Light microscope
Light through specimen refracted by lens up to eye
Magnify 1,000 times (bact. .2um micrometer)
Condenser lens: below specimen aim light
Objective lens: above specimen magnify
Ocular lens: magnify
Electron microscope
Lens = electromagnet NOT glass.2 nm (nanometer)
Magnification = ratio of image to its real size
Resolving power = clarity of picture (2 point differentiation)
The Cell
Structure relates to functionEvolution: all cells evolved from earlier
cells with modificationsInteraction with environment: cells
sense: sound, sight, hot/cold
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Cytosol - fluid around organelles: found within membranes (cytoplasm; region)
Ribosomes - create the proteinsPlasma membranesChromosomes (DNA): genetic code
Eukaryotic
DNA found in nucleus True nucleus
Organelles Bigger 10-100 um in diameter Domain
EukaryaAnimalPlantFungiProtista
Prokaryotic
DNA found in nucleoid1-10 um in diameterDomains
Archaea Found in inhospitable environments
Ex: places with 0 light, wicked salty places, hot
Bacteria
Prokaryote
Bacteria: smallest cells mycoplasmasSmallest package with enough DNA to
program metabolism and enough cell equipment to sustain life and reproduce
Cell Membrane
Phospoholipid bilayerEmbedded proteinsCell size
Selectively permeable Based on diffusion, osmosis
Nucleolus
Ribosomal RNA synthesized here on instructions from DNA
Ribosomal subunits: rRNA and proteinsMultiple subunits leave nucleus and
form ribosomes
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Passage: labyrinth of membranes Synthesize: Sex hormones and lipids Carbohydrate metabolism, detoxify In Muscle: holds Ca++ out of cytosol
stimulation: Ca++ rushes back into muscle cell and allows contraction
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Ribosomes bound to nuclear memb or rough ER: protein synthesis Make membranes Lysosomes secretion
Free floating: make proteins that work in cytosol
Ribosomes in mitochondria or chloroplasts: make membrane for same
Golgi apparatus
Golgi Apparatus: packagingCisterna: small sacs
2 poles cis and trans Cis: receiving Trans: shipping
Organelles
Lysosome: phagocytosisautophagy (eat old cell parts-
recycle)Ameoba: digestion macrophage: eat bacteria
Peroxisomes:oxidation; Take H from other things add it to O = H2O2 (has enzyme to change that to H2O) = detoxify
Use O2 to break fatty acids…detox alcoholMany in liver
Plants
Glyoxysomes: specialized peroxisomes Found in plant seeds Begin to convert fatty acids to sugar for
use by seed
Plant vacuoles
Plants: large central vacuole store: Sap, waste, poison color
Tonoplast: outer membranes of vacuole
Chloroplasts
Photosynthesis: synthesize organic molecules
Chloroplasts belong to group of organelles: plastids
Chromoplasts: color orange/yellowAmyloplasts: store amylose starch in
roots
Chloroplasts
Contain chlorophyll and enzymesHas double membrane (mitochondria)Thylakoid: membrane sacs
granum: stack of thylakoidStroma: fluid outside the thylakoids
contains the chlorplast DNA + ribosomes
Mitochondria
Bilipid membrane with cristaeSome DNACell respiration
electron transport chain in inner membrane
Energy
Eukaryotic cellsMitochondria: cell respirationMake ATP: extracting energy from
sugar, fat with oxygenFound in nearly all eukaryotic cells
(plant, animal, fungi, protists)# of mitochondria related to activity
Centrosome
Region where the cell’s microtubules are initiated
Animal cells: centriolesPlant cells : no centrioles
Animal cells + Plant cells
Both: eukaryotic Nucleus (nuc envelope, nucleolus,
chromatin)Centrosome CytoskeletonRough/ smooth ER Plasma Memb.Ribosomes PeroxisomesGolgi apparatusmitochondria
Plants not Animal
ChloroplastCentral vacuole and tonoplastCell wallPlasmodesmata (holes in cell wall
allowing cytosol of 1 cell contact with neighboring cells
Intercellular Junctions
Plants: PlasmodesmataAnimals:
Desmosomes: anchor cells (skin)Tight juntions: seal cells (intestine)Gap junctions: allow communication (heart)
Cytoskeleton
Cytoskeleton: Movement: with motor proteins and with
cilia, flagella Organelle placement
Cytoskeleton: Cilia and Flagella
Cilia: attached to fixed cell. 1 cell has many cilia…..sweep food or waste along
Flagella: 1 cell has 1. for movement
Cilia and Flagella (Both)
9 and 2 configuration: 9 microtubules around 2 in middle
Attach to basal body in cell (similar structure to centriole)
Cytoskeleton: Microtubules
Microtubules: hollow made of tubulinGrow out of centrosome (pair of
centrioles)Function in cell divisionTracts for organelle movement: motor
molecules
Cytoskeleton: Microfilaments
Microfilaments: solid rods, made of Actin
Muscle cells have 1,000’sUse motor molecules (to get myosin to
slide along actin)Psuedopodia of amoeba: cytoplasmic
streaming
Extracellular Matrix
Glycoproteins: cell to cell communication
Proteoglycans: on outside of cell for ID
Intergrins:all proteins bind to these on outside of cell and make serious changes INSIDE and OUTSIDE the cell.