The Seed PlantsAngiosperms and Gymnosperms
12.3 and 12.4
General Characteristics
• Have seeds– Protect and feed their young!
• Have vascular bundles– Xylem-carries water
-hollow, dead cells– Phloem-carries food
• Plants are larger• Plants are more advanced
Leaf Structure
• Cuticle- waxy layer on outside of leaf• Stoma-an opening in the leaf: lets water,
carbon dioxide, oxygen in• Guard Cell-borders the stoma
Leaf Processes• Photosynthesis-
– uses water and carbon dioxide to make food– Release oxygen– In chloroplasts using chlorophyll
• Transpiration- – evaporation of water through the leaf
• Respiration-– Using oxygen to convert food into energy
• Abscission-– Leaves fall off in the fall– prevents transpiration
Gymnosperms
• No flowers
• Seeds are protected in cones
Angiosperms
• Have flowers which become fruit
• Seeds are protected in fruit
• Are divided into monocots and dicots
Dicot -seeds- Monocots2 seed coats 1 seed coat
Monocots roots Dicots
• Vascular bundles in a ring• Large cortex area• Vascular bundles in center• Large cortex area
Monocots stems Dicots
• Vascular bundles scattered• Vascular bundles around outside
Seed Plant Fertilization
• Male– Stamen
• Anther & filament
• Female– Pistil
• Stigma, style, ovary• Stigma is sticky to catch pollen
Seed Plant FertilizationFlowers
• Perfect-– has both male and female parts
• Imperfect-– has male or female parts
• Complete-– Has a pistil, stamen, petal, sepal
• Incomplete-– Does not have all 4 above parts
Seed Plant FertilizationProcess
• 1. Pollen sticks to stigma
• 2. Sperm are in pollen and move down style to ovule (egg) in ovary.
• 3. Double fertilization – Zygote (egg + sperm)– Endosperm (food for
zygote)
Seed Plant Fertilization Fruit • Zygote is the seed
• The seed is in the ovary• The ovary ripens with
the seeds inside.
• The fruit we eat are ripened ovaries with the seed (zygote) inside!
Types of Fruit
• Simple– 1 flower– 1 ovary – = 1 fruit
• Examples– Tomato, pear, apple, grains
Types of Fruit
• Aggregate– 1 flower– Many ovaries– = 1 fruit
• Examples– Raspberry, strawberry, blackberry
Types of Fruit
• Multiple– Many flowers– Many ovaries grow together– 1 fruit
• Example– Pineapple, bread fruit, mulberry