The Reformation
The ReformationThe demand for religious changes in the church
Martin Luther (1483-1546)
--born into a miner’s family
in Saxony in central
Germany
--Studying to become a
lawyer
--Has two life changing
experiences
Sheg-Stanford.edu
The ReformationBolt of Lighting
He is crossing a field during a thunderstorm. He is thrown to the ground by a bolt of lighting. He cries out to St. Anne that he would enter a monastery.
He is obsessed with his own sinfulness and joins a monastery in the hope that he would overcome his sense of guilt.
His superiors realized his intellectual gifts and assigned him to the university at Wittenberg in 1508. He has his second life changing experience in 1512.
The ReformationThe Experience in the Tower
He realized that he only needed to rely on god’s mercy. This was achieved by faith alone.
The ReformationIndulgence Controversy
What is an indulgence?
It released a sinner from a certain period of punishment in purgatory before they went to heaven. It was sold originally to
people going on a crusade.
Why is this an issue?
In 1517, Johann Tetzel was selling indulgences as part of a fund-raiser to pay for St. Peter’ s church in Rome
The ReformationSo, why is it a problem?
Tetzel sells indulgences without mentioning repentance.
Martin Luther hears of this and posts the
95 Theses on October 31, 1517.
He believes the promise of a general pardon is
DAMNABLE
The ReformationMuseum-digital.de
The ReformationThe Diet of Worms 1520
Pope Leo X issued a bull excommunicating Luther.
In 1521, Emperor Charles V, the Pope’s secular representative calls for Luther’s arrest and
burning of his works. German princes aid him.
The ReformationDiet of Worms Anton Alexander von Werner
Kunst-fuer-alle.de
The ReformationDiet of Worms
Law2.umkc.edu
The ReformationMartin Luther at the Diet of Worms
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2xQsCtpcj_E
The ReformationLutheran Doctrine and Practice
1. Nominalism
The primacy of faith, the inadequacy of reason and the unknowableness of God.
The ReformationLutheran Doctrine and Practice
2. Faith and the Bible
The Bible is the sole source of religious authority. Faith alone, not good works or
receiving the sacraments, justifies the believer.
The ReformationLutheran Doctrine and Practice
3. Sacraments and the Mass
Baptism and Eucharist are the only ones mentioned in the Bible.
Transubstantiation VS. ConsubstantiationChristian Lutheran
Wafer and wine retain their appearance The real presence of Christ and the natural
but their substance is transformed into substance coexist within the wafer and wine.
the body and blood of Christ.
The ReformationLutheran Doctrine and Practice
4. Translation of the Bible
The translation of the Bible was completed in 1534.
The Reformation
The Reformation
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gi5qR7tflG0
The ReformationSpread of Lutheranism
Ways Lutheranism spread
printing press pamphlets
broadsides princes/rulers
Any person who accepted the basic doctrines of faith alone and scripture as the sole authority could
be a Lutheran
The ReformationSpread of Lutheranism
Princes’ Issues
If they follow Luther ……….
but
If they remain loyal ………
The ReformationSpread of Lutheranism
Princes’ Issues
If they follow Luther, they could lose their titles
but
If they remain loyal, they could blackmail the church to becoming Lutheran
The ReformationWhy Lutherans = Protestants
Diet of Speyer 1529Princes sign a decree protesting that no religious innovations were to be introduced in the Empire.
1550s—half the population of Europe is Lutheran
The Reformation
Diet at Augsberg 1555
Compromise, each prince was allowed to determine the religion of his own territory
The ReformationJohn Calvin (1509–1564)
--a lawyer
--moves to Switzerland
because of his religious
views.
--He had been persecuted
in FranceLibrary.calvin.edu
The ReformationSimilarities with Lutherans
--Accepted Baptism and Eucharist
--Regarded all occupations as worthy
--Upheld social and political authority
Differences with Lutherans
--Eucharist, the body of Christ was there only in spirit and consumed only in spirit
--Predestination nothing can be done to save a person. It’s up to god to save a person.
The ReformationMorality and Discipline
--Strict moral code
--Self-examination, Bible study
--Public confession
French Calvinist=Huguenot
English Calvinist=Puritan
Counter ReformationThe Catholic Revival
Begins in the 1530s, Pope Paul III elected in 1534 until 1549. The church was reacting as a
result of criticism
Counter ReformationThe Council of Trent
Pages.uoregon.edu
Counter ReformationDoctrine
--Affirm teachings that the Protestants rejected
--Human will is free
--Good works and faith = salvation
--Seven sacraments are channels of grace
Counter ReformationReformsInquisition
Index of Forbidden Books
Informed Catholics of heretical works they were not allowed to read
Women
Religious orders for women identified with charitable works
Philanthropic Activities
Assistance to the poor, new hospitals, assistance to to orphans and other unfortunates
inquisition
Inquisition
An inquiry before a jury (Catholic tribunal) for the discovery of heresy.
inquisition
Inquisition
An inquiry before a jury (Catholic tribunal) for the discovery of heresy.
inquisition
Inquisition--History
Medieval Inquisition 1231
Pope Gregory IX
--Started for the apprehension and trial of heretics also witches, diviners and blasphemers
--A method of formal trial for heretics instead of mob mentality.
inquisition
Inquisition
Spanish Inquisition--started in 1478 by Pope Sixtus IV until 1834.
Ferdinand and Isabella assume power in 1474.
By 1479, they consolidated their power and utilized religion as a means of control, this
completed their drive for centralization of power.
inquisition
Inquisition
Jews—Marranos (Conversos)
Pretended to accept Christianity but retained original beliefs
Muslims—Moriscos
inquisition
Inquisition
Roman Inquisition
Pope Paul III
--Started in 1542, alarmed by the spread of Protestantism
inquisition
InquisitionHow does it work?
Edict of Grace—anyone conscious of heresy given the chance to confess.
Tribunal Officers—Accusations were made
Act of Faith—those accused of heresy were sentenced.
inquisition
Inquisition
Punishment
Confinement to a dungeon, physical abuse or torture.
If one did not confess, burned at the stake.