The Scientific The Scientific RevolutionRevolution
•Essential Questions:What were the factors that contributed to the Scientific Revolution?How did Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo challenge traditional thought?What were some of the important scientific discoveries of this period?
“Magic”Alchemists – tried to use magic to change substances
• Lead to goldAstrologers – believed the stars affected human events
Roger BaconFranciscan MonkStudied at Oxford and ParisFavored a system of scientific experimentation rather than following traditional religious thoughtBecame known as Dr. Mirabilis or “wonderful teacher”
Renaissance encouraged:CuriosityInvestigationDiscovery
Led to Scientific Revolution
Scientists formed conclusions based on observationNew tools and instruments to observe and measure
Instruments– barometer, microscope, telescope, thermometer, air pump.
Astronomy, Physics, and Astronomy, Physics, and AnatomyAnatomy
Ptolemy– Roman astronomerGeocentric theory- Planets revolve around the earth
Copernicus – heliocentric theoryPlanets revolve around sun
Kepler and GalileoKepler proved Copernicus’ theoryGalileo made improvements to telescope
Newton – laws of motion and gravityVesalius – studied anatomy and circulation
The Triumph of the New The Triumph of the New ScienceScience
Descartes“I think, therefore I am.”Great gains in mathematics, sciences, & philosophyBelieved in using only known facts to arrive at conclusions
Francis BaconBelieved scientific theories could be developed through observation
Other scientific discoveriesCalculus – Newton and Liebnitz Microscope – Leeuwenhoek (discovered bacteria)Chemistry – Robert Boyle
The Foundations of The Foundations of European ExplorationEuropean Exploration
•Essential Questions:What are the technological advances that made European exploration possible?Describe the effect of the Commercial Revolution.What role did mercantilism play in the colonies?
Improvements in Improvements in TechnologyTechnology
MapmakingNew world, Africa and Asia added to maps
NavigationDevelopment of compass
New shipsTraveled farther, faster, and under greater variety of weather conditions
Economic ChangesEconomic ChangesCommercial Revolution
Standardization of money encouraged international trade and bankingJoint – Stock Companies• Companies that owners raised money for by
selling shares• As company value went up, price of shares
went up People could make money by sharing in other
businesses
• Dividends paid to investors
MercantilismMercantilismBalance of trade
To increase country’s wealth• Receive more gold than paid to other nations
Tariff – import taxesSubsidies
• Grants of money to create exportable goods• Showed government support of domestic industry
The role of coloniesColonies were not allowed to manufacture or import goodsCould only create raw materials
Social ChangeSocial Change
Curiosity and spirit of discoveryHope of wealth or better way of lifeEscape religious persecution or spread religion
Voyages of Portugal Voyages of Portugal and Spainand Spain
•Essential Questions:What did the early Portuguese explorers accomplish?How did the voyages of Christopher Columbus influence the world?Explain why the Atlantic slave trade prospered.
Portugal’s First ExplorersPortugal’s First ExplorersAfrica
Slave, gold, ivory tradeAfricans participated in slaves trade•Sold conquered tribes into slavery
Prince Henry – “The Navigator”Found African trade routeMain goal was to find gold for PortugalInspired Portugal’s exploration
Dias and Vasco da GamaOverseas trade route to India and East Indies
Christopher ColumbusChristopher ColumbusItalian explorer, sailed for SpainStudied Marco Polo and Ptolemy’s writingsThought the fastest way to India was to sail westFirst European to discover new world
Vikings discovered America in 1000 AD, but no one knew about itLanded at San Salvador
The Impact of Columbus’ The Impact of Columbus’ VoyagesVoyages
Columbian ExchangeName for trade between Europe and the AmericasAmerican foods were introduced in EuropeSpanish brought horses to the AmericasAlso brought smallpox and other diseases
• Killed millions
Sparked a desire in the rest of Europe to explore new world
Dividing the New LandsDividing the New Lands
Treaty of TordesillasTreaty that divided trade in the Americas between Spain and Portugal• Spain took most of Central and South
America and Philippines• Portugal claimed lands in Africa, Asia,
and East Indies
Vespucci, Balboa, and Vespucci, Balboa, and MagellanMagellan
Amerigo VespucciBelieved that Columbus did not discover AsiaExplored North American continentFirst to call it the New WorldAmerica was named after him
BalboaSouth Sea
MagellanPacific Ocean – named by Magellan, means peaceful Proved that the western lands were a New World, not a part of Asia First to sail around world
Portuguese ExpansionPortuguese Expansion
Conquered lands in East IndiesAllowed Portuguese to control others’ access to Asian goods and markets
The Slave TradeThe Slave TradeTriangular trade
Merchants shipped goods to AfricaSlaves were sent to the AmericasMerchants sent products to Europe
African kingdoms and slaveryNot all African kingdoms participated in slave tradeSome native populations in Africa were depleted
The Portuguese Empire The Portuguese Empire WeakensWeakens
Lacked wealth and population needed to sustain expansion and colonizationBattles cost money and lives
Portugal’s population was too small to replace needed people
The Spanish and The Spanish and Dutch EmpiresDutch Empires
•Essential Questions:How did Spain extended its power abroad and at home?Why were the Dutch successful in the 1600s?Analyze why the Spanish Empire declined.
Spain’s Colonial EmpireSpain’s Colonial EmpireConquests
Ponce de Leon• Explored Florida and Caribbean
Cortés conquered Aztecs• Defeated Montezuma at Tenochtitlán and built Mexico City
in its place
Colonial government and societySpanish brought new things to new world
• Horses• Guns• Disease
Weakened native Aztec populations
Spain grew wealthy
Spain’s Colonial RivalsSpain’s Colonial RivalsFrench, Dutch, and English wanted a share of Spain’s wealth and lands
Charles VCharles V
Holy Roman EmperorHad conflicting demands between:• Being king of Spain• Supporting German aims• Defending Christian Europe
Realized it was too much for one man
Divided lands among members of his family
Philip IIPhilip IIKing of Spain
Controlled every facet of governmentDirected Spanish InquisitionDefeated OttomansDefeated by England
• Attempted to invade with the Spanish Armada (Large Navy)
• Lost control of the Netherlands
The Rise of the DutchThe Rise of the DutchThe Netherlands break from Spain
Practiced guerrilla warfareNorthern provinces declared independence from Spain
Dutch societySeafaring peopleReligious toleranceLively cultural center
The Dutch colonial empireTrade was controlled by Dutch East India CompanyDid not force their own culture or religious beliefs on other societies