The Chemistry of Life!The Chemistry of Life!
Organic Molecules Organic Molecules
And And
WaterWater
Organic Molecules Organic Molecules DefinedDefined
•All compounds that contain carbon atoms.
Properties of CarbonProperties of Carbon
• Carbon has 4 valence electrons (electrons that are not paired.)
• Carbon can bond / share electrons with many different types of atoms.
• Carbon can share electrons with other carbon atoms.
• Carbon can be in long chains or rings.
Structure of CarbonStructure of Carbon
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates• Elements – Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen• Building Blocks – (Monomers) simple
sugars• Energy source for plants and animals.• Structural elements of cells and tissues.• Storage form of energy (ATP).
- As glycogen in the body (Liver / Muscles)- As glucose in the blood stream- As cellulose in plants
C
C
CH2OH
H OHC
OHH C
HHO
H OH
C OH
D-Glucose
Structure of Glucose, Fructose, and Structure of Glucose, Fructose, and GalactoseGalactose
C
C
CH2OH
H OHC
OHH C
HHO
O
CH2OH
D-Fructose
Chemical Formula – C6H12O6
C
C
C
C
C
CH2OH
OH
OHH
HO H
HHO
OHH
D-Galactose
LipidsLipids• Elements – Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
(Mostly Carbon and Hydrogen)• Building Blocks – (Monomers) Glycerol and
Fatty Acids• DO NOT dissolve in water. (Hydrophobic)• Function to store excess energy as fat
- Combine to form cell membranes- Act as insulation- Form Cholesterol, Vitamin D and Bile
Salts.
Fatty Acids – Saturated or Un-Fatty Acids – Saturated or Un-Saturated; What’s the Difference?Saturated; What’s the Difference?
• Saturated- A long chain of single
bonded carbon / carbon atoms.
- Becomes fluid only at high temperatures.
- Difficult for the body to breakdown (digest). Becomes stored as fat.
• Un-Saturated- A series of one or
more double bonds between carbon atoms.
- Fluid at various temperatures.
- More easily digested and used / excreted.
ProteinsProteins• Elements – Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen,
Nitrogen• Building Blocks – (Monomers) Amino Acids. (20
different amino acids.)• Function to form;
- Enzymes – (Special proteins that speed up chemical reactions.)- Antibodies to fight disease- Structural Proteins to make such things as hair- Transport Proteins such as hemoglobin to carry oxygen- Hormones
Amino Acid StructureAmino Acid Structure
H H O
N C C
H R OH
Amino CarboxylGroup Group
• 14 of the 20 amino acids are found / made in our bodies.
• The other 6 must be eaten.
• Without these essential amino acids, our bodies will start breaking down our own tissues.
More About ENZYMES! More About ENZYMES!
WATERWATER• Chemical
Formula = H2O
• Hydrogen’s are slightly positive.
• Oxygen is negative.
• H’s bond to O’s.
Properties of HProperties of H22OO
• 1. Cohesion = Water is attracted to and bonds with other
water molecules.
Ex. Surface Tension
Properties of HProperties of H22OO
• 2 Adhesion =The attraction of water molecules to
different molecules.
Ex. Capillary Action
Dehydration SynthesisDehydration Synthesis
• The removal a water molecule from two or more small compounds to make one larger compound.
HydrolysisHydrolysis
• Hydrolysis is the addiction of water to a larger compound to make it two or more smaller compounds.