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GhostTownIn NortherColorado
LongsPeakPioneer
Climbers
OutlawIn Early
Colorado
SkiingSteamboa
Springs
GhosTown
At Keota
Near Greele
LadyMoon
Colorful
Fort CollinsPioneer
IndianBattle
In Early
Wyoming
CoverPhoto:PawneeButtes
VOICEThe Senior
S e p t e m b e r 2 0 0 8
Local Attractions Scenic Places History Money Health News
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ptember 2008 The Senior Voice
Using an LLC for Estate Planninon Rutz, Attorneyl Correspondent
: You have previously writtent Limited Liability Companiess) as an estate planning tech-. Would you elaborate?: LLCs are rapidly replacingr traditional estate planningnizations such as corporations,ed partnerships, limited familyerships (except in Texas), and
certain kinds of trusts.Some say LLCs were first started
only a few years ago in Wyomingbut have spread to all of the states. Itis generically a partnership but withcorporate attributes such as limitedliability and sometimes status as aseparate taxable entity.
I like to form my LLCs so thatthey more closely resemble a corpo-ration rather than a partnership withunits (shares), members (share-
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Sean Conwayis an 18 year resident and property owner in Weld He is a third generation Coloradan who grew up on a family farm
Sean Conwayis a problem solver who has 25 years of Public ServHe currently serves as Chief-of-Staff to U.S. Senator Wayne Allard
During his career, he has worked with local officials and citizens oTransportation, Economic Development, Water and Public Safety
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holders), unit certificates, officers,annual meetings, etc.
An LLC can be used to reduceestate tax exposure. By inserting theproper terms and internal structure,it is possible to reduce assets valueby up to 40%. Thus, $1 millionworth of land or stock would onlyhave taxable value of $600,000 ifplaced in an LLC.
An LLC can also be used to keepownership of an asset together inone entity, although the entity isowned by more than one person.Thus, a vacation cabin inherited byseveral people is often set up in anLLC to provide for future access toa number of people.
If several people own mineralrights or production royalties, anLLC is often used. That way oneentity controls the asset even thoughowners may die and pass theirinterest on to others.
If an estate has assets like realestate that cannot be divided equally,an LLC can provide a mechanism fordistributing ownership shares of theland. Also, if a beneficiary needs time
to cash others out (like isituation), an LLC can be
Sometimes it is dedelay the sale of assets benefits after the settleestate. An LLC can servetool to do that.
But, as with a corpLLC needs to be craftedthe minority owners. ThuOperating Agreemenaddress issues such as tand the purpose of theability of one or more ofto sell before the LLC can become an owner ithe value of interest for or sale purposes, etc.
In conclusion, when tbeneficiaries participate the LLC format has proveasy, flexible and invehicle to use in planning________________Attorney Ron Rutz will ations sent to 2625 Redw#180, Fort Collins, C phone 223-8388; emronaldrutz.com
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The Senior Voice Septem
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ptember 2008 The Senior Voice
Ghost Town Near Greele
By Bill Lambdin
The ghost town of Keota is north-east of Greeley on the plains nearthe Pawnee Buttes.
It is a little settlement that oncewas home to Colorado pioneers. Apost office was established there in1888, and Ruth Stanley of Greeleywas the last Keota postmaster in 1952.
She said the Burlington Railroadran through Keota from 1883 to 1888,bringing several settlers there. Thetown started to grow after 1890 when
a number of homesteaders decidedthey could make a living farming inthe area.
At the peak of Keotas growth,said Stanley, there were four grocerystores, three cafes, a bank, hardwarestore, drugstore, blacksmith shop andtwo churches.
The town even had a literaryprogram with meetings held everytwo weeks. Nearly all the farm wivesparticipated. People would walkseveral miles to attend ball games andother activities.
When a school was built, anIndian skeleton was unearthed. Many
people found artifacts around thetown and at nearby Pawnee Buttes.
The region had been home toIndian tribes for centuries, andranchers later ran thousands of cattleon the grasslands before homesteadersarrived.
But dry years, dust storms and achanging way of life drove most ofthe early farmers off the land. Keotawent the way of many pioneer townsthat depended on agriculture. By the1950s, it was nearly a ghost town.
It was a little prairie place that
meant many things to the people whoonce lived there, said Ruth Stanley.They enjoyed a quiet, serene way oflife that has almost disappeared inAmerica.
The nearby Pawnee Buttes werefamous landmarks to pioneerscrossing the plains in the l800s. Laterthey became recognized as one of theWests finest fossil areas.
Scientists found fossils of manyanimals they hadnt known existed onthis part of the continent. George A.Barker, who once taught geology at
Colorado State College in Greeley(now UNC), took a deep interest in
Keota in the early 1900s. Photo Hazel E. Johnson Collection.
the Pawnee Buttes and warticles about them.
He said, All the couthem was once at the leveof the buttes and was remby the work of streams, buttes as lonely islets of thigher plain. Giant pigs othis area, and their fossil be seen in the Natural MHistory in Denver.
Another person whoButtes fascinating was ea judge George Bradfield.
the battles between thSioux tribes in this regioUtes came down from thto hunt buffalo on the plai
Many battles took plathe tribes around the Bunearly 600 warriors were been killed in a battle there
The area is a vast, loreminding us of thestretches of time that havnorthern Colorado.________________COVER PICTURE: Th
Buttes near Keota. Sephoto.
Published Locally Since 1980
VOL. 28, NO. 10
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Senior Voicewelcomes readers' letters
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Copyright 2008
The Senior Voice
EDITORIAL OFFICE:
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The Senior Voice Septem
eggy Hunt
orman Fry was a LarimerCounty pioneer who settled inPoudre Canyon in 1889 and
record of what life was like
in a book he wrote long agohis neighbor Eleanorrson, entitled Cache lare: The River.ry was born in England inand came to Colorado at agelearn ranching.ne of his neighbors along thedre River was Catherinen, a well known and colorfulr. He told her story:
Lady Moon gave us a lot toabout. She first showed up as
Gartman, whose husband hadesteaded on the Upper Pinek...One day Cecil Moon droppedHe had come onto the locale as a Remittance Man sentfrom England...(Remittancecame to learn ranching.)
It soon became known thatCecil Moon was the oldest son anddirect heir of his grandfather, SirRichard Moon, (and) was in linefor not only a baronet title but alsoa considerable estate.
Kate, too, heard the good newsand...she decided to take a shot atromance. She made love to theyoung Englishmannot such ahard job as she was a handsomeand well developed Irish lass.
She divorced her husband andwas married to Cecil...Now we hadSir Cecil and Lady Moon in theneighborhood.
The Moons made a trip back toEngland in the early 1900s. Katetook along her cow pony; and from
the reports that sifted back, she cut awide swath through high Englishsociety, finding some other sportydowagers to help her stir up scandal.
To get rid of her, the Moonfamily must have made arrange-ments to pension her off, and backshe came to the United States. Sir
Colorful Lady Moon
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Cecil for some time vainly soughta divorce. Kate was not quite readyto kill the goose that laid thegolden egg.
Eventually, however, termswere generously made, Cecil got
his divorce and returned toEngland...Lady Moon and heraffairs degenerated rapidly afterher divorce from Cecil.
Among the rumors were thosethat she and one of her foremenwere in cattle stealing to add to herrevenues, and that they had burneddown her home in order to collectinsurance on it...
Eventually Lady Moon soldher property, though for some timekeeping 160 acres on the head of
the Pine. There her men manufac-tured bootleg whiskey, which shedisposed of in (Fort Collins).
She died of alcoholicpoisoning, I imagine, in the 1920s.
Norman Fry told many otherinteresting stories about pioneersbefore he died at age 82 in 1954.
Catherine Lady
in later years
Fort Collins Public
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The Senior Voice Septem
Food Inspectionsmericas food safety inspec-ions are not working, sayarchers with the Johnskins Bloomberg School ofic Health and the Trust forricas Health.ach year, 76 millionricans (1 in every 4) are sick-
by food-borne illnesses suchalmonella and E.coli. Therity of our foods are importedforeign countries, but less
1 percent of it is inspected.esponsibilities are fragmentedng 15 federal agencies, withations that make little sense,esearchers. For instance, theis supposed to inspect pizzas;
f pizzas have meat in them,Department of Agriculture isosed to inspect them.The major problem with the
nt food safety system is thatne person is in charge, saidey Levi with the Trust forricas Health. Food safety is aor priority at the FDA andrtment of Agriculture, he said.ur food supply is vulnerable
to terrorist attack, he added; but noone has done anything about it. Inthe past three years, the FDA cut600 food inspectors from its staff.
Part of the problem is that theFDA and other agencies refuse torelease information about theirinspections, said Levi. Consumer
groups like the Food and WaterWatch have to sue governmentagencies to get information andthen try to force the agencies to dotheir jobs.
A report from Johns Hopkinscriticizes the extensive use ofdrugs given animals headed forthe food supply. It also criticizeslarge feed lots that crowd togethertens of thousands of animals,causing disease among them andcontaminating human watersupplies with animal waste. Many
animals are put in small pens orcages that restrict movement andare force-fed to get them to marketsooner.
Most critics say food safetyprograms should be under a singleagency.
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Will Duct Tape Cure Warts?me researchers have said thatommon duct tape will cure
s, but a recent study reportede Archives of Dermatologythat is not true.he average age of this studyscipants was 54 years, andof them had been bothered
arts for years. Most had also other treatments such as
d nitrogen and salicylic acid.ome of the warts treated withtape cleared up for a while,
but many returned within a fewmonths. Researchers noted that
earlier studies involved children,whose warts usually dissolvewithin a couple of years anyway.People who have warts as adultsusually have them all of theirlives.
This study confirmed the suspi-cions of most dermatologists, whoquestioned the validity of earlierstudies claiming that duct tapecould cure warts.
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ptember 2008 The Senior Voice
cott Burnsncial Writer
: Im 63, and my wife is 60. Weoth retired. Our retirement andl Security total about $5,000 ah. We have $220,000 in moneyets drawing 5 percent, which
nsured by the FDIC. We wouldo earn about 8 percent on ourgs. Any recommendations?: Sorry, no recommendations.if someone tells you he has anstment that will provide youa safe 8 percent return, grabwallet and run.
While all of us would like to findhidden, safe little gem of an
stment, the reality is thatons of people are scouring the
world for investment opportunitiesevery minute. The result is a marketthat has no undiscovered havens.
Q: As a 56-year-old with 33years of employment with a defined-benefit plan, my 401(k) ($200,000),my wifes 401(k) ($330,000), addi-
tional savings of about $200,000and no debt, I know we are better offthan most.
When I retire at age 60, I havetwo options for survivor benefits from my defined-benefit plan, 50percent or 100 percent. The differ-ence between the two options is a$350 monthly reduction in mystarting pension. Since my wife is47, I plan to select 100 percent. Isthis a good choice?
Your Questions About Investing
HELPING YOU RETIRE
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A: Yes. With you retiring at age60 and with a nine-year age differ-ence, your pension benefit will havemuch less purchasing power whenthe issue of survivor benefit comesaround in 25 years or so. The 50percent survivor benefit would be aslight cut in living standard on its
own, since one person cant live forhalf the price of two.
Q: My financial planner isrecommending that I move money from my company-managed pensionfund to a managed account. The feefor this managed account is 2.5percent. This seemed pretty high tome, but he indicated it was withinstandard. Can you elaborate onwhat fees are considered within anormal range and what would beconsidered high?
A: Annual fees of 2.5 percent aretypical of what wrap accountsseek to charge for relatively smallportfolios.
There is no relationship betweena normal fee in financial servicesand whether we will benefit asinvestors. When people in financialservices set their fees, they set themto meet their business plan. Theydont set them to meet our retire-ment plans.
In general, the higher the fees,the poorer your long-term resultswill be. Heres a list of typical fee
levels:Hedge Funds. Designed for well-
off investors, these rapidvehicles often charge 2 peplus 20 percent of net proof them as vanity capithing that appeals to ptruly have more money th
Variable Annuities. high cost of their chosen
system, this investmegenerally has annual exppercent to 2.5 percent aall earnings to ordinarupon withdrawal.
Traditional InvestmeAccounts. Here, investmwill manage portfolios ofbonds for a decades-old sof 1 percent of assets.
Managed Mutual Fuload funds now pay a 1fee that is supposed providing ongoing adv
investor. A good adviseyou to a low-cost fund fthe American Funds gyour long-term cost of fund management can b0.6 percent to 0.8 percent
Lifecycle Managed Fpath, now a common 401(k) accounts, has a wiexpenses, but they run frover 1 percent at T. Row just more than 0.30 Vanguard.________________Scott Burns is a financia
the Dallas Morning Newpapers.
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The Senior Voice Septem
First Settlement in Coloradoeggy Hunt
nts Fort was the first perma-ent settlement in Colorado
served the earliest mountainand pioneers in the state.was located on the Santa Fe
, the main route used by furpers and traders here forly 50 years from the earlys.
William Bent, his brotherles, and a trader named Ceranrain, built the fort about 1834e banks of the Arkansas Riverutheastern Colorado, betweenpresent-day towns of Las
mas and La Junta.William, born in 1809, hade to Colorado as a trapper at15 and built a small trading
near what is now Pueblo. Ayenne Indian, Yellow Wolf,inced him that a better loca-would be farther east on thes where he could trade withan tribes that followed thelo migrations.
William married the daughterCheyenne medicine man andt part of each year living withribe. His friendship with thens ensured that several tribesd trade at the fort and that itd seldom be attacked.
he fort served as a rendezvousfor trappers like Kit Carson,
iers and travelers. In itsay, it employed about 100le.s formidable adobe wallsthree feet thick and 14 feetThe inside compound meas-about 140 feet by 120 feet,corrals and other buildings
nding from the sides.
The Bent brothers and CeranSt. Vrain managed to establish alarge trading empire alongColorados front range, buildingadditional forts at several loca-tions. One was Fort St. Vrain southof Greeley.
For years, their forts were themajor gathering places for lonelytrappers who came down from themountains to trade their beaver
pelts for whiskey and supplies, andcelebrate with friends.
Sounds of laughter echoedacross the clear night air on theplains. Campfires lighted theweathered faces of the men whofirst saw the Rocky Mountains intheir wild, untamed state. BentsFort was the closest thing to homemany of them would ever see aftercoming west.
As the Santa Fe Trail became amajor trade route, huge freightwagons lumbered into Bents Fort.Indians traded buffalo hides thatwere made into warm robes on theEast Coast. Soldiers boughtsupplies and danced with Indiangirls.
When the Mexican-AmericanWar broke out in 1846, StephenKearny brought 1,600 soldiers to
Bents Fort before attacking SantaFe and making New Mexico partof the United States. Kearny thenappointed Charles Bent the firstU.S. governor of New Mexico.
For years, Bents Fort was athriving, bustling place on theplains of Colorado. But thedemand for beaver pelts and otherhides began to diminish in the1840s.
William Bent saw thwas changing. The litrappers knew was disThe U.S. government wtreaties with the tbreaking them as soonconvenient.
Bent tried to sell themilitary, but negotiatioon so long that he simdoned it in 1849. Som
deliberately blew it up military from using it.
He spent much of hnegotiating with governcials for fair treatment o
The old fort was laand now stands as aHistoric Site. Nearby ywagon ruts cut deep intFe Trail by pioneers whnew life in the West.
An early artists drawing of Bents Fort in 1845. Colorado Historical Society.
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eptember 2008 The Senior Voice
About Health Insurance
me would have us believe thatur healthcare system ranks
ng the best in the world, but thebers tell a different story.
We rank in the bottom half ofeloped nations for lifeectancy and have an infanttality rate more than twice ours.
With average insurancemiums at $12,000 a year, thes of health care are cripplingily budgets. Over 47 millionericans go without health insur-e, 9 million of whom aredren.These are signs of a broken
th care system.Our work in the Senate Financemmittee has been focused onecting health care access. We did
for retirees by fighting offosed cuts to the Medicare andicaid programs.
We recently passed legislation to
ACROSS1. Tunnel and railroad man7. ___ Lake off Hwy. 14 is located at
Woods Landing turnoff14. Theyre not dead, theyre only playing
like it.15. Chill out!16. Bushes17. Ourays people19. Op ___ 20. Be on stage21. Urn contents22. Spanish force in 158824. Avalanche org.27. Winter highway hazards31. Constantly nag33. Points a gun35. Peace symbol37. Famous Ft. Morgan resident who went
missing in WWII39. Sophias hello41. American ___.42. Octagonal directive43. Martin of the Nuggets45. Word before Castle or Raymer48. Hearty53. Shoes for Elvis or Pat56. Chemo fashion?57. Health ins. alternative58. Lighthouse apparel, often61. Grain or wheat remaining after washing
to remove the starch63. Room with flora64. Not this one! The ___ ___!65. Summer virus threat66. Sen. Lott and others
DOWN
1. ___Pass is in southern Colorado
2. San Miguel County site is a mcommunity with a name of aorigin
3. This post originally protectedalong the South Platte River
4. Gators foe (abbr.)5. Cheer up! It cant be ___ _
that!6. Under the ___ Sun7. The Rams, in Ft. Collins, br8. Part of a Dead Mans Hand9. The ___ Cabrini Shrine
Denver10. Rifle dimension11. Yale students12. Prime follower13. Good wintertime crock pot m18. Seat or use follower23. Off roader25. Chief Left ___ (Niwot)26. Stranded motorists haven on
ing many winters27. Computer users acronym28. Caesars time to worry in Ma29. Town between Gilcrest and B
Hwy. 8530. Ooze31. Denver mayor, to friends32. Feign or stratagem34. ___High Stadium38. Diarist Anais___.40. Roadside mine (abbr.)44. Twenty-___ ___ salute46. Joe___Reservoir near Camer47. Earl Grey, for one49. Peeping Tom50. Tired51. Ring or dial follower52. Long___ Reservoir in RMN
53. Elton John and Michael Cain54. Apartment or condo section55. Actress Moore59. Consumed60. Caviar62. Actress Mary___(Where Eag
ANSWERS
Colorado
Crosswords
are created exfor The Voice
Donovan, who lives in Lo
Colorado CrossworBy Tony Donovan
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ByU.S. SenatorKen Salazar
improve access in rural communi-ties, and we passed an expansion of
the Childrens Health InsuranceProgram (CHIP).
Unfortunately, the presidentvetoed that proposal.
I recently introduced legislationthat aims to give consumers tools tomake better-informed health caredecisions. The Consumer HealthEducation and Transparency Act of2008 would give consumers a guideto what is in an insurance plan andwhat is not.
Just like when you buy a car andcan find basic information about theproduct in a standard format, you
should have a concise list of whats ina health plan. This is one of severalprovisions in the bill that aims to giveconsumers information they need tomake health care decisions.________________You can call Sen. Salazars FortCollins office at 224-2200.
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The Senior Voice Septem
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For
Early School Days
me people might remember ane-room school.t one time, a teacher could gettificate with a short course.e teachers colleges, calledmal schools like the one ineley (now UNC), issuedficates with two-year degrees.ome young female teachersd conditions harsh and the lifely, with strict rules forvior. They were not allowed
moke, drink liquor, go intohalls or do many other things.hey did the janitorial workght in coal for the pot-bellye, water from the well orern, and performed otheres.he textbook in the early 1900sthe McGuffey Reader. It nottaught children to read, it alsoht discipline, patriotism,ls, and some Bible lessons.
William H. McGuffey pub-d the first of four readers in the1800s. His brother Alexanderuffey had the fifth and sixth
ons published. Between the800s and 1920 over 120 mil-copies of the readers were
eachers often rang a bell tostudents to class. Some
ols had a bell on top of theing, and every student wantedll the rope that rang the bell.here were no hot lunches.
carried lunch pails (madem lard or syrup buckets).
Children usually walked a mile orso to school. Some rode a horse orbuggy. There was a often a barn orshed behind the schoolalongwith the outhouses.
ByArlene
Ahlbrandt
A one-room school in about 1908. Courtesy Arlene Ahlbrandt.
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eptember 2008 The Senior Voice
ncis E. Warren was probablye most powerful politician
ever held office in Wyoming.e arrived in Cheyenne in 1868,d and brash young soldier who
won the Medal of Honor duringivil War. He found farming inachusetts too tame and cameto find fame and fortune.nd find it he did! When he died
in Washington, D.C., in 1929, hehad served in the United StatesSenate longer than any other memberand he had amassed a fortune.
As a young man in Cheyenne, hewent into the mercantile business,which prospered due to the amountof merchandise needed in thegrowing city. When he was just 31years old, he was elected mayor of
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Cheyenne. In 1890 he was electedthe first Governor of the State ofWyoming.
He served as governor only threemonths when he was elected to theUnited States Senate, serving until1893 when he lost his seat due to hissupport of the cattlemen during theJohnson County War. He regained hisseat in 1895 and served until hisdeath.
After the death of his wife,Warrens beautiful daughter Francesbecame his hostess at his home andat his office. She married CaptainJohn J. Pershing in 1905 in a cere-mony that was elaborate even byWashington standards.
Several years later PresidentTheodore Roosevelt promoted
Pershing from captain to brigadiergeneral over 900 senior officersand put him in command of WorldWar I army forces. His father-in-law,Warren, was then chairman of thepowerful Military AppropriationsCommittee.
Warrens daughter and her threeyoung children died in a tragic fire in
San Francisco while h
was in the Mexican War. children are buried in CLakeview Cemetery.
Warren Air Force named for the powerful p1930, and his legacy liveday in legislation he passlarge landholders irrireclamation rights.
ByMargaretLaybourn
Wyomings Francis E
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The Senior Voice Septem
ll Lambdin
lkeley Wells had money,ood looks and any woman heed in early Coloradobut heed with the wrong women.e graduated from Harvard with
ngineering degree in 1893 and
ied the beautiful Gracemore of Boston. Her millionairer made Wells manager of one ofvestments, the Smuggler-Unionat Telluride, Colorado.
he mine produced millions ofrs in profits. Wells visited it onlyionally, preferring to live amongsociety with his wife in Boston.had four children.n one of his visits to Telluride,
rs were angry during a strike andto assassinate Wells. They put aunder his bed. It went off, blew
all out of the side of the house,nocked Wells into the yard. Butmehow escaped injury.e returned to the East and later
me involved in a high-stakes cardat a wealthy mens club in New
. He won, and one of the menmpressed by Wells cool mannerambler.he man was New York million-Harry Payne Whitney. He liked
engineering and mining experi-and decided to put him in charge
of several mining ventures in theWest.
For 20 years, Wells served asdirector of at least 60 mining compa-nies for his father-in-law and HarryWhitney in Colorado, Nevada andCalifornia. He was riding high andmaking millions.
But he had two dangerous weak-nesseswomen and gambling.
While married to Grace in Boston,he maintained a longtime affair withMrs. Crawford Hill in Denver. She
was married to one of the wealthiestmen in Colorado, but that didntmatter. In fact, her husband seemednot to care. She had a life-size portraitof the handsome Wells prominentlydisplayed in her home.
Mrs. Hill was the leader of Denversociety and a frequent visitor to theEast. Eventually word got around ofher affair, and Wells wife found out.She divorced him, and her fatherimmediately withdrew financialsupport from Wells, who had begun totake risks in mining ventures and waslosing heavily.
He lost $5 million trying to revivethe famous old Comstock Mine inMiles City, Montana. He establishedthe First National Bank in Telluride,and it went broke, as did most of his
other ventures.After his divorce, Mrs. Hill in
t Wasnt Lady Luck That Destroyed HDenver expected Wells to marry herbecause her husband had died. Insteadhe married a younger woman,Virginia Schmidt, a beautiful blondefrom Nevada.
Mrs. Hill was furious andremarked to a friend, Ill break him.And she did by convincing Wells
only other financial backer, HarryPayne Whitney, to withdraw supportand cancel Wells positions withvarious mining companies.
Bulkeley Wells. Colorado Historical Society.
Seminar Schedu
*All dates and times subject to change.
Refreshments provided.
At the Sod Buster Inn - Greeley
Seats Limited. Please RSVP to: (970) 353
Month Topic
September Income for LifeOctober Beyond BoundariesNovember Charitable Gifting/Legacy PlanningDecember Energy within Your PortfolioJanuary Retirement Income SolutionsFebruary Tax Effective Money ManagementMarch Investment FundamentalsApril Your Portfolio & the U.S. Dollar
May Retirement Plan DistributionsJune Estate ConservationJuly Long Term CareAugust Retirement Investment Strategies
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Weds. October 15th at 6PM
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Weds. December 3rd at 6PM
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Wells couldnt take ilovely wife, but he was bankruptcy. In 1931 he office, took a pistol fromand shot himself.
He left a note to his clAs a result of all my difworries, my mind is bound
what you can for Mrs. WeIt wasnt Lady
destroyed him. It waswomen.
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eptember 2008 The Senior Voice
Stories About Early Greeleors Note: Greeley historianl E. Johnson wrote thewing story years ago.)
azel Johnson
race Greeley was noted forhis deplorable handwriting
before he helped found theof Greeley in 1870.
During his editorship of theNew York Tribune, he received amanuscript from a middle-agedlady poet. The poem was so infe-rior that Greeley scrawled hispersonal rejection, advising the
woman to stick to wifely chores.Several days later, he received a
phone call from the would-be poet:Oh, Mr. Greeley, she
exclaimed breathlessly. It took mesome time to make out your letter.But now that I have, Ive decidedto accept your proposal ofmarriage.
Greeley was extremely proud
of the New York Tribune, and woeto anyone who said anythingagainst it. One morning while onvacation, he was seated at a hotelidly scanning the columns of hisTribune.
A stranger next to himexpressed disapproval of the paper.
I used to read that sheet, butnow I subscribe to a decent paper,said the stranger. I feed theTribune to my goat. Thats all itsgood for.
Greeley regarded the man withscorn and said, Is that so? Well,sir, you keep reading your otherpaper and feeding your goat theTribune, and one of these daysyour goat will know more than youdo.
One early Greeley resident said,When I came to Greeley, I wastold there were only three opinionsthere: the right, the wrong, and J.Max Clarks.
Clarks granddaughter, DorothyGardiner, agreed and told about thetime he went to California to seehis daughter.
J. Max always tried to get busi-ness matters under control beforeleaving, especially paying hisfederal income tax. He had theidea that his tax had to be paidfrom Greeley. This time there wasa slip up.
While in California, he receivedan IRS notice of taxes due, with a
deadline. The family tried toconvince him the matter could behandled from California, butnothing would do but that he writethe IRS a letter:
Dear Sirs, I have your lettertelling me I have to be in Greeleyto pay my tax...I would state that Iam 87 years old, that I marchedwith Uncle Billy Sherman fromAtlanta to the Sea and waswounded three times.
Ill be damned if I go back to
Greeley before Im ready, anddamned if I pay my taxes till I get
Horace Greeley in
1800s. Hazel Johnson
there, and be damned Uncle Sam.
We talk of the indspirit of pioneers. J. Mcertainly had it.
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The Senior Voice Septem
Indian Battlesn Early Wyomingill Lambdin
re are some of the importantndian battles in early
ming.854, August 20, Lakota warrior
Forehead shot an old, lamefor food. It belonged to a whitewith a wagon train passing byLaramie on the Oregon Trail.ohn Grattan went out with 30ers to arrest the Indian. Anment grew heated, andans troops opened fire.everal hundred Indiansonded, killing Lt. Gratten and0 of his men. Chief Brave Bearhe only Indian killed.
he incident might have beened by two things: Lt. Grattanyoung, inexperienced andr to show that he could deal
Indians. His interpreter,uste Lucien, hated Indians andt have distorted remarks madeoth sides. The interpreter alsot have been drunk.
854, November 13, after Chiefe Bear was killed in the abovee, his brother Red Leaf ande braves wanted revenge anded for the Overland Trail. Nearent-day Torrington, theyuntered a stage coach andked it, killing three men andng a metal box containing000 in gold. The money wasr found.865, July 26, near present-dayer, about 1,000 Cheyenne andta warriors attacked Lt. Casparns and 25 troops sent out fromst called Platte Bridge toct a wagon train. The Indiansd Lt. Collins and four other
ers. More soldiers were sent the post, and the Indiansd six of them. The rest of thes retreated to safety behind thewalls. The town of Casper wasd for Lt. Caspar Collins (withlling change). He might have
ped death that day if he had noted to help a soldier during thek. The soldiers horse wasand Collins was helping himhis own horse when the
ns caught up with them andd them.
865, July 26, the same day asbove attack, the army wagon
train Lt. Collins was sent to protectwas attacked a few miles to thewest. Sgt. Amos Custard (notCuster) was in charge of the
wagons and 25 soldiers. He wastold by a passing patrol that Indianshad attacked the Platte Bridge post,but he stubbornly replied, Weregoing to Platte Bridge in spite of allthe redskins this side of hell.
That was a deadly bit ofbravado. Warriors killed Custardand all of his men except three.Some of the soldiers were torturedhorribly before dying.
1866, July 20, about 50 warriorsattacked Lt. George Templeton and29 soldiers who were escorting
some wives and children of soldiersto Fort Phil Kearny north of Casper.Templeton was scouting aheadwhen the warriors shot him in theback with an arrow. He managed toget back to the wagons and helpdefend against the attack.
The warriors might have killedthem but, fortunately, anotherwagon train with Capt. ThomasBurrowes and 47 men happened tocome along. Only two soldiers werekilled in the battle.
1866, December 21, the Fet-terman Massacre occurred north ofCasper near Fort Phil Kearny whenabout 1,000 warriors led by CrazyHorse attacked Capt. WilliamFetterman and his 80 soldiers.Fetterman had been ordered by thefort commander not to go beyond acertain ridge, but he did in eager-ness to pursue a band of warriors,who led him into a trap. Fettermanand every one of his 80 men werekilled. A monument still stands atthe battle site.
1867, August 2, north of Caspernear what is now the town ofStory, Chief Red Cloud andhundreds warriors attacked troopsand civilians who were cuttingwood for Fort Phil Kearny. Theintense fighting lasted for hours,during which seven soldiers andcivilians were killed; Indian casu-alties were approximately 30. Allof the whites probably would havebeen killed if more troops had notarrived with a canon from FortKearny. The battle was known as
the Wagon Box Fight.1876, November 25, after
Custers defeat at the Little BigHorn, the army was determined topunish the tribes. Col. RanaldMackenzie and 1,100 soldiersfound Chief Dull Knife with 200Cheyenne tepees and 400 warriorscamped near the Powder Rivernorth of Casper.
The troops attacked; and thewarriors fought ferociously on avery cold day, knowing that if their
1525 Riverside, Suite-Fort Collins
lodges and suppldestroyed, their famildie in the winter. The sotered the warriors and entire camp. Historiannight the temperature 30 degrees below zeIndian babies froze to de
Atrocities on both the Indian wars as desany other war.
A monument stands at the Fetterman Massacre site n
of Casper near where Fort Phil Kearny was locate
Wyoming History Museum.
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eptember 2008 The Senior Voice
Influence PeddlingBill Lambdin
rug companies should not beallowed to influence medical
arch at universities or bribe health-providers so they will prescribe
ain drugs.Thats the recommendation of theociation of American Medical
eges. The recommendation cameresponse to recent reports in the
rnal of the American Medicalociation (JAMA) and other publi-ons that show how some academicarchers and providers are influ-d by drug companies.Conflicts of interest can distortsion-making and create the percep-
among colleagues, students,nees and the public that practi-ers are being bought or bribedhe industry, said the Associationrt.AMA researchers found that someersity professors are indeed being
ght. Some put their names on arti-that were written by Merck
loyees extolling the virtues of theVioxx, which was later found to
se heart attacks and withdrawnm the market by the FDA.The professors allowed the articles
Sylvia Mucklow
Why do advertiserschoose The Senior Voice?We have advertised with The Senior Voicesince
it began in 1980, and weve had excellent results. Sylvia Mucklow, Rocky Mountain Travel King
Advertisers know it pays to reachSenior Voice readers.
Serving all of Northern Coloradoand Southern Wyoming since 1980.
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Fort Collins/Greeley (970) 229-9204 Loveland/Estes Park (970) 482-8344
to be published under their names inrespectable medical journals, a delib-erate deception in the view of JAMAeditors.
When integrity in medical scienceor practice is impugned or threatenedsuch as by the influence ofindustrypatients, clinicians andresearchers are all at risk for harm, and
public trust in research is jeopardized,said the editors.
The Association of AmericanMedical Colleges says drug companiesspend billions of dollars trying to influ-ence doctors with free trips, consultingfees, etc. In fact, drug companies spendmore on that than on research andadvertising.
Rob Restuccia directs a nonprofitgroup that wants to eliminate suchconflicts of interest. Most medicalschools do not have strong conflict-of-interest policies, he said.
He hopes recommendations fromthe Association will encourage univer-sities to not allow professors to beinfluenced by drug companies.
But some people doubt that willhappen. Former Merck executive RoyVagelos said university professors likethe benefits drug companies offer andwill resist change.
Medicare Part D Premiu
The average monthly premiumfor Medicare Part D willincrease to $28 in 2009, sayfederal Medicare officials.
Part D is the Medicare programthat covers prescription drugs. The$28 premium is $3 more than theaverage premium paid by partici-pants in 2008.
It is possible for some people topay a lower premium if they arewilling to shop around among themany drug companies offering PartD coverage.
Medicare officialincrease is 37 lower projected in 2003 when introduced. That is duecompetition among drnies, they said.
Part D continues tunder budget, achieve chigh satisfaction rates,
millions of Americanshealthier lives, saWeems, administratoCenters for MedicMedicaid Services.
Gap in Medicare Coverapercent reached the poicoverage resumed andagain began paying fotheir drugs.
Many who reachestopped taking their msaid researchers. Thaffected had chronic diAlzheimers and diabete
The study did not inincome participants wsubsidies and dont faccoverage.
In 2007, about 3.5 million Medi-care participants reached the so-called doughnut hole (coveragegap) for Part D drug coverage thatrequired them to pay all of theirdrug costs, according to research bythe Kaiser Family Foundation.
That was 26 percent of all PartD participants who filled aprescription in 2007. About 22percent remained in the gap andpaid all of their drug costs for theremainder of the year. Only 4
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The Senior Voice Septem
Changes Needed at the FLocal Events and ExhibitsThe FDA is too cozy with thedrug companies it is supposed toregulate, says Sen. Chuck Grassley(R-Iowa).
He and some other congressmenlike Rep. John Dingell (D-Michigan)want legislation that would require theFDA to fine drug companies for safetyviolations, regulate drug advertising,
inspect drug-making facilities, and doother things to protect the publicinterest.
Theres a total inability of the FDA
to carry out its mission, saHe and others want a new Fwho will make the agency of the industries it regulates
Pharmaceutical comfighting changes wanted and others. Bill Tauzin, pthe Pharmaceutical ReManufacturers of Ameri
Wall Street Journal therefor major changes at the Fsaid he doesnt want emhearings in Congress.
Research on Angioplastyugs alone may be as effective asrtery-opening angioplasty forpeople with non-emergency hearte, according to a recent report in
ew England Journal of Medicine.esearchers compared the two treat-s in nearly 2,300 non-emergencynts who had stable coronaryse. They concluded that angio-
y patients had a higher quality ofor a few months after the surgery;eyond that time, patients who didave the surgery and just took
medicine did as well. Those patientsalso avoided the risks typically associ-ated with surgery.
Angioplasty costs much more than
treatment with medicines alone, and itappears to offer no significant gain inyears of survival or quality of life, saidresearchers.
Lead researcher for the study wasDr. William S. Weintraub, chief ofcardiology at the Christiana Health CareSystem in Delaware.
toric Homes Tour
th annual Fort Collins historicmes tour, September 13, 10 am. Forets and information, call 484-7137.Feather Lakes Library
avelogue Song of Ireland byy Sailors, September 11; author
rilyn Colter, September 13; login chinking by Red Feather
orical Society, September 20; care-er presentation, September 25.oing programs on computers; knit-; writers group; art; bookussions; healthy eating; and more.881-2664.
Waterworks Tour
Fort Collins Historic Waterworksbuilding tour, plus gold panning andother demonstrations. September 13,2005 North Overland Trail, 10 am.482-7201.Wyoming Historical Society
Annual meeting at Gillette,September 5-6. Public is welcome to
attend several historical presentations.Call 307-682-2694; email [email protected]. For futuremeetingdates more information, [email protected].
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eptember 2008 The Senior Voice
Blood Clots After Surg
People who have surgery in ahospital might possibly be at riskof having a blood clot later at homethat could be very serious, accordingto research reported in the AmericanJournal of Hematology.
Blood blockages in veins are amuch bigger problem for surgery
patients than previously thought, saidresearchers who studied severalmillion patient records. Any surgerycan cause blockages if patients are notgiven preventive treatment. The rateof problems is especially high forpatients who have hip and kneesurgery, or any orthopedic surgery.
About 9 out of 10 orthopedicsurgery patients are at risk, saidresearchers. Of other surgery patients,the study said nearly 25 percent were athigh risk of having blockages, and17 percent were at very high risk.
Previous research had notconnected deaths at home with block-ages from a previous surgery, but thisstudy said the association is likely andthat more patients should be givenpreventive treatment before they leave
a hospital.Deaths at home are
nosed as heart attacksresearchers looked to deceased people had a recthey found that those whhave died because of a blThey concluded that th
death among people who is, in many cases, misdiagThe mass of outpa
develop pulmonary embeen hospitalized or medical procedure duringdays, said researchers.
The blockages often ovessels (deep vein thromblung artery (pulmonary Other studies have said thpercent of in-hospital deacaused by pulmonary emb
Researchers said the
include any surgery, a hostwo days or more, anyinvolving anesthesia, and The study was condresearchers at the UnMassachusetts Medical Sc
Study of Lasik SurgOfficials with the U.S. Food andDrug Administration say theywill examine patient satisfaction withLASIK surgery (laser-assisted in-situkeratomileusis) after nearly 150people complained to the FDA aboutproblems with the procedure between1998 and 2006.
It is used to reshape the eyescorneas, making them less dependenton glasses or contact lenses.Complaints involve blurred vision,
double vision, glare, and pain.FDA official Daniel Schultz said
by far most people whprocedure are satisfied wiwho complained sometimthought their surgeon stold them they were poorfor the procedure, or warnpossible side effects.
The FDAs study of pfaction will involve theAcademy of OphthalmNational Eye InstitutAmerican Society of C
Refractive Surgery.
Research on Medicare Pa
The Medicare Part D drug programhas helped many retirees, but notenough, say some analysts.
Many low-income retirees stillcannot afford their medicines, espe-cially those who reach the coveragegap that requires them to pay all oftheir drug costs between $2,250 and$5,100. Few can afford to pay thenearly $3,000 required before Part Dpicks up again and covers most oftheir drug costs.
Thats the conclusion of a recent
survey of over 24,000 retirin the Journal of the AmeriAssociation (JAMA).
This study reveals thagovernment has more woassure that the Medicprogram meets the needs vulnerable Medicare bensaid Gail Shearer with Union. It is unacceptabsickest beneficiaries mfilling prescriptions...besimply cant afford to.
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8/14/2019 The Senior Voice - September 2008
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The Senior Voice Septem
Treatment of Heart Failure Women Doctors More Attentome researchers say an extractfrom the leaves of the hawthorne might extend the lives ofents suffering from congestivert failure.The study was presented at aeting of the American CollegeCardiology. The extract is aural antioxidant that has been
d in parts of Europe for patientsose hearts cannot pump enoughod to the bodys organs.Researchers said patients who
received the extract had a 20percent reduction in cardiac-relateddeaths. It postpones death ofcardiac cause after 18 months andsudden cardiac death in an impor-tant subgroup of patients, said Dr.Christian Holubarsh, lead investi-gator of the study that wassponsored by the Germany-based
Dr. Willmar Schwabe Group.The hawthorn tree originated in
Europe and also grows throughoutnorth America.
Female doctors seem to do a better job of getting their patients tocontrol blood pressure and choles-terol than male doctors, according to aresearch report from the AmericanCollege of Cardiology.
This was true for both male andfemale patients. In the study,researchers examined the records of
over 6,000 patients. About 70 percentof the doctors studied were men; 30percent were women.
Researcher Journath Gunilla said
the reason women doctorsuccessful might be thmore likely to prescrlowering statins for patiendoctors also might hcommunication skills andtive people skills than mGunilla said. They also mbe more attentive.
Whatever the reasonphysicians more often treatment goals, said Gun
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8/14/2019 The Senior Voice - September 2008
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eptember 2008 The Senior Voice
Invest in AnnuitieBy Scott Burns
Financial Writer
Q: I wonder if single-premium imme-
diate annuities (SPIAs) are for me. Iam 75; my wife is 73. We have no
debt, $850,000 in IRAs (mostly in theAmerican Fund family) and $150,000
in a ROTH, again with American. Wealso have $150,000 in CDs and
money markets in taxable accounts.We live decently on Social
Security, pensions and my IRA
minimum required distributions. Idont feel I can think long-term invest-
ments; so I want to avoid some marketrisk. SPIAs have come to my attention
via an AARP offer with NY Life. I amconsidering spreading some of my
funds around in laddered SPIAs.Is this a good idea? Most financial
advisers I have spoken with jump
immediately to variable annuities(with living benefits), I suspect due
to larger commissions.
A: Youre on the right track and,yes, the sales people who promote theliving-benefit route are receiving
handsome commissionreduce your risk and possiyour estate by doing exactsuggest: laddering a numbpremium life annuities.
While the principal wyour current monthly paincrease. Less (or non
required minimum distribneed to come from liquidinvestments. Youll get tha solid monthly incomeequity investments mayless risk of being soldmarket.
Research has shownsome amount of SPIAsoption for all householdthose with a desire to lmoney to heirs.
As I pointed out incolumn, the expenses o
living-benefit product are youd be far better off diexisting money between aand regular low-cost mutu________________Scott Burns will answer
tions of general [email protected].
Study ofMedicares
WebsiteMost people who use Medicareswebsite find it confusing, sayresearchers at the University of Miami.
They asked over 100 computer-literate people age 50-plus to dothings on the website like enroll in theMedicare Part D drug program andselect a drug plan that would fit theirneeds.
Over 72 percent of participants hadtrouble performing that task. Whenasked to select a home health care planbased on the websites information, 84
percent had trouble sorting throughMedicares information.
The researchers concluded that thewebsite is of little value to mostMedicare beneficiaries. Otheranalysts reached the same conclusion.Robert Hayes, president of theMedicare Rights Center (a consumeradvocacy group), said part of theproblem is that the entire Medicareprogram is too complicated for mostA m e r i c a n s i n c l u d i n gcongressmento understand.
Federal Medicare officials did not
agree with the researchers conclu-sions.
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The Senior Voice Septem
he Strange Story of Slim Hecoill Lambdin
e Paradox Valley west ofelluride, Colorado, was one ofast vestiges of the Old West.aws frequented the place evene early 1900s because it was
olated and far from the law.was where Slim Hecox made
al mistake in 1921. He was ahman at a mine and thoughtmself as a gunslinger, wearingsix-shooter and always brag-
about how fast he was.e also said he was related toBill Hickok and that his last
e of Hecox was an altereding of that famous gunmanse. People who knew Slim saidwas a good shot, but theybted most of the stories helike being a Hickok relativea former member of the Jesses gang.im always wore a money beltcontained about $3,000.ls could verify that because
howed the money to peoplen he was drunk, according torian Wilson Rockwell.is friends tried to convincenot to wear the money belt,
e ignored their advice, pattingix-shooter and saying, Oldcan take care of himself.ut that turned out to be anty boast when a gang ofes headed by Jim Gassowayended Slim and accompaniedto his cabin one night. While
of them sat inside with him,stood outside next to a
ow.
When Slim sat down by thewindowbang! A bullet wentthrough his head. The gang thencut off his head, took it with themand left the body.
Local people buried the head-less body. Some lawmen laterarrived and eventually caught the
thieves, who explained why theyhad cut off Slims head and buriedit in a ditch miles away.
They intended to take over thevalley, they said, by killing orscaring off the settlers. Theydecided that their identifying markwould be cutting off the heads oftheir victims, and Slim happenedto be the first.
The gang leader, Jim Gassoway,
was sentenced to life in prison. Helater escaped and was never caught.
Locals dug up Slims body,intending to put his head backwhere it belonged. But theycouldnt. His cheap wooden coffin
had been made to fitwithout a head.
They put it in the crarmso it looked asholding his head in his a
It was strange.
Sign of Age:
You tell a friendyoure having andaffair, and sheasks if yourehaving it catered.
SubstitutesCan let you downQuicker than aStrapless gown
Burma Shave
Early settlers in western Colorado. Colorado Historical Society.
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eptember 2008 The Senior Voice
Research on Colon Cancerome researches believe that blue-berries contain a naturaloxidant that might help preventon cancer, according to theerican Chemical Society.Blueberries contain the antioxidantostilbene, which is also found inwine and grapes. But blueberriesain higher amounts of the antioxi-
than grapes. Other studies havemed that pterostilbene might alsoer cholesterol levels.Colon cancer is the seconding cause of cancer-related deaths
in the United States. Researchersgenerally link it to a diet that is low infruits and vegetables but high inmeats and saturated fats.
Researchers in this study,conducted at Rutgers University,suggested including more blueberriesin diets.
This study underscores the need
to include more berries in the diet,especially blueberries, said Dr.Bandaru S. Reddy, chemical biologistat Rutgers University in New Jersey.
re There Benefits to Chocolate?as we were celebrating the
ws that chocolate is good forreport in the medical journal
et says maybe its not.nly very dark chocolate that is
y to be bitter tasting containsgh antioxidants to be benefi-says the report. Most milk
olate contains very few antioxi-s; white chocolate contains That means the bad caloriesfat may outweigh the goods.ome previous studies had said
the antioxidants (called flavonoids)in dark chocolate improved thefunction of blood vessels. But againthat was only dark chocolatecontaining antioxidants.
Manufacturers usually add ingre-dients like sugar that makechocolate sweet tasting, and thoseingredients diminish the beneficialeffects. Researchers suggest we buychocolate with the fewest addedingredients.
Many chocolate lovers will prob-ably just ignore the study.
By Michael Hollis, Director
Social Security Office, Greeley
When is the best time to startreceiving Social Securitybenefits?
We have published a new factsheet to help you make the deci-sion. When To Start ReceivingRetirement Benefits is availableonline at www.socialsecurity.gov/pubs/10147.html.
Things to consider are yourcurrent cash needs, health, whetheryou plan to work after you retire,future financial needs, and theamount of your benefit and otherincome such as pensions and deduc-tions from retirement funds.
About one out of every four 65-year-olds today will live past age 90,and one out of 10 will live past age95. If you decide to retire early, sayat 62, youll get your benefitssooner; but youll get a reducedbenefit for the rest of your life.
Your decision can affect your
family, too. If you die bspouse and dependent cthey may be eligible forbenefits. If you took ement, their payments
based on your reduceamount.
When you reach yourment age, you can work much as you want and your full Social Securpayment. If you are yofull retirement age and ifings exceed certain dollsome of your benefitduring the year will be w
And when thinking aSecurity, dont forget Meshould sign up for Med
months before reaching matter when your full retiseven if you decidretirement benefits. OtheMedicare insurance, prescription drug coveragdelayed, and you could higher premiums.
See it on the web atwww.theseniorvoice.net
In news stands and on the web at
www.theseniorvoice.net
For advertising rates and information,
call 970-229-9204 in Fort Collins.
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About Your SociSecurity Benefit
8/14/2019 The Senior Voice - September 2008
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Think its expensiveto fill your gas tank
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The Senior Voice Septem
Laughter Is the Best Medicina high school, some students
played a prank by letting threeloose inside the school. Theyed numbers on the sides of
goats: 1, 2, 4. The principalt all day looking for goat
ber 3.
ster Mary Katherine enteredMonastery of Silence.he priest said, Sister, this is at monastery. You may not
k until told to do so.
Sister Mary Katherine lived inthe monastery for five years beforethe priest said to her, You havebeen here five years. You mayspeak two words.
She said, Hard bed.Well get you a better bed.
After another five years, thepriest said, You may say anothertwo words.
Cold food.Well get you better food.On her 15th anniversary at the
monastery, the priest said, Youmay say two words.
She said, I quit.Its probably just as well, said
the priest. Youve done nothingbut complain since you got here.
Why men get along better withdogs than with wives:
The later you come home, themore excited dogs are to see you.
Dogs dont care if you callthem by another dogs name.
They like it if you leave thingson the floor.
A dogs parents never visit.If a dog has babies, you can
give them away.If a dog leaves, it wont take
half of your stuff.
George stepped out of theshower and said to his wife, Itstoo hot today to wear clothes.What do you suppose the neigh-bors would think if I mowed thelawn like this?
She said, Probably that Imarried you for your money.
How do you keep yofrom reading your emthe folder Instruction M
Why does it take sperm to fertilize one dont ask for directions.
She said, Every tim
dirty word exercise, mouth out with chocolat
Two little boys whospital, lying on beeach other outside theroom.
The first kid askedWhat are you here for?
To get my tonsils ouI had that done w
four. They put you to when you wake up thelots of Jell-O and ice-cr
breeze.The second kid ask
are you here for?A circumcision.Wow, good luck!
done when I was bocouldnt walk for a year
667-0202LOCALLY OWNED
FAMILY OPERATED
8426 Highway 287Fort Collins
View online obituaries and send
condolences via the guestbook at
www.resthavencolorado.com
ByGaylord
Morrison
MORRISONSMEDITATIONS
o person is useless. He can serve as a bad example.
young man worked as a janitor, collecting dirt. With that training, hewrites political speeches.
ome soap operas need to be cleaned up.
Make a list of friends. Forget your enemies.
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eptember 2008 The Senior Voice
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