Download - The COMSOL Multiphysics Modeling & Development …Standalone applications compiled with COMSOL Compiler™ ... Transport phenomena PDEs ODEs ... Packed bed reactor with catalyst pellets,

The COMSOL Multiphysics®

Modeling & Development EnvironmentFrom Physics to Simulations and Applications

COMSOL’s Mission“To develop easy-to-use software for the modeling and simulation of real-world multiphysics systems”

How Our Customers Use COMSOL

▪ The Model Builder

▪ The Application Builder

▪ COMSOL Compiler™

▪ COMSOL Server™ for running and administrating applications

COMSOL Multiphysics®

Development Tools

▪ Model development in the Model Builder

Physics and math interfaces for modeling and simulations

Predefined multiphysics interfaces and couplings

▪ Application development in the Application Builder

User interface design tools for creating applications

Tailored applications built on top of models

▪ Standalone applications compiled with COMSOL Compiler™

Create executables that you can distribute freely

From Physics to Application

▪ Define multiphysics models and solve the model equations in the Model Builder

▪ Design dedicated user interfaces on top of an embedded model in the Application Builder

▪ Create standalone compiled applications with COMSOL Compiler™

Development Tools

The COMSOL development tools. Physics interfaces can be created with the Physics Builder.

Creating Models

Model Builder

How Our Customers Use COMSOL

From Mathematical Model to Numerical Model

The First Step: Model Wizard1. Select Model Wizard 2. Select space dimension 3. Select physics interfaces 4. Select study

Model Wizard1. Select Model Wizard2. Select space dimension3. Select physics interface4. Select study

Go back and forward with arrow buttons

Ribbon Controls for all steps of the modeling process.

Graphics Window ToolbarApplication BuilderClick this button to start building an application.

Model Builder WindowThe model tree, with the associated toolbar buttons, gives you anoverview of the model. The modeling process can be controlled from context-sensitive menus.

Settings WindowShows the settings for the node that is selected in the model tree.

COMSOL Desktop®

Model Builder

Information WindowShows messages progress and log.

Graphics Window Presents interactive graphics for geometry, mesh, and results.

Definitions Geometry Materials Physics Mesh Study Results

Definitions

Geometry

Materials

Physics

Mesh

Study

Results

Ribbon tabs for all steps in the modeling process

Model tree shows sequences of operations

Definitions Geometry Materials Physics Mesh Study Results

Definitions

Geometry

Materials

Physics

Mesh

Study

Results

Home tab with the most common commands in the

modeling process

Model tree shows sequences of operations

Multiphysics Modeling: The Core of COMSOL

Numerical model equations

Mathematical model equations

Physics interfacesfor model formulation

System of differential equations, all coupled using the variable’s notations:

u, v, w, T, V, … ,x, y, z, t

Algebraic system of equations obtained through different discretization methods

Structural mechanics

Electromagnetics Equation basedTransport

phenomena

PDEsODEsDAEs

FEMBEMFD …

…

Multiphysics, Physics, and Math Interfaces

Overview of How the Model Builder Defines the Mathematical Model and Generates the Numerical Model

Multiphysics: Joule Heating with Thermal Expansion

Electric currents, solid mechanics, and heat transfer

Problem Definition and Physics Settings

Substrate Dimple Cold arm Hot arms Anchors Applied voltage Ground

Roller Fixed Fixed temperature

q·n = h (T - Tamb) Joule heating

250 mm

Electric current

Heat transferSolid mechanics

Geometry

Approaches for Model Setup

1. Joule heating and thermal expansion

All physics interfaces and multiphysics couplings are added automatically

2. Joule heating

Electric currents and heat transfer with Joule heating couplings are added automatically

Solid mechanics with thermal expansion multiphysics coupling is added manually

3. Thermal stress

Solid mechanics and heat transfer with thermal expansion couplings are added automatically

Electric currents with Joule heating multiphysics coupling is added manually

4. Electric currents, solid mechanics, and heat transfer

One single physics interface at a time

All predefined multiphysics couplings are added manually

All four approaches above give the same physics structure in the model tree All physics interfaces and multiphysics couplings are added automatically

Physics structure in the model tree

Domain equation contributionfrom thermal expansion

Settings forthermal expansion

All properties depend on T

The Mathematical Model Equations “Under the Hood”

𝜌𝒖𝑡𝑡 − 𝛻 ∙ 𝝈

𝜌𝐶𝑝𝑇𝑡 + 𝛻 ∙ −𝑘𝛻𝑇

𝛻 ∙ −𝜅𝛻𝜙

𝛻𝜙 ∙ −𝜅𝛻𝜙

𝜌𝒖𝑡𝑡 − 𝛻 ∙ 𝝈 = 0

𝜌𝐶𝑝𝑇𝑡 + 𝛻 ∙ −𝑘𝛻𝑇 + 𝛻𝜙 ∙ −𝜅𝛻𝜙 = 0

𝛻 ∙ −𝜅𝛻𝜙 = 0

𝜎𝑥𝑥𝜎𝑦𝑦𝜎𝑧𝑧𝜎𝑥𝑦𝜎𝑦𝑧𝜎𝑥𝑧

= 𝑫 𝜺 − 𝜶𝑣𝑒𝑐 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑓

1

1

1

3

3

Model tree Domain contributions Domain equations*

All material properties depend on T

*Analogously for initial and boundary conditions

Mathematical Model Equations “Under the Hood”

▪ Expressed like with pen and paper for all physics interfaces

▪ For example, an advective term in heat transfer

▪ Jacobian obtained with symbolic or numerical differentiation

𝜕𝑢

𝜕𝑥= 𝑢𝑥 ↔ ux

rho*Cp*(Tx*u+Ty*v+Tz*w)𝜌𝐶𝑝 𝑇𝑥 ∙ 𝑢 + 𝑇𝑦 ∙ 𝑣 + 𝑇𝑧 ∙ 𝑤 ↔

The Numerical Model Equations “Under the Hood”

𝜌𝒖𝑡𝑡 − 𝛻 ∙ 𝝈 = 0

𝜌𝐶𝑝𝑇𝑡 + 𝛻 ∙ −𝑘𝛻𝑇 − 𝑓 𝑇, 𝜙 = 0

𝛻 ∙ −𝜅𝛻𝜙 = 0

Mathematical model Numerical model

න 𝑒𝑎ഥ𝒖𝑡𝑡 + 𝑑𝑎ഥ𝒖𝑡 𝜓𝑑𝑉 − න𝛻𝜓 ∙ 𝚪𝑑𝑉 + න 𝚪 ∙ 𝒏 𝜓𝑑𝐴 = න𝒇 𝑇, 𝜙 𝜓𝑑𝑉

𝐵𝐶𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼𝐶𝑠𝜞3

𝜞2

𝜞1

𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑟. 𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠. 𝐵𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑. 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠/𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑠

𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐽𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑏𝑖𝑎𝑛

Assembling, parsing,weak formulation

𝛺𝜕𝛺𝛺𝛺

𝑖=1

𝑁3

න𝛺𝑖

𝑊3𝑖𝑑𝑉𝑖 +

𝑗=1

𝑁2

න𝜕𝛺𝑖

𝑊2𝑗𝑑𝐴𝑗 = 0

𝑁3 𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑊3𝑖

𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛

𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝛺𝑖

𝑁2 𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑊2𝑗

𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝜕𝛺𝑗

FEM

& F

D

𝐸𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑖𝑐ℎ𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠

Physics Interfaces as Shown in the Physics List for 3D

AC/DC and acoustics Chemistry and electrochemistry Fluid flow and heat transfer Optics, plasma, radio frequency, and semiconductor


Modeling with Math Interfaces

▪ 3D: Equations defined in volumes and on faces, edges, and points

▪ 2D and 2D axi: Equations defined on faces, edges, and points

▪ 1D and 1D axi: Equations defined on lines and points

Math Interfaces

The math interfaces

Landau-Ginzburg Equations Defined on General Form

Propagation of nerve signals

System of PDEswith twoindependentvariables (v1, v2)

𝜕𝑣1𝜕𝑡

+ 𝛻 ∙ Γ1 = 𝑓1

𝜕𝑣2𝜕𝑡

+ 𝛻 ∙ Γ2 = 𝑓2

Modeling with Moving MeshFluid-Structure Interaction (FSI), Rotating Machinery

Moving Meshes and Deformed Geometry in the Model Builder

▪ Available under Definitions

▪ Functionality for deforming domains and rotating domains

▪ The arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) method is used: Meshes that can deform arbitrarily and meshes that move with the material are combined

▪ FSI: The solid deforms with the material while the fluid domain can deform arbitrarily within a spatial frame

Multiphysics Problems with Moving Mesh: ALE Method

Structural problemdefined only in the solid domain

Fluid flow problemdefined only in the fluid domain

Coupling: The solid’s displacementis balanced by the force from the fluid

Structural problemdefined on a material frame or undeformed frame:Lagrangian description

Fluid flow problemdefined on a spatial frame ordeformed frame:Eulerian description

ALE = Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian




Coupling: The solid’s displacement is balanced by the force from the fluid

The solid’s displacement velocitysets the fluid’s and the frame’s velocityat the boundary

The displacement of the spatial frame can be formulated by any PDE dueto the ability to formulate math models




Coupling: The solid’s displacementis balanced by the force from the fluid

Equations expressedin a spatial frame ormaterial frame

The displacement of the spatial frame can be formulated by any PDE*

Example: 𝜕𝑢

𝜕𝑥=

𝜕𝑢

𝜕𝑋

𝜕𝑋

𝜕𝑥;

𝜕𝑋

𝜕𝑥obtained from PDE*

*Note that this is done automatically. There is no need for the user to enter PDEs.


Permanent magnet motor modeled with a moving meshStirred tank reactor modeled with a moving mesh (sliding mesh)

Nonlocal Couplings and Extra Dimensions

Extended Multiphysics


▪ Integral equations, ODEs, and algebraic equations defined in the mathematical model

▪ Additional systems of PDEs in other coordinate systems

▪ Extra dimensions

▪ Common nonlocal couplings: control equations, system models, floating potentials, surface-to-surface radiation Model of a wind turbine composite blade. The blade sandwich material structure and

stacking sequence is also shown. The quantities and properties along the thickness of the layered structure are modeled with a so-called extra dimension.


▪ Integral equations, ODEs, and algebraic equations defined in the mathematical model

▪ Additional systems of PDEs in other coordinate systems

▪ Extra dimensions

▪ Common nonlocal couplings: control equations, system models, floating potentials, surface-to-surface radiation

Packed bed reactor with catalyst pellets, where the transport and reaction along the radius of the microscopic pellets are modeled in an extra dimension (r) in every point in space (x, y, z). This is usually referred to as a multiscale model.

x

yzr

Inflow

Outflow

Extended Multiphysics: Component Couplings

– General Extrusion

– Linear Extrusion

– Boundary Similarity

– Identity Mapping

– General Projection

– Linear Projection

– Integration

– Average

– Maximum

– Minimum

The nonlocal couplings are found under Definitions > Component Couplings in the model tree.

Multiple Model Components

Multiple Model Components in One Model

▪ The Model Builder allows for several model components in one model

▪ Components can have different space dimensions

▪ Coupling operators connect the different components

▪ Example: Detailed 1D model of a lithium-ion battery coupled to a 3D model of the cooling system with fluid flow and heat transfer

1D component

3D component

Multiple Model Components in One Model

▪ The Model Builder allows for several model components in one model

▪ Components can have different space dimensions

▪ Coupling operators connect the different components

▪ Example: Detailed 1D model of a lithium-ion battery coupled to a 3D model of the cooling system with fluid flow and heat transfer

Average operator defined in 1D component for computingaverage heat source

Variable uses the average operator from the 1D component for computing a 3D heat source

Heat source

Temperature fed back to electro-chemical model

Studies and SolversA Few Words

A Few Words About the Solvers

▪ Solvers:

Direct and iterative linear solvers:

• Geometric multigrid (GMG) preconditioner

• Algebraic multigrid (AMG) preconditioner

Newton methods for nonlinear problems

Time stepping

• Backwards differentiation formula

• Runge–Kutta

• Generalized a

Palette of optimization solvers

▪ All solvers are parallelized

Natural convection:time and space-dependent problem

Study: Sequence, Step, and Type

▪ General studies:

Stationary

Time dependent

Frequency domain (time harmonic)

Eigenfrequency, eigenvalue

▪ Preset studies may consist of several study steps

▪ Study steps can be freely combined to produce studies with a sequence of study steps

Note: Preset studies usually determine the formulation of the underlying model equations



Stationary

Time dependent





The effect of a 50-g, 11-ms, half-sine shock on a circuit board is investigated using response spectrum analysis. The results are compared with a time-dependent modal analysis.



Stationary

Time dependent





An adapter for microwave propagation in the transition between a rectangular and an elliptical waveguide. The scattering S-parameters are calculated for frequencies in the single mode range.

▪ Sets of equations can be altered in a study sequence:

Solve one set of equations to get initial conditions or a starting guess

Solve another set of equations, choosing the previous solution as the initial condition or starting guess

Modify the model configuration in a sequence of study steps; e.g., activate boundary conditions, sources, and sinks

▪ Parametric sweeps:

Study sequences can be combined with parametric sweeps


Modified model configuration in a sequence of study steps.

Summary: From Mathematical Model to Numerical Model

Summary: Multiphysics, Physics, and Math Interfaces

The equations are treated in the same way, whether they are defined by physics and multiphysics interfaces, user defined in math interfaces, or a combination:

Fully coupled mathematical and numerical models are created automatically and “on the fly”

න 𝑒𝑎ഥ𝒖𝑡𝑡 + 𝑑𝑎ഥ𝒖𝑡 𝜓𝑑𝑉 − න𝛻𝜓 ∙ 𝚪𝑑𝑉 + න 𝚪 ∙ 𝒏 𝜓𝑑𝐴 = න𝒇 𝑇, 𝜙 𝜓𝑑𝑉

𝛺𝜕𝛺𝛺𝛺

𝑖=1

𝑁3

න𝛺𝑖

𝑊3𝑖𝑑𝑉𝑖 +

𝑗=1

𝑁2

න𝜕𝛺𝑖

𝑊2𝑗𝑑𝐴𝑗 = 0


formulates a mathematical model before discretization to generate the numerical model

Physics, multiphysics, and math interfaces

Results

Numerical solver

Creating ApplicationsThe Application Builder

Creating Applications: Why?

▪ Allows for a larger community of scientists, engineers, and designers to benefit from modeling and simulation

▪ Modeling specialists may create applications for use by nonspecialists

▪ The application’s user interface may be tailored for a very specific task and designed so that it is very easy to use for the purpose

Modeling and simulation specialist

Application users:typically product or domain specialists

▪ Create dedicated user interfaces on top of an embedded model

▪ The embedded model is created in the Model Builder

Application Builder


Application BuilderClick this button to start building an application.

COMSOL Desktop®

Model Builder

Form Tab Gives access to the Form Editor functions.

RibbonControls for all steps of the application design process.

Form Editor Window Allows you to design the application’s user interface by moving objects around by drag and drop: WYSIWYG!

Model BuilderClick this button to work with the embedded model.

Application Builder WindowThe application tree, with the associated toolbar buttons, gives you anoverview of the application’s user interface. The building process can be controlled from context-sensitive menus.

Settings WindowShows the settings for the node that is selected in the application tree.

COMSOL Desktop®

Application Builder

Using the Application BuilderAn Example

EXAMPLE

Application for Optimization of a Heat Sink for Battery Cooling

Maximize the cooling power of a heat sink at a given pressure difference over the cooling system

Battery pack

Cooling plateInlet

Outlet

Outlet

Pressure loss

EXAMPLE


▪ Topology optimization

Porosity, e, between 0 → 1

0 solid materials and 1 no solid material present

Distribution of e obtained through optimization

▪ Assumptions and approximations

2D structure that is unchanged in the z direction

The fluid provides the only way to transport heat out of the system

Pressure over the system and plate dimensions are fixed for each optimization study

z

Battery pack

Cooling plateInlet

Outlet

Outlet

EXAMPLE


▪ Fluid flow: Brinkman

Navier–Stokes with Darcy term

▪ Heat transfer:

Conduction and advection

▪ Optimization interface:

Gradient based (SNOPT)

▪ Math interface for smoothing

Diffusion equation for smoothing the walls of the channels

▪ Parameter sweep for studying variations in flow rate

EXAMPLE



Application based on the embedded heat sink model in the previous slide

Graphics-based development environment: drag-and-drop widgets and forms

Methods are recorded or written from scratch

▪ Application specification

Define heat sink size

Set fluid properties

Set pressure drop over the heat sink

Result: cooling channel structure

Widgets, forms, and methods are created in a graphical environment (WYSIWYG) and previewed with “Test Application”.

EXAMPLE


Application Builder Application

Compiling ApplicationsCOMSOL Compiler™

▪ Produce standalone executables from applications created with the Application Builder

▪ The executable contains COMSOL Runtime™

COMSOL Compiler™


COMSOL Compiler™

▪ Add-on to COMSOL Multiphysics®

▪ Compile for the Windows® and Linux®

operating systems and macOS

Compiled applications run without a COMSOL Multiphysics® or COMSOL Server™ license

Linux is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds in the U.S. and other countries. macOS is a trademark of Apple Inc., in the U.S. and other countries. Microsoft and Windows are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries.

Conclusions: Development Tools

▪ The equation-based core means an easy-to-use development environment

Does not require a programmer for model development

Just type it in: easy to extend with your own equations

Physics and multiphysics interfaces can be combined freely

▪ Application Builder

Model to application: drag & drop common commands and widgets

Depth and versatility: methods for extended functionality

Easy-to-tailor applications for different purposes

▪ COMSOL Compiler™ for creating standalone applications

Distribute your applications

Running ApplicationsA Short Note

Running Applications Using COMSOL Server™

▪ Install COMSOL Server™ where you want it:

Own server

Cloud using a cloud service

▪ Access applications worldwide:

Intranet or extranet

▪ Run applications through a browser or native client, such as Windows® or Android®

COMSOL Server™

▪ Manage application libraries

▪ User accounts

Credentials

Groups

Monitor processes

▪ Branding and appearance

Customize user interface

▪ Worldwide license

All trademarks are the property of their respective owners. See http://www.comsol.com/trademarks.

http://www.comsol.com/trademarks


Create standalone simulation applications that anyone can run

▪ COMSOL Server™

Give your organization access to applications and manage them using administrator tools

Running and Administrating Applications

End

Extra Slides

▪ The Physics Builder

▪ The Model Builder



▪ COMSOL Server™ for running and administrating applications


Development Tools

▪ Physics interface development in the Physics Builder

Math interfaces for prototyping

COMSOL uses it to develop all physics and math interfaces

▪ Model development in the Model Builder

Physics and math interfaces for modeling and simulations

Predefined multiphysics interfaces and couplings

▪ Application development in the Application Builder

User interface design tools for creating applications

Tailored applications built on top of models

▪ Standalone applications compiled with COMSOL Compiler™

Create executables that you can distribute freely

From Physics to Application

▪ The Physics Builder, Model Builder, and Application Builder are included in COMSOL Multiphysics®

▪ COMSOL Compiler™ is an add-on product

Development Tools

The COMSOL development tools

▪ Create physics interfaces using the

Physics Builder

▪ Use physics interfaces in multiphysics

models and solve the model equations

in the Model Builder

▪ Design dedicated user interfaces on

top of an embedded model in the

Application Builder

▪ Create standalone compiled

applications with COMSOL Compiler™

Development Tools


Creating Physics InterfacesPhysics Builder

▪ COMSOL uses it internally to create physics interfaces

▪ Included in COMSOL Multiphysics®

▪ Available for everyone, but requires some expertise in modeling

Physics Builder


Creating Physics Interfaces

▪ Allows for user-friendly modeling in cases when there is no ready-made physics interface in COMSOL Multiphysics®

▪ Experts in mathematical modeling can create physics interfaces for experts in a specific field of physics or engineering (or for themselves)

▪ Prototyping using math interfaces and implementation in the Physics Builder

Turn your math-interface-based models into extensible and distributable physics interfaces

Physics Interface Tab Gives access to the functionality for adding physics features.

RibbonIncludes buttons and drop-down lists for controlling all steps of the physics interface design.

Manager BuilderClick this button to deploy physics interfaces for use in the Model Builder.

Physics Builder WindowThe physics tree, with the associated toolbar buttons, gives you an overview of the physics features in a physics interface. The building process can be controlled from context-sensitive menus.

Settings WindowGives access to all settings for the node selected in the Physics Builder tree.

COMSOL Desktop®

Physics Builder

Physics Builder Manager Window Add and deploy physics interfaces in a COMSOL Multiphysics® installation.

EXAMPLE

Creating a Physics Interface for Schrödinger’s Equation

Declaration ofdependent variables

Definition of alldomain and boundary settings

Auxiliary variables

Default plots

Equation contributions can be defined in strong or weak form using tensor notation: Automatically formulates the numerical model equations for 1D, 2D, and 3D

Physics Builder Model Builder

EXAMPLE

Creating a Physics Interface for Schrödinger’s Equation

Define the physics node in the Physics Builder Settings window for the corresponding node in the Model Builder

SUMMARY

Creating Physics Interfaces with the Physics Builder

▪ Graphical development environment

The physics interface developer does not have to be a programmer

▪ Generates and deploys the code for the physics interface

Eliminate bugs and errors by automatically formulating the equations for all space dimensions using tensor notation

▪ The tools that COMSOL developers use are available for everyone

Workflow and “look and feel” are identical for built-in and user-created physics interfaces

Physics and Multiphysics Interfaces

Predefined Multiphysics Couplings

Alternative Setups

Possible Approaches for Multiphysics Model Setup

▪ Predefined multiphysics interfaces

▪ Physics interfaces with predefined multiphysics couplings

▪ Physics interfaces with equation-based multiphysics couplings

▪ Math interfaces when there are no predefined alternatives at all

A few interesting predefined multiphysics interfaces shownin the Model Wizard


▪ Predefined multiphysics interfaces:

The physics interfaces and multiphysics couplings are defined automatically when the multiphysics interface is selected in the Model Wizard

Selected multiphysics interface in the Model Wizard


▪ Predefined multiphysics interfaces:

The physics interfaces and multiphysics couplings are defined automatically when the multiphysics interface is selected in the Model Wizard

All multiphysics couplings are added automatically


▪ Physics interfaces with predefined multiphysics couplings:

Physics interfaces are added to the model

Predefined multiphysics couplings are manually added in the model tree

Example: One predefined multiphysics interface for Joule heating and one manually added Solid Mechanics interface

Predefined multiphysics interface

Physics interface


▪ Physics interfaces with predefined multiphysics couplings:

Physics interfaces are added to the model

Predefined multiphysics couplings are manually added in the model tree

Example: thermal expansion

From predefined multiphysics interface

We have to manually add the thermal expansion predefined multiphysics coupling


▪ Physics interfaces with equation-based multiphysics couplings

Physics interfaces are added one by one to the model

Multiphysics couplings are defined manually using equation-based modeling when predefined couplings are not available

▪ Math interfaces when there are no predefined alternatives at all

Both the model equations and the multiphysics couplings are defined using equation-based modeling with the math interfaces

Multiphysics Strategies

Older Multiphysics Strategy


User interfacesfor model formulation


Electromagnetics Transport

phenomena

FEMFVMFD …

…

User subroutines User subroutines

Algebraic system of equations obtained

through different discretization methods





COMSOL’s Multiphysics Strategy


Mathematical model equations

Physics interfacesfor model formulation

System of differential equations, all coupled using the variable’s notations:

u, v, w, T, V, … ,x, y, z, t

Algebraic system of equations obtained through different discretization methods


Electromagnetics Equation basedTransport

phenomena

PDEsODEsDAEs

FEMBEMFD …

…

A Short ExampleA Shorter Alternative to the Thermal Actuator

Input in the form of material properties, BCs, ICs, constraints, loads, sources, sinks, …

Equations shownfor transparencyand clarity

Settings adapted for the selected engineering or physics field

All properties, sources, and sinks can be analytical functions of u, T, …

Mathematical Model Equations “Under the Hood”

▪ Expressed like with pen and paper for all physics interfaces

▪ For example, an advective term in heat transfer

▪ Jacobian obtained with symbolic or numerical differentiation

𝜕𝑢

𝜕𝑥= 𝑢𝑥 ↔ ux

rho*Cp*(Tx*u+Ty*v+Tz*w)𝜌𝐶𝑝 𝑇𝑥 ∙ 𝑢 + 𝑇𝑦 ∙ 𝑣 + 𝑇𝑧 ∙ 𝑤 ↔

Numerical Model Equations

▪ Space discretization using finite element methods (FEM), discontinuous Galerkin (DG), and boundary element methods (BEM)

▪ Method of lines for time-dependent problems

Solution of the numerical model equations in space and time