The goods market: Exercises and applications
Lecture 19 – academic year 2014/15Introduction to Economics
Fabio Landini
What explains the variation of GDP in the short period?
How much does the GDP vary following changes in the demand components?
How can we explain phenomena such as the expansion of US during the 90s or the recent great recession (2008-09)?
Questions of the day
• Numerical examples to determine the equilibrium level of GDP
• Effects of variation in autonomous expenditure
• Explanation of multiplier• Expansion in US during the 90s• Great recession in Italy (2008-2009)• Savings and investments in equilibrium
Plan of the day
We write the equations which describe the components of aggregate demand
Consumption is endogenous (behavioural equation) C = 100 + 0,6YD
Investments, public expenditure and taxes are exogenous (constant values) I = 50 G = 250 T = 100
Which is the value of production in equilibrium (YE)?
Examples on the determination of GDP
Aggregate demand Z is equal to Z = C + I + G
By substituting the equation C = 100 + 0,6 YD
Z = 100 + 0,6YD + I + G
By substituting the definition YD = YT Z = C0 + c1 (Y) + I + G
By substituting the constant value for I, G e T Z = 100 + 0,6 (Y100) + 50 + 250
So that Z = 0,6Y + 340
Examples on the determination of GDP
We impose the equilibrium condition Z=Y, so that
Y = 0,6Y + 340
(10,6) Y = 340
Y = 340 = 850
Equilibrium income -> YE = 850
Which is the value of the multiplier?
Multiplier = 2,5
6,011
6,011
Examples on the determination of GDP
Variations in autonomous expenditure
Let’s examine the effects of a variations in one component of autonomous expenditure on final product.
Let’s suppose that something changes which affects the consumption choices -> Aut. Consumption (C0)
C0 = 100 -> 200
For the other variables we maintain the same values.
Which is the equilibrium value of final product ?
Z = C + I + G =
= 200 + 0,6 (Y100) + 50 + 250 = 0,6Y + 440
Let’s impose the equilibrium condition Z=Y
Y = 0,6Y + 440
from which we get
YE = 440 = 11006011
,
Variations in autonomous expenditure
We obtained that C0 = 100 -> 200 caused YE = 850 -> 1100
An increase in C0 of about 100 caused an increase in YE of about 250
Why?
Variations in autonomous expenditure
Explanation:
a) Autonomous consumption (C0) ->
b) Since consumption is a component of aggregate demand (Z=C+I+G) Aggregate Dem. ( Δ Z Δ C0) ->
c) Since in equilibrium Y=Z Production of the same degree (Δ Y Δ Z Δ C0)
If the effect of C0 stopped here we would have Δ Y Δ C0
Variations in autonomous expenditure
However the effects continues. Indeed:
d) Since GDP Σ incomes Δ Y = Δ Aggregate income ->
e) Since consumption depends on income (C=C0+c1YD),
new Consumption (equal to c1 × ΔYD ) ->
f) Since consumption is a component of aggregate demand (Z=C+I+G), new Aggregate demand (ΔZ = c1 × ΔYD) ->
Variations in autonomous expenditure
g) Since in equilibrium Y=Z New Production of the same dimension (ΔY = ΔZ ) ->
h) New Aggregate income -> …
The above described mechanisms starts again…
Variations in autonomous expenditure
In conclusion:
• C0 causes a sequence of Y
• This happens because every increase in the product causes an increase in income and therefore a new increase in demand
• The increases get smaller and smaller because at each new “passage” only a portion of the new income is consumed (c1<1)
Variations in autonomous expenditure
The final increase in Y is greater than the initial one in C0 in because of the mechanism that we have just described
Analytically this mechanism is represented by the multiplier (Multiplier -> “multiplies” the variations in autonomous expenditure)
The mechanism the we have just described can be expressed also graphically
Variations in autonomous expenditure
Demand -> Z = SA+c1Y Supply -> Line at 45°Equilibrium -> Y=Z -> punto A -> Y=YA
ZZ
Z
45°
A
Y
YA
, Y
Let’s see the effects of an increase in C0
C0 -> Z Z -> Y
ZZ
Z,Y
45°
A
ZZ’
BC
Y -> C -> Z Z -> Yand so on…
ZZ
Z,Y
45°
A
ZZ’
BC
DE
Final effect: A -> A’ , so that YA -> YA’
The increase in Y is greater then the one in C0
ZZ
Z,Y
45°
A
ZZ’
A’
YA
YA’B
C
DE
The previous results hold for all component of autonomous expenditure
In particular, since
YE = AE -> ΔYE = ΔAE
where ΔAE is the variation in autonomous expenditure
111c 11
1c
Variations in autonomous expenditure
ΔAE = Δ of its components
so that
ΔYE = (ΔC0 c1 × ΔT0 + ΔI0 + ΔG0)
This implies that, in the short period, GDP depends on: •Variations in autonomous consumption (C0)
•Variations in the choices of investors (I0)
•Variations in the choices of government on taxes (T0) and public expenditures (G0)
111c
Variations in autonomous expenditure
The decomposition of demand in its different component can be used to interpret some recent events. In particular:
•Expansion of the United States in the 90s
•Great recession during the period 2008-09 in Italy
Variations in autonomous expenditure
Expansion of the US during the 90s
In the period 1993 - 2000 the US underwent a phase of great expansion (on average +3,7% a year; +4,1% from 1996 to 2000)
The average growth was superior to the average of the other industrialized countries (for instance UE on average +2%)
The previous analysis can help us to understand this fact
We saw that
ΔYE = (ΔC0 c1 × ΔT0 + ΔI0 + ΔG0)
What happened in the US economy?
Mainly two things:
a) The development of new Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) lead firms to innovate the productive processes -> I0
111c
Expansion of the US during the 90s
b) There had been a very good trend in the stock exchange indices (in particular the stocks associated with the “new economy”) -> households’ financial wealth -> C0
Expansion of the US during the 90s
In particular, on average:
1993-2000 1996-2000Consumption + 3,4% + 4%Investments + 6,7% + 8,4%GDP + 3,7% + 4,1%
I0 and C0 explain Y
Important: Another component that contributed to growth was the increase in productivity (medium/long period phenomenon)
Expansion of the US during the 90s
2008-2009 Great Recession2nd semester of 2008 -> World financial crisis (“subprime crisis”)
Recession (negative growth) in (almost) all biggest world economies
2007 2008 2009
Italy 1.6% -1.3% -5.1%
France 2.1% 0.3% -2.5%
Germany 2.5% 1 % -4.9%
EU 2.7% 0.5% -4.1%
US 2% 0.4% -2.4%
Let’s focus on the Italian economy
During the 2008-09 period the Italian economy underwent a deep recession with a total decrease in GDP greater than 5% in the two years.
What does this trend depend on?
How do we link this result with the trend in the components of aggregate demand?
2008-2009 Great Recession
The financial crisis had an effect on investment and consumption
On the investment side:
•Difficulties in firms’ external financing -> (in the current model) I0
•Worsening of the expectations on profit -> (in the current model) I0
2008-2009 Great Recession
On the consumption side:
•Decrease in income (increased unemployment) -> Yd -> c1 Yd -> C
•Fall in stock indices (cause by the worsening of the expectations on firms’ profitability) -> households’ financial wealth -> C0
•Worsening of the expectations on the future -> C0
2008-2009 Great Recession
The dynamics of consumption and investments explain the dynamics of GDP
ITALY 2007 2008 2009
GDP 1.6% -1.3% -5.1%
Consumption 1.6% -0,4% -1.2%
Investments 1.3% -4% -12.1%
2008-2009 Great Recession
The equilibrium condition on the good market is Y=Z
We can obtain an equivalent condition based on investment and savings
Let’s start from
Y = Z = C + I + G
We have
Y - C - G = I
By subtracting and summing T from/to the first term
Y - T - C + T - G = I
Savings and investments in equilibrium
Y - T - C + T - G = I
The expression Y - T – C is the difference between the available income and consumption -> private saving (Spr)
The expression T – G is the difference between the earnings and costs of the Government -> public saving(Spu)
By substituting in the original expression, we get
Spr + Spu= I
Private saving + public saving = saving (S)
Therefore, the equilibrium condition suggests thatS = I
Savings and investments in equilibrium
In equilibrium, investments equal savings -> Say’s Law
It is an alternative way of defining the equilibrium in the goods market
Savings and investments in equilibrium