Two Major Systems of Bones
• Born w/275 bones in body• Bone is made up of 3
major parts: compact bone, soft bone, and sponge bone
• Axial skeleton: made up of 80 bones; in skull, ribs, sternum
• Appendicular: made up of 126 bones; in shoulders, pelvis, and attached limbs
Major Functions
• Protects vital organs
• Gives shape to body
• Allows movement
• Marrow
• Supports body
• Stores minerals
Problems/Treatments
• Scoliosis• Arthritis• Disclocation• Fractures• Osteoporosis• Rickets• Spina bifida• Marfan syndrome
• Osteopathy• Bone marrow
transplants• Back braces• Casts• Vitamin D • Surgery
• Artificial limbs
Bone Marrow
• Soft, spongy, reddish
• Fills most of bone
• Blood cells are
produced in the
marrow in some
bones
• An average of 2.6
million red blood
cells are produced
each second
• Transplants
Body Movement
• Interaction of the muscular and skeletal systems
• Muscles are connected to bones by tendons
• Bones are connected to each other by ligaments
• Muscles create movement by contracting and relaxing
The Muscular System
• 650 muscles in human body
• 3 different type of muscle tissues
• 2 types of muscles
• Human heart
Problems/Treatments
• Cramps• Strains• Sprains• Spasms• Muscle fatigue
• Calcium• Magnesium• Bromelian• Creatine• 48 hours of cold
w/elevation, then heat
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
• Striated, voluntary
• Attached to bones
• Work in pairs: flexors and extensors
Smooth Muscle Tissue
• Striated, involuntary
• Found in walls of all internal hollow organs
• Performs the organs functions
Types of Muscles and Response
(Initiated by nerve impulse)
– Involuntary
– Voluntary
• All or none response: A muscle twitch is an all-or-none response; it consists of a lag phase, contraction phase, and relaxation phase.
• Threshold stimulus
• Contraction • twitch
• latent period
• period of contraction
• period of relaxation
New Technology
• Cardiomyoplasty: experimental procedure
• Transplanting muscles into heart
• Becomes a mechanical assistant to a weak heart
• Transplanted muscle can learn to act as an original heart muscle
• Allows patient to have better quality life
Bibliography• http://bart.northnet.com.au/~amcgann/body/skeletal.htm.
• http://bart.northnet.com.au/~amcgann/body/muscular.htm.
• http://encarta.msn.com/find/related.asp?pg=7&ti=761552814&et=2.
• http://www.dukenews.duke.edu/Research/SKELETAL.HTM.
• BSCS Biology: An Ecological Approach, production by PC&F, Hudson, New Hampshire, 1987,1992,1998 by BSCS.
• The Skeletal System, by Silverstein, Silverstein, Silverstein, Twenty-First Century Books, A Division of Henry Holt and Company, Inc., 1994
• The Muscular System, by Silverstein, Silverstein, Silverstein, Twenty-First Century Books, A Division of Henry Holt and Company, Inc., 1994