherarticlesintheseriesasalsothoseonthesubjectscategorizedonyourrightsideonthewebpage.
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