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Chapter FourAnatomy of the Nervous System
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Divisions of the Vertebrate Nervous System
Central Nervous System-the brain and the spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System-the nerves outside the brain and spinal
cordTwo Division of the PNS
Somatic Nervous System-the nerves that convey messagesfrom the sense organs to the CNS and from the CNS to themuscles and glands
Autonomic Nervous System-a set of neurons that control theheart, the intestines, and other organs
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Figure 4.1 The human nervous system
Both the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system have
major subdivisions. The closeup of the brain shows the right hemisphereas seen from the midline.
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The Nervous System
The Spinal Cord-part of the CNS found within the spinal column
The spinal cord communicates with the sense organs and
muscles below the level of the headBell-Magendie Law-the entering dorsal roots carry sensory
information and the exiting ventral roots carry motor
information to the muscles and glands
Dorsal Root Ganglia-clusters of neurons outside the spinal
cord
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Figure 4.3 Diagram of a cross section through the spinal cord
The dorsal root on each side conveys sensory information to the spinal cord; theventral root conveys motor commands to the muscles.
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Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic-prepares the
body for arousal
Ex: increasedbreathing, increasedheart rate, decreased
digestive activityForm chain of ganglia
just outside spinalcord
Short preganglionic
axons releasenorepinephrine
Long postganglionicaxons releasenorepinephrine
Parasympathetic-facilitates vegetative,nonemergency responses by thebodys organs
Ex: increase digestive activity,activities opposing
sympathetic systemConsists of cranial nerves and
nerves from sacral spinal cord
Long preganglionic axonsextend from the spinal cord toparasympathetic gangliaclose to each internal organ;release norepinephrine
Shorter postganglionic fibersthen extend from theparasympathetic ganglia in
the organs; releaseacetylcholine
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The Brain
The Midbrain-middle of the brain
Tegmentum-roof or covering
Nuclei for third and fourth cranial nerves
Parts of Reticular formationExtensions of the pathways between the forebrain and the
spinal cord or hindbrain
Tectum-roof
Superior Colliculus & Inferior Colliculus-important in routes
of sensory information
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The Brain
The Forebrain-most anterior and most prominent part of themammalian brain
Thalamus
Part of the Diencephalon
Center of forebrainRelay Station for Sensory Information
Hypothalamus
Part of Diencephalon
Regulates homeostasis, sexual behavior, fighting, feeding
Pituitary GlandEndocrine gland attached to the base of the hypothalamus
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Figure 4.10 The limbic system is a set of subcortical structures that form a
border (or limbus) around the brain stem
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OTAK
Otak Depan
Basal Ganglia
Yang bertanggung jawab untuk motor perilaku, beberapamemori dan ekspresi emosional
Basal Forebrain (Basal otak depan)Terletak di bagian dorsal permukaan otak-depan
Menerima masukan dari hipotalamus dan basal ganglia
Mengirim akson untuk cerebral cortex
Penting dalam gairah, terjaga, dan perhatian
HippocampusTerletak antara talamus dan cortex serebral
Penting untuk pembentukan memori baru
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OTAK
Ventrikel-membantu dalam bantalan otak
Canal-fluid-filled pusat saluran dalam pusat sumsum tulang
belakang
Rongga berisi cairan ventrikel empat dalam otakCsf-clear cairan yang mirip dengan plasma darah
Yang dibentuk dalam koroid pleksus
Mengalir dari lateral ke ventrikel ketiga untuk keempat
tengah kanal atau antara meninges
Meninges-membran yang mengelilingi otak dan sumsum tulangbelakang
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Figure 4.16 The cerebral ventricles
Diagram showing positions of the four ventricles.
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Korteks serebral
Organisasi dari korteks serebral
Berisi enam lapisan yang berbeda dari sel
Disusun dalam kolom-sel dengan sifat yang serupa; tegak-lurusdiatur ke laminae
Sel-sel dalam kolom tertentu memiliki sifat yang hampir
sama atau terkait
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The Lobes
The Occipital Lobe-posterior end of cortex
Contains primary visual cortex
The Parietal Lobe-between occipital love the central sulcus
Contains the primary somatosensory cortex-receiving touchsensation, muscle-stretch information and joint position
informationThe Temporal Lobe-lateral portion of each hemisphere, near the
temples
Contains targets for audition, essential for understanding spokenlanguage, complex visual processes, emotional and motivationalbehaviors
The Frontal Lobe-extends from the central sulcus to the anterior limit ofthe brain
Contains Primary Motor Cortex-fine movements
Contributes to shifting attention, planning of action, delayedresponse tasks as examples
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Brain Function
How Do the Pieces Work Together?
Does the Brain Operate as a Whole or a Collection of Parts?
Each brain area has a function but it cant do much by itself
The Binding Problem
The question of how the visual, auditory, and other areas ofyour brain influence on another to produce a combinedperception of the single object
Synchronized neural activity?
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