THE EFFECT ON THE USE OF RICE HUSK CONCRETE BRICK WALL
AGAINST THE THERMAL CONDITIONS OF HOUSING ROOM
Tri Endangsih, M.Ars, and Hakim, M.Pd
Faculty of Engineering of Universitas Budi Luhur
Jl. Ciledug Raya, Petukangan Utara, Jakarta Selatan-Indonesia
ABSTRACT
External part of building wall is an influencing part to thermal condition, due to
direct contact with its surroundings or its environment. Therefore, material used for wall will
affect thermal condition of building. In this research, Rice Hull Concrete Brick material and
Pure Concrete Brick material are applied to investigate which material is energy efficient in
order to obtain low temperature of building.Rice Hull Concrete Brick hencenforth is called
BBSP which is an alternative material for wall, is a concrete made of cement, sand, water
and additional rice hull. Bandung is one city with tropical temperature and one big rice
supplier in Indonesia. Annual massive harvesting has caused unused material i.e. rice hull in
big amount as well. This residue material can be implemented as wall material of a building
for maintaining low temperature.Experimental method is used to investigate applied
materials in the laboratory and then apply thermodack temperature measurement. The aim of
this research is to compare between temperatures of wall that apply BBSP and BBM. In
order to get this, several parameters are measured include material conductivity value,
measurement point, peak temperature, optimum comfort time and oriented direction. It is
found that thermal condition of BBSP wall is better or lower than wall applied BBM.
Keywords: BBSP wall, BBM wall, Thermal condition, house
I. Background
The primary function of architecture is able to create a better living environment. This
can be done by utilizing the existing climate unsurunsur such as wind, air temperature and the
other, so that eventually people can gain comfort that is expected. One form of comfort that is
needed by the human thermal comfort particularly thermal conditions related to air
temperature.
Thermal comfort is one form of physical comfort that can not be seen but can only be
felt and cause thermal condition factor often overlooked by an architect in the design process.
Though there is a certain comfort area restrictions that must be met in order for the human
body can perform minimally setting mechanism, so people can conduct their activities well in
a container that has been provided. To determine the thermal conditions of a building needs a
certain size that became the benchmark against the elements in architectural design
Thermal comfort is influenced by two factors: physical factors (air temperature,
humidity, wind speed) and non-physical factors (gender, age or age, clothing worn, type of
activity that is being done)1. Basically the most important factor in executing a plan to get the
building thermal comfort of humans and their needs, the influence of climate, and building
materials.
Building shell in this case the wall is a highly influential element in the thermal
conditions of a building, because it is the part that is directly related to the external climate or
outdoor environment around the building. So this type of material used for the walls will
greatly affect the thermal conditions obtained in the building. There are various kinds of
1
Surjatmanto, "Climate and Architecture", Architectural Engineering Department of ITB, Bandung things. 31, 2000
International Journal of Pure and Applied MathematicsVolume 116 No. 24 2017, 467-485ISSN: 1311-8080 (printed version); ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version)url: http://www.ijpam.euSpecial Issue ijpam.eu
467
materials that can be used as a wall on a residential building or other buildings, such as red
brick and wood. We do not have to always use the material as the walls, because there are
other alternatives that can be used as a wall of brick concrete houses (conblock). Conblock is
a continuation of the concrete block2. which in Indonesian language means concrete brick
made from a mixture of cement and sand and water without other additives3. A study
conducted at the Center for Materials Research Building Bandung make the development of
concrete bricks by adding rice husks as an additional aggregate concrete blocks called rice
husk.
Concrete brick Rice Husk hereinafter referred BBSP is an alternative building
material for walls, concrete is made from a mixture of cement and sand and water with
additional material rice husk as basic materials. Manufacturing process is the same as brick-
making process that is printed pure concrete, compacted with a vibrating machine and dried
in natural conditions. Type of material used for the walls will greatly affect the thermal
conditions obtained in the building.
So far research on concrete blocks with a mix of new rice hulls at the stage of
structural testing, such as brick concrete compressive strength testing of rice husk by WAS.
Witarso reached 21.45 kg/cm2 SNI 03-6821-2002 which meet the standards of quality class
IV requires at least 20 kg/cm2. In terms of structural BBSP been tested and applied as a wall
of the building and in terms of convenience of use as a wall BBSP (particularly thermal
conditions in buildings) are also important for humans, for its application to the research on
thermal conditions (air tempertaur).
BBSP can be called "local material" because the materials are essentially derived
from the surrounding area. In terms of the potential for almost the entire area of Indonesia has
the technical irrigation rice field with at least two harvests a year. For example the region of
Java island on average per year of waste rice husk can produce approximately 12.5 million
tons per year, one of the rice-producing areas in the island of Java is Bandung regency.
Nearly 20% of the district with an area of 309,207.93 ha Bandung used as paddy fields4. Of
the 42 districts in Bandung regency II, there are 38 districts which are rice farms. With these
data indicate that the potential of rice husk is quite large. Related to the potential of rice husk
that is large enough that can be used as a building wall material that allows people the
convenience aspect (particularly thermal conditions) is very important but until now to test
the direction of comfort (especially the thermal conditions) have not been investigated.
II. RESEARCH ISSUES
Waste is waste rice husks from rice mills. In the district of Bandung waste rice
hulls are relatively abundant. Many products can be produced from waste rice hulls,
particularly for building materials. 5 Based on research at the Center for Research and
Development of Settlements Bandung (Research) of waste rice husks can be used as
building material in the form of concrete bricks. Research conducted during this new
aspect of his power, among others, as the walls of the residence. Aspects of comfort
(thermal conditions, especially air temperature) is also one important aspect in the
residence. The problem is that the effect of the use of thermal conditions BBSP has never
been in meticulous, so need to be investigated how the thermal conditions BBSP when
2
Concrete blocks adalah terbuat dari beton tuang, yaitu semen, agregat, pasir and kerikir berbentuk balok
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_masonry_unit di akses 9 oktober 2010) 3
Center for Research and Technological Development Building Materials' Development of Local Waste for Building Materials in Serdang
Kab.Deli "Cileunyi Bandung 2003 4
BPN Bandung regency 11, 2009
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue
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used as building material. Will be able to compare the use of BBSP is more convenient
than using Pure Concrete Brick hereinafter referred to as fuel.
III. RESEARCH'S BENEFIT AND OBJECTIVE
The goal of research conducted are:
1. To find out about changes in air temperature that occur in space using BBSP wall and
compare it with the use of wall space fuel.
2. To determine the thermal comfort adjusted to the standard MOM research for people of
Indonesia on the wall material and the wall Fuel BBSP.
Benefits of the research conducted is:
1. This research is expected to develop science-related technology building wall materials
related to thermal comfort in buildings.
2. Being a real input in terms of conditioned space by exploiting the potential of natural as
possible and taken into consideration for the use of concrete brick material rice husk as
an alternative wall.
IV. THEORY REVIEW
A. Thermal comfort
The primary function of architecture is able to create a better living environment. This can be
done by utilizing the elements of the existing climate such as wind, air temperature and the
other, so that eventually people can gain comfort that is expected. One form of comfort that is
needed by the human thermal comfort.
1. Moist Tropical Climate Conditions
Climate is one factor that affects the design of the building. A building should
be able to reduce the influence of adverse climatic and take advantage of a favorable
influence for building users. In general, the climate can be divided into two namely:
macro climate and microclimate. Macro climate is the overall incidence
meteorologist in the atmosphere is also influenced by the topography of the earth
and civilization changes dipermukaanya, macro climate associated with a large
room such as the State, continents and oceans. Microclimate associated with the
limited space of buildings, streets, small parks or city5.
Humid tropical characterized by the air humidity is relatively high around 90%,
high rainfall, and temperature annual average of around 23 ⁰C, which can be
increased up to 38 ⁰C in summer, the differences between seasons are relatively
small there is a period of little rain and periods of rain accompanied by strong
winds.Humid tropics lies between north latitude 15 ⁰and 15 ⁰latitude south.
Indonesia lies in the general area where the equator is the hottest area is the area that
receive most of the equatorial solar radiation. The average temperature in Indonesia
ranges between 22 º C to 32 º C with little fariasi each year6.
To be able to design a building that responds to climate change need to know
the pattern of daily, monthly and even yearly climate of the magnitude of the place
where the building will be designed7. The general nature of Indonesia's tropical
climate is humid air temperature is relatively hot, high intensity of solar radiation
5
Kusumawanto wise, "Study On Thermal Comfort Conditions tropical Building
Moist "p. 15, 1996 6
Kusumawanto wise, "Study On Thermal Comfort Conditions tropical Building
Moist "p. 15, 1996 7
Kusumawanto, “Kajian Tentang Kondisi Kenyamanan Termal Bangunan Didaerah Tropis
Lembab” hal 15, 1996
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and high humidity. More specific information regarding the humid tropical climate
can be stated as follows8:
a. Temperature: Maximum average is between 27 ° C -32 ° C
Minimum average is between 20 ° C -23 ° C
b. Average air humidity was 75% -80%.
c. Yearlong rainfall between 1000mm-5000mm
d. Generally cloudy sky conditions with cloud amount between 60% - 90%
e. Sky luminance for the whole sky covered with thin clouds high enough, is
able to reach more than 7000 kandela / m², while the thick clouds
completely covered about 850 kandela / m².
f. Average wind speed is low about 2-4 m / sec.
2. Thermal conditions in buildings
Thermal conditions that would occur in the building will be determined by the
thermal performance of buildings and climate conditions on which the building is
located. As an example for the climate like in Bandung with air temperature as
shown in Figure 1 is the air temperature at the macro climate.
Figure 1. Average air temperature for 2003-2007 in bandung
(Source: BMG Bandung 2003-2007)
Changes in temperature is 1:16 ° with the maximum temperature in May and minimum
temperature that occurred in July. For the temperature around the building can be higher or
lower depending on the circumstances surrounding buildings are a lot of shade trees and no
grass or lawn surface. As in figure 2 below:
8
Soegijanto, "Buildings in Indonesia with a Moist Tropical Climate in terms of aspects of physics
building "case :8-9, 2000 yr
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Figure 2. (a) air temperature macro climate (b) and (c) ambient air temperature around buildings
(Source: Soegijanto, 2000)
If desired indoor air is relatively constant at approximately the desired
temperature, then this can be achieved by using a system of air or a so-called active
control or mechanical control. But in this study is to be in the meticulous control that
uses the building itself (material) or the so-called passive control.
Air temperature can be achieved with passive control is to reduce the
occurrence time and magnitude of hot temperatures, as shown in Figure 3 below9:
Figure 3. Indoor air temperature compared with outside air temperature t0 (1) without
attention to passive control, (2) with respect to penendalian passive, (3) with active
control
(Source: Soegijanto, 2000).
Passive control effort does not always expectedto produce the desired thermal
conditions throughout the day, because the elements of the building and surrounding
environment has a thermal-control capabilities are limited. Nevertheless it is expected
that the designers of passive control of buildings doing business as closely as
possible, taking advantage of natural events and properties - properties of building
materials.
3. Heat exchange in the building with the surrounding environment.
As a result of solar radiation and the activities therein, buildings receive and
release heat that will affect the condition of the space. In connection with the building
thermal comfort conditions will affect the heat transfer directly to the body of people
inside the building. Building mutually accept and release heat as well as activities inside
the environment and human bodies that are in the building will also receive and release
heat as well as in his own environment.
Acquisition and expenditure can heat the heat transfer occurs through the events
as follows:
9
Soegijanto, "Buildings in Indonesia with a Moist Tropical Climate in terms of aspects of physics
building "year 2000 p. 102
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Figure 4. Heat transfer in buildings
Sources: Surjamanto, 2000
a. QK conduction heat transfer through the walls and roof of the building with the
entrance and exit buildings also referred to the conduction of heat from the floor.
b. Convection heat transfer, qv which occurs due to air flow in and out through vents
and windows instead.
c. Short-wave radiation heat transfer from solar radiation Qr.
d. Qp heat transfer due to evaporation that occurs because the process of evaporation of
water that wet the surface of the outer walls and roof.
e. Qi internal heat generated by indoor heat sources such as the occupants and
equipment that can produce heat.
Figure 4 shows the process of heat transfer in buildings where the heat in the building
obtained through evaporation, through the walls of the building, through the heat of the sun,
through the use of a mechanical device, or the acquisition of internal heat as well as through
the state with its environment.
Figure 5.Space heating and cooling in buildings.
(Source: surjamanto, 2000).
During the day there is a process of heating and at night the release of heat (cooling)
the cooling process in sequence on a one-story building still effective but not for much-story
building. Radiation inhibits convection air mass, a condition called a thermos effect.
Building form and thickness of materials used can affect the propagation of heat in
the building. Buildings with a thin wall material will deliver a building rather than having a
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue
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thick wall. Likewise, a large building with a space or k space that small wall will keep a
greater heat, while buildings with r hot and cool more slowly. Hence for a small building
using the wall material with heat capacity (the ability to store heat) is small, and conductivity
(the ability to channel heat) large. Vice versa with a large building.
The amount of heat transfer that occurs in buildings affected by the nature of building
materials. The properties are adalah10:
a. Thermal conductivity of building materials, k (watts / m ° C).
b. Surface conductance, h (watts / m². ° C).
c. Specific heat capacity of building materials, c (joules / kg. ° C).
d. Absorptansi α for long and short wave radiation.
Other properties that affect the magnitude of heat transfer is mass density (kg / m³) and
thickness (m) material.
a. Thermal conductivity.
Thermal conductivity is the nature of the material that determines the heat flow per
time unit by way of conduction through a unit thickness of material with a
temperature difference on both sides 1 ° C, the magnitude of the heat conductivity of
building materials may change with the water content in the material.
b. Surface conductance.
Surface conductance is the flow of heat from one surface to the air or from air to
surface. The amount of surface conductance is influenced by the nature of the surface
roughness and color, and surface wind speed and temperature.
c. Heat capacity.
Specific heat capacity of a material is the heat required to raise the temperature of a
material by 1 ° C. Heat capacity for each material is different, but overall a heavier
material has a higher heat capacity. Heat capacity of building envelope materials
greatly affect the thermal conditions within buildings for buildings using passive
control.
d. Absorption (absorption) is the ability of objects absorb solar radiation.
4. Thermal comfort in the Building.
Thermal comfort is the condition of a person who expresses a sense of satisfaction /
comfort on the thermal environment. Thermal environment is the environmental
characteristics that lead a person to lose heat from its body. Thermal comfort is
influenced by environmental factors and human factors. Environmental factors consist of
air temperature (water temperature), humidity (relative humidity), wind velocity (water
velocity), and mean - mean surface temperature of space (Surface Mean Radiant
Temperature). As for the human factor, namely the metabolic rate (metabolic rate), and
clothing worn (clothing insulation)14
.
Physical factors affecting thermal comfort in buildings include:
a. Temperature (T)
Normal daily air temperature conditions showed that the highest heat is achieved
approximately two hours after noon because of the direct solar radiation when it
joined with the air temperature is already high. Therefore there is the addition of
greatest heat padanfasade west of a building. As a general rule can be considered that
the highest temperature about 2 hours after the position of the sun's highest and lowest
temperatures of about 1 s / d 2 hour before sunrise. The temperature has started rising
again before the sun rises due to the spread of radiation in the sky.
As many as 43% of solar radiation reflected back, 57% is absorbed by the atmosphere
is 14% and 43% by the earth's surface. Most of the absorbed radiation reflected back
into the air, especially after sunset, at night heat loss can be prevented with the use of
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue
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materials that absorb heat, with the right materials and use of radiation time shift can
be created behind the pleasant conditions in the room.
Heat requirements in a construction mainly depends on the exchange of heat between
the outer wall and the surrounding area, while the direct irradiation of a wall depends
on its orientation to the sun. In the tropics, east and west facade most exposed to solar
radiation but can indirectly affect the radiation from all directions on the building
facade or caused by clouds covering the sky.
Several types of material to absorb a portion of solar radiation, other types of
reflective heat occurs primarily in dindingdinding freshly painted with white chalk
will absorb the heat no more than 20% of solar radiation while the walls are painted
has long been absorbing a lot more. Part of the heat radiation or solar radiation that is
not reflected but absorbed by a material will heat the material. In a building that
received this summer will push into the room through the roof and walls if not
prevented. 80%. If the skin feels very sticky and stale air (heavy pressure), then the
RH above 90%.
b. Air flow (WV).
Air movement occurs due to the different heating. The scale ranges from a gentle
breeze to hurricane, the wind force 0 s / d 12 Beaufort scale. In the comfort zone,
wind speed entering the building must be reduced to 25% (especially for speed of 4 m
/ sec) or 10% (at all speeds). At the effective temperature of high-value and required
speed of 3.5 m / s in wind speed outside the building must achieve a 5.4 m / dt for a
change of 65% and 11 m / dt for a change of 32%. If the wind conditions do not allow
the required additional treatment, ie the cooling effect of wind towers and buoyancy
(buoyant force) by raising the ceiling.
Wind the same as moving air, the wind will flow through the cavity of the heat into
cool. The wind speed can be reduced by vegetation. Measuring wind speeds can be
done with the anemometer. However, except for those whose profession is to measure
wind speed, the tool is often not tersedia.Sedangkan wind direction can be easily seen
with the motion of smoke.
Figure 6. Wind flow with vegetation
(Sources: Prasasto satwiko, 2004)
The top of tall buildings have better air circulation than at the bottom because of the
intensity of greater air movement. Behind the wind-shaped high-rise buildings can
rotate in the opposite direction, only with a distance of seven times the height of the
building the wind speed will be back as before and will again surface.
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue
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Figure 7. The airflow is obstructed by high buildings
Sources: Nobert Iecher, 2000
Most important factors that affect comfort in buildings are:
a. Air temperature.
b. Air humidity.
c. Average radiation temperature - the average of the walls and roof.
d. Speed of air movement.
e. Lighting levels and light distribution on the wall of a building.
To determine the limits - limits the convenience needs to be researched a number of
people react to changes in factors - factors above. Initial research conducted by Houghton
and Yahlou which produces the term "effective temperature" or abbreviated TE. TE is
determined by air temperature, humidity and air movement. TE diagrams show the
practical usefulness with the help of Psychrometric chart.
Effective Temperature (Effective Temperature / ET *) is the temperature uniformity of
the emission of black sheaths on the air humidity of 50%, where a resident will express
the same comfort, tension and physiological changes such as heat stress on physiological
and environmental changes as hot as in the actual environment with the same air
movement. Comfort zone (comfort zones) in the summer of adalah22.8 º C <ET * <26.1 º
C, while the 20.0 º C <ET * <23.9 º C for the rainy season10
.
Some results of studies of thermal comfort limits stated in the effective temperature can
be seen in table 1 below:
Table 1.comfort limits in effective temperature
B. Wall Building Materials
Aspects of thermal comfort for building design includes building exterior,
building interior and the building envelope, these three aspects affect each other in
building planning, matters relating to the third aspect is one of them is a wall. Side wall
part (insulating) outer space and space in a building, can be a thermal insulator at home.
The outer walls of buildings with a certain thickness is very influential to the heat
10
See: http://www.personal.cityu. Accessed on December 20, 2009
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue
475
transmitted into space in the building, the material will be relatively thin wall heat faster
than a thicker material (time lag is large). The material used for walls can affect the
comfort that is achieved, by knowing the resistance of a material, we can predict how
much heat will flowing.
Resistance by the material and air space to the flow of heat by conduction,
convection, and radiation is called thermal resistance. By knowing the resistance of a
material we can predict how much heat will flowing and compare materials. Most of the
thermal resistance of building materials is a function of the number and size of air space
it has.
If a material increases the temperature difference is high then the material will behave
as if having a large thermal resistance. As seen in Figure 11 below which describes a
massive wall that is seen in three different times in one day11
.
Figure 8. The temperature of the wall material in three different time
Sources: Nobert Iechner, 2000
a. At 11 am in room temperature lower than room temperature outside so the heat
will flow into, however most of this heat in the switch to raise the temperature
of the wall.
b. At 4 pm the temperature of outer space is very high, although some had entered
the room temperature is in, some of the heat is still transferred untuki increase
the temperature of the wall.
c. at 9 pm the temperature outside has enough space below the temperature
dropped to room temperature and in particular in the wall. Now most of the
heat stored in the wall to flow out without ever entering the room in the house.
In this situation, time lag of this massive building material separates the
building from the outside temperature is high.
The advantage is if the lag time increased drastically at room temperature. The greater
the movement the greater the daily temperature separation effect on the masses, thus
separating the effects of the mass is more beneficial in hot and dry climate during the
summer. According to Rosenlund (2000) the ability of the material against the heat
that affects the building, called the thermal properties, consisting of:
a. Density (density / specific gravity): the unit has kg/m3, the ratio between
weight and volume, density plays an important role for thermal properties, the
material has a light density insulation has a power greater than the material that
had a large density.
11
Nobert Lechner "heating, cooling, lighting design methods for architecture, 2nd ed,
Sandrina translation siti, ss, ST, PT Persada Grafindo King 2000, p. 86-89
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue
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b. Thermal conductivity (Conductivity) units have W / mK, is the ability to
berkonduksi hot material. The material has low thermal conductivity has a
power of good insulator, otherwise the material that has high thermal
conductivity material is a good conductor of heat.
c. Specific heat: the unit has Wh / CCC, is indicating the material has the ability to
store large amounts of energy. High specific heat means that the material has
the ability to store lots of heat (heat storage).
The combination of these three thermal properties of the material above produces
what is called Time lag is the maximum time used by the walls to remove heat from
the outer surface of the wall to the inside wall. Characteristics of the remaining
material is admittance, Milbank and Harrington-Lynn (1974) stated, admittance is the
thermal resistance (thermal resistance) associated with reaction to heat flow (heat
flow) has a unit like the U-Value. According to Mark T.A,. Moris EN (1980), The
larger the admittance, the lower the temperature swing. Dense material that has a
larger thermal resistance, Materials also has a thermal capacity (thermal capacity), the
amount of heat stored by the material, then release it12
.
Opinion of all experts above shows that the thermal properties and characteristics of
the material is closely related to:
a. thermal storage;
b. insulation against heat;
c. peak temperature;
d. high and low temperatures of the wall materials of buildings
All this is theoretical support of these findings are consistent with the purpose of
research.
2. Variety of Wall Material Building shell in this case the wall is a highly
influential element in thermal comfort, since it is the part that is directly
related to the external climate or outdoor environment around the building. So
this type of material used for the walls will greatly affect the thermal comfort
in buildings acquired. There are various kinds of materials that can be used as
a wall on a residential building or other buildings, among which13
:
a. Grass, Leaf, Palm 1. Favorable for warm-humid climate 2.good aeration 3. absorbs heat 4. Easily damaged by wind and storm 5. Pematulan average about 20%
b. Bamboo and Reed 1. The surface is highly resistant to water 2. good aeration 3. Absorbs little heat 4. The ability of reflectance around 20%
12
V. Totok Noerwasito and Mas Santosa "Influence" Thermal Properties "Red Brick Materials" Department of Architecture, Faculty of
Civil Engineering and Planning - http://www.petra.ac.id/ ~ Petra Christian University Research Center / journals / dir.php? DepartmentId
= ARS 13
Agung Ari Primary, "thermal properties of roofing materials and wall thermal engineering of buildings"
majoring in civil engineering faculty of architecture and planning of Indonesian Islamic universities,
yogyakarta, 2006
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue
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c. Wood 1. The ability to isolate the heat is 2. Small heat absorption 3. Reflecting an average of 50%
d. Natural stone 1. Resistant to weather 2.High heat absorption capability 3. Porous material has a thermal insulating ability (volcanic rock and
coral)
e. Concrete block 1. Ability to lead the small heat 2. Heat absorption is 3. windproof 4. Little reflection on the surface of the untreated
f. Brick and tile fuel 1. Good heat absorption 2. Ability distribution of low heat 3. Hollow brick (25-50%) have penyeapan power and heat transmission
smaller 4. Suitable for warm-humid areas 5. The ability of the average reflectance of about 30-40%
C. Rice Husk
Bran (husk) is one of the waste material from the processing of rice that had
been considered as waste. The amount of rice as a staple food consumption and
increased national rice production can provide an estimate of the macro will be the
amount of material from year to year. Based on data from the Central Bureau of
Statistics (BPS), rice production in Indonesia in 2004 reached 53.67 million tons of
dry milled grain (MPD), which can produce rice husks as much as 20% -25% of
overall weight.
Rice husks are generally only used as a primary or supplementary fuel in
brick-making industry or taboo, decoration materials, growing media for ornamental
plants, or even discarded in animal cages. Various studies have been done indicate
that the waste rice husks can be used for various needs. The following will explain the
benefits of waste rice husks:
1. Rice Husk Silica amorphous mengadung many were burned when the
temperature reaches 500-700 ° C in about 1 to 2 hours. Reactivity between
silica in Rice Husk Ash with calcium hydroxide in cement paste can be
influential in improving the quality of concrete [HRC Priyosulistyo, 2001]. the
use of Rice Husk Ash (ASP) as a partial replacement for cement in masonry
mortar.
2. Chaff can be used in the manufacture of hard board or soft board. Hard board
husks have a nature water resistant, fire resistant, termite resistant and can
therefore be used for the inside and the outside of the house.
3. Rubber reinforcing material can be made mixing 50-100 parts chaff with 100
parts of rubber synthetic rubber that can produce good compared with the use
of rubber clay.
Utilization of Rice Husk Ash (waste burning rice husk) in various fields
ranging in developing one of them is the construction field. A breakthrough has been
successfully developed by utilizing waste as a base for the manufacture of building
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue
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meterial. This material became known as ecological building materials. Building
materials are formed from leftovers or waste by using the methods and processes that
are environmentally friendly and safe for human health is the definition given for the
term ecological building materials. Meterial development of this environmentally
friendly building materials aims to reduce or even eliminate the negative impact of
waste on the environment.
From the Center for Bandung, waste rice hulls can be used as mixtures in the
manufacture of concrete for the wall panels and batabeton, either in the form of fresh
rice hulls or in the form of rice husk ash in concrete and mortar.
So far research on concrete blocks with a mix of new rice hulls at the stage of
structural testing, such as brick concrete compressive strength testing of rice husk by
WAS. Witarso reached 21.45 kg / cm ² SNI 03-6821-2002 standards regarding
specifications for lightweight aggregate concrete print stone wall that requires pairs of
quality class IV is at least 20 kg / cm ² Judging from the manner of manufacture,
concrete brick there are 2 kinds14
:
1. Handmade concrete bricks (manual) is a concrete brick made by printing a moist
mixture of sand and portland cement in a mold by hand lapped. After going
through the process of maintenance (in room air for about 4 weeks), concrete
brick is ready for use.
2. Machine-made concrete bricks (vibrated) is a concrete brick made by printing a
moist mixture of sand and portland cement in a print engine vibration, in order
to obtain maximum compression. After going through the process of around 4
weeks of maintenance, concrete brick is ready for use.
Concrete Brick Size Rice Husk (BBSP) used in this study is the thickness = 10 cm x
20 cm x width = length = 40 cm. BBSP is an alternative building material for walls of
buildings, concrete is made from a mixture of cement and sand and water with
additional material rice husk as basic materials, the manufacturing process similar to
the process of making concrete bricks yaitudicetak pure, compacted with a vibrating
machine and dried in natural conditions.
Properties & BBSP technical specifications:
a.BBSPsni 03-6821-2002 standard requirements of the specifications for
lightweight aggregate concrete print stone wall plug.
b.Thermal conductivity / thermal conductivity or thermal conductivity BBSP have
the ability to dissipate heat by conduction is low, ie K = 0213 W / m ° C. This
means that BBSP having heat insulating power or otherwise has the power of
detention high heat. The nature of this ability to inhibit the beneficial once the
sun's heat from outside into the room.
c.Compressive strength / compressive strength BBSP Strong press has an average
of 21.45 kg / cm ².
Comparison and fuel mixture on BBSP
a.Comparison of pure mixture of concrete bricks, cement: sand for concrete bricks
commonly used ranged between 1: 8 to 1: 10, with a water cement ratio.
b.Comparison of slurry composition used in the utilization waste rice husks that is
1 pc: 8 ps + 20% rice husk.
From the aspect of strength BBSP been tested and applied as the walls of houses, in
addition to aspects of the power aspects of comfort (thermal conditions) is also one
important aspect in the residence. Thus need to be researched whether BBSP thermal
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479
conditions will be more convenient to use when compared to using Pure Concrete
Brick (BBM). The size of pure concrete bricks used in this study is the thickness = 10
cm x 20 cm x width = length = 40 cm.
Properties & Specifications Mechanical fuel are:
a.Fuel meets the standard requirements of the specifications sni 03-6821-2002
lightweight aggregate for concrete print stone wall plug.
b.Thermal conductivity / thermal conductivity of fuel has a thermal conductivity
or the ability to dissipate heat conduction higher than BBSP ie K = 1 W / M ° C.
This means means the fuel has the power of heat to high and low thermal
insulating power.
III. Analysis AndDiscussion
A. Residential BBSP
BBSP homes are houses built using concrete brick walls of rice husk. BBSP is the result of
the development of building materials by utilizing waste as a mixture of rice husks in the
manufacture of concrete bricks are applied as a building wall. As a concrete brick building
materials other than rice husk meet the standards in terms of power must also be able to
meet the needs in terms of comfort, so in this study the authors tried to analyze the thermal
conditions (air temperature) that residential uses Rice Husk Concrete Brick wall, which is
one part of the convenience. Before performing measurements on BBSP residence, first in
describing the data that support in this study.
Location dibandung research conducted, with a height of ± 768 meters above sea level and
according to climatological data from the meteorology and geophysics referred into the
zone of tropical humid microclimate. Thus the city of Bandung has a tropical humid
microclimate indicators are quite clear and is a condition of thermal comfort parameters.
BBSP houses can be seen in figure 13. The house consists of 7 rooms is a living room, a
family room, 3 bedrooms, a kitchen, and 1 km / wc. Overall building area of 54 m².
Figure 13. Front view homes BBSP
(source: research data, 2010)
B. Conductivity Measurement
Data Before performing measurements on residential first researchers to test the
conductivity of materials and fuel BBSP to know the value of the conductivity of the
material. BBSP has a thermal conductivity or the ability to dissipate heat is low at K =
0213 W / M ° C. This means that rice husk has a concrete brick thermal insulating
power or otherwise has a high heat retaining power. The nature of this ability to drive
profitable solar heat from outside into the room. Compared with a fuel that has a
thermal conductivity or the ability to conduct heat higher than BBSP ie K = 1 W / M °
C. This means the heat insulation or heat retaining BBSP power better than gasoline.
Can be seen in table 2 below the results of conductivity measurements on BBSP
material and fuel:
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480
Table 2. Thermal measurement data conduktivity
(Source: Research data, 2010)
C. Measurement results
Comparison of Effect of the use of a wall with the wall Fuel BBSP of the overall
condition can result in stacking as follows:
1. Based on the value of the conductivity of materials
a. BBSP has a thermal conductivity or the ability to dissipate heat is low at K =
0213 W / M ° C. This means that rice husk has a concrete brick thermal
insulating power or otherwise to high heat. The nature of this ability to drive
profitable solar heat from outside into the room.
b. Fuel which has a thermal conductivity or the ability to conduct heat higher
than BBSP yaituK = 1 W / M ° C. This means the fuel has a high thermal
conductive power and thermal insulating power is low, when compared with
BBSP, BBSP better than gasoline.
2. Based on the Measure Point
a. In general, ET on BBSP always in the optimum comfort zone and do not
always follow the condition that the average OT is in the uncomfortable
zone. This indicated that the material BBSP can inhibit heat from the outside
wall of the building to go into space. Although dindingBBSP can store heat
but did not increase ET in the extreme at night, because of the graphics
shown that the resulting temperature when night still remain in the comfort
zone.
b. In general, at each measuring point at the same time fuel consumption is
outside the optimum comfort zone, comfort zone only occurs only at 21.00
tonight. This indicated that the fuel material can’t inhibit the heat from the
outside wall of the building during the day. Bolehdikatakan fuel if the
material does not store heat, such as during the measurements at night where
the current condition of the material fuel temperature decreases OT also
decreased almost always followthe conditions in the vicinity. Fuel material
quickly becomes hot and too fast to be cool. During the day the fuel material
has always been outside the comfort zone.
3. Time Optimal Based Comfort
a. Optimal convenient time indicated by the measuring point is placed inside the
space on the building walls BBSP (TU1, TU2, TU4, TU6, TU8, TU10) are
given a blue color was always longer than the optimal time outside comfortably.
Convenient time at the measuring point is placed outside the building walled
BBSP (TU3, TU5, TU7, TU9) who were given color is faster than the optimal
time outside comfortably. When OT longer with optimal time outside
comfortably, ET showed precisely the optimal time is longer convenient. This
can be caused due to the influence of wall heat BBSP yangdapat menghamba t
from outside the building (timelag or delays in BBSP slow heat) so as to make
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue
481
ET remain in the optimum comfort zone even though OT BBSP outside the
optimum comfort zone.
b. While the optimal convenient time indicated by the measuring point placed
inside the chamber on the fuel-walled building (TU1, TU2, TU4, TU5, TU7,
TU9) which are colored blue and time convenient to the measuring point is
placed outside the building walled fuel (TU3, TU6, TU8, TU10) which are
colored red is always faster than the time beyond the optimum comfort, this
could be due to the influence of the wall of the fuel which can’t inhibit the OT
(timelag or delays in the fuel heat quickly) so make the ET is outside the
comfort zone optimal follow OT fuel.
4. Based on the Average Peak Temperature
a. Tmax residential BBSP 27.1 º c which is in the warm comfort zone
b. Tmax residential fuel oil is 29.2 º C is outside the comfort zone by the standards
of research for the Indonesian Mom.
5. Under the Direction of Orientation
a. It can be concluded that the orientation of the four buildings that are placed
measuring point, it appears that the 4-way before the building was the best, which
produced visible low ET of the OT. Western orientation is unfavorable direction
for the orientation of the building but with the use of the material can be a good
BBSP because these materials can inhibit heat from outside the building and make
ET remain in the comfort zone.
b. It can be concluded that the temperature of the wall to the 4-way building
orientation on fuel usage is always outside the comfort zone. Material fuel can’t
make 4-way orientation to be better than OT because the material is not to inhibit
heat from outside the building also can’t store heat so that makes the ET always
follow the OT and are beyond the comfort zone.
Based on the results obtained by the five declared BBSP material having a good
influence on thermal conditions in space. According to Arif kusumawanto, the largest
addition of heat contained in the western facade of a building facade and the worst of
the orientation of the building, but this does not happen on the use of materials BBSP
where despite temperatures outside the building (OT) increased and reached Tmax,
the temperature of the walls in buildings (ET ) remain in the comfort zone in other
words increasing the temperature of the wall outside the building does not affect the
temperature inside the walls of the building so west facade buildings remain a good
orientation and not the addition of heat in the building. While the perceived human
thermal comfort (based on research standards Mom) from the influence of the use
BBSP and fuel is obtained results showed that the material included in the standard
research BBSP Mom is almost entirely located in an optimal comfort zone whilst for
the use of fuel when adjusted to the standard Mom overall optimum is outside your
comfort zone and only in a certain time at night could be in the zone that is
convenient at 21:00.
V. Conclusion
From research and data processing are done then the results can be summarized as
follows:
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482
1.When compared with the effect of fuel material, material BBSP have a good
influence on the optimal comfort, the conductivity, the average Tmax, and the
orientation of buildings on the temperature in the room where always being in
the optimum comfort zone.
2. Human thermal comfort that is felt from the effects of use BBSP BBSP showed
that the material included in the research standards that Mom is in the optimal
comfort zone whilst for the use of fuel does not meet the standards of comfort as
a whole has always been outside the comfort zone.
V. Reference
A. Kusumawanto, "Study On Thermal Comfort Conditions in the Tropics Building Damp"
Thesis Research, Department of Architecture ITB FT, Page 15-27, 1996
A. A. Husin, "Utilization of Waste for Building Materials", Module 1-3
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A.A. Primary, "Nature Materials Thermal Roof And Wall Thermal Engineering Building"
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Ansrul muktafi, 2006, Final Report: Thermal Comfort Workspace with bioclimatic-Chart
Approach: A Case Study at PT. Astra International Tbk. Honda Yogyakarta, p.4.
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E. Allen, "Basics of Building Construction, Materials and methods are" Edition Three,
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