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Jrumks Kuripk`h Kaihiega ^icgay Jrgklghms
bttp6//www.aickurip.jk/kai/pujcga`tgihs.bte
_bk Qust`gh`jgcgty Gep`at il tbk K[ Kegssgihs
_r`oghm Qystke ih tbk Kuripk`h Ghoustry*
Z`geuho Jckgsabwgtz`, D`trgh Lubre`hh
j
& Kcg`s Buabckra
JKK^ jrgklghm h 0=
Qkptkejkr :>>=
* ]k wgsb ti tb`hd Z`cl Qabck, ]iclm`hm Qtkrd, Jkttgh` ]gtthkjkh `ho F`aquks ^kcde`hs lir usklucaieekhts. @h k`rcgkr or`lt il tbk JKK^ wgcc jk pujcgsbko gh ` lirtbaieghm jiid ih ;> yk`rs il K[
kaihiega oyh`egas6 Ghtkmr`tgih, Lgh`hag`c E`rdkts `ho Ghhiv`tgihs, kogtko jy Zgab`ro _gccy, ^`uc F.F.]kclkhs, ho Egab`kc Bkgsk (Qprghmkr ujcgsbkr Jkrcgh :>>=).
` \gsgtghm rilkssir t tbk Aicckmk il Kuripk, Jrumks4 Ai-Ogrkatir, Zksk`rab Mriup "E`tkrg`c Lciws ho
Zksiurak E`h`mkekht", ]uppkrt`c Ghstgtutk lir Acge`tk, Khvgrihekht ho Khkrmy.j
Khkrmy @h cyst, Lirtgs J`hd, Jrusskcs4 lirekr rksk`rab ssgst`ht `t tbk Aicckmk il Kuripk, Jrumks.
a Ghtkrhsbgp t tbk Kuripk`h J`hd lir Zkaihstruatgih ho Okvkcipekht (KJZO)4 lirekr stuokht il tbk
kaihiegas okp`rtekht `t tbk Aicckmk il Kuripk, Jrumks
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@jstr`at
_bgs JKK^ kxpc`ghs tbk ekab`hgse il tbk K[ Kegssgihs _r`oghm Qystke (K_Q) lir tbk
mrkkhbiusk m`s a`rjih ogixgok `ho kxpcirk ghti gts cgdkcy sust`gh`jgcgty gep`at ih
Kuripk`h ghoustry. Gh oighm si, gt liausks ih khkrmy-ghtkhsgvk ghoustrgks cgdk akekht,
stkkc `ho `cueghgue priouatgih `s wkcc `s ih tbk kekrmghm byorimkh kaihiey. _bk
JKK^ aihacuoks tb`t `t tbk eiekht gt gs stgcc vkry ghaihsgstkhtcy gepckekhtko `ho b`s `
l`grcy h`rriw saipk rkm`roghm mrkkhbiusk m`sks `ho ghvicvko skatirs. Gt e`y `csi mgvk
`h ghakhtgvk ti rkcia`tk lir khkrmy-ghtkhsgvk ghoustrgks. Gh gts aurrkht lire`t, tbk K[
K_Q oiks hit ykt pripkrcy l`agcgt`tk cihm tkre ghhiv`tgih oyh`egas suab `s tbk
tr`hsgtgih ti ` byorimkh kaihiey. Hkvkrtbkckss, tbk K[ K_Q gs lirkeist ` wirdghm
systke tb`t wgtb siek geprivkekhts b`s tbk pitkhtg`c ti jkaiek ` pgcc`r lir
kllkatgvk `ho kllgagkht acge`tk ab`hmk picgay tb`t `csi mgvks ghakhtgvks lir ghvkstekht
ghti acge`tk lrgkhocy picgagks.
Dkywiros6 kegssgihs tr`oghm, acge`tk picgay, gep`at `sskssekht.
FKC aioks6 D1:, C ;0, P?2, P;2.
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_bk Qust`gh`jgcgty Gep`at il tbk
K[ Kegssgihs _r`oghm Qystke ih
tbk Kuripk`h Ghoustry
Z`geuho Jckgsabwgtz, D`trgh Lubre`hh
& Kcg`s Buabckr
JKK^ jrgklghm h 0=
0. Ghtriouatgih
Gh tbgs JKK^ wk kxpc`gh tbk ekab`hgse il tbk K[ Kegssgihs _r`oghm Qystke (K_Q)
lir tbk mrkkhbiusk m`s a`rjih ogixgok `ho kxpcirk ghti gts cgdkcy sust`gh`jgcgty gep`at
ih Kuripk`h ghoustry. Gh oighm si, wk liaus ih khkrmy-ghtkhsgvk ghoustrgks cgdk
akekht, stkkc `ho `cueghgue priouatgih `s wkcc `s ih tbk kekrmghm byorimkh
kaihiey. Iur bypitbksgs gs tb`t wbgck tbk gep`at il tbk K[ K_Q ih khkrmy-ghtkhsgvk
ghoustrgks gs vgsgjck `ho cgdkcy ti jk hkm`tgvk, tbk gep`ats ih tbk kekrmghm byorimkhkaihiey `rk `ceist hkmcgmgjck. Gl tb`t privks ti jk airrkat, tbk K_Q wiuco b`vk ` jg`s
tiw`ros aist-ghark`sks lir ghoustry wgtbiut luccy kxpcigtghm tbk pitkhtg`c ti stgeuc`tk
r`oga`c ghhiv`tgih. Iur ghtkrkst tbus gs `h `h`cysgs il kxpkatko struatur`c ab`hmks gh
tbk Kuripk`h kaihiey `s ` wbick, wbkrk ghoustrgks `rk sarutghgzko ti `o`pt ti acge`tk
picgay wbgck dkkpghm airk aiepktkhaks il khkrmy ghtkhsgvk priouatgih `cihm v`cuk
ab`ghs, `ho itbkrs `rk ab`cckhmko ti r`oga`ccy ghhiv`tk `ho ti ghvkht ` hkw khkrmy
a`rrgkr suab `s byorimkh wgtbgh kxgstghm khkrmy e`rdkts.
Iur `rtgack gs struaturko `s licciws6 tbk licciwghm skatgih : jrgklcy kxpc`ghs tbk
ekab`hgse `ho tbk picgtga`c j`admriuho il tbk K[ K_Q. Qkatgih 1 ciids ghti rk`c
okvkcipekhts sghak tbk systke st`rtko gh k`rcy :>>;. Qkatgih ? `h`cysks tbk gep`ats
ih K[ khkrmy-ghtkhsgvk ghoustrgks. Qkatgih ; `sskssks gh ` prkcgegh`ry w`y tbk
gep`ats ih r`oga`c ghhiv`tgih tiw`ros tbk byorimkh kaihiey skkh `s `
tkabhicimga`c prixy lir ` eirk sust`gh`jck khkrmy systke. Qkatgih < or`ws
aihacusgihs.
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_bk Qust gh jgcgty Gep at il tbk K[ Kegssgihs _r oghm Qystke ih tbk Kuripk h Ghoustry :
:. _bk K[ K_Q6 Kaihiegas, Ekab`hgse `ho ^icgtgas
@aairoghm ti kaihiega tbkiry, `h Kegssgihs _r`oghm Qabkek gs `h kaihiega
ghstruekht tb`t kh`jcks tbk ekktghm il kegssgihs t`rmkts gh ` aist kllkatgvk e`hhkr
(J@[EIC/I@_KQ, 0772). Gt rkouaks tbk aist il rk`abghm ` spkaglga t`rmkt jy t`dghm`ov`ht`mk il tbk ogllkrkht e`rmgh`c `j`tkekht aists il p`rtgagp`tghm `atirs wgtb
ogllkrkht kegssgih siuraks. Aist s`vghms `rk p`rtgauc`rcy jgm gl egtgm`tgih aists ogllkr
sgmhglga`htcy jktwkkh siuraks aivkrko jy ` sabkek. _bgs aist ogllkrkhtg`c ark`tks `h
kaihiega ghakhtgvk ti tr`ok. _bk t`sd tbkrklirk gs ti jugco up ` sabkek tb`t ghacuoks
`s e`hy kegssgih siuraks `s pissgjck `ho, gl hkakss`ry, ti cghd ogllkrkht oiekstga
tr`oghm sabkeks. _bk kaihiega tbkiry il aiep`r`tgvk `ov`ht`mks okeihstr`tks tb`t
aiuhtrgks jkhklgt `ho prispkr kaihiega`ccy lrie tr`ok, rkc`tgvk ti hi tr`ok. _bgs a`h`csi jk `ppcgko ti tbk tr`oghm il kegssgihs uhgts. @m`ghst tbgs tbkiry gt wgcc jk
ghtkrkstghm ti tkst biw tbk K[ K_Q rk`cgzks tbk pitkhtg`c aist s`vghms, wbktbkr tbk
aiepcg`hak aists rksuctghm lrie `oogtgih`c jurk`uar`ay iutwkgmbs tbk jkhklgts `ho
wbktbkr tbkrk egmbt jk uhoksgrko sgok kllkats.
]gtb tbk Dyiti pritiaic sgmhko gh 077= tbk Kuripk`h [hgih aieegttko gtskcl ti
rkouak gts MBMs jy 2% gh :>0: aiep`rko ti tbk ckvkc il 077>. Biwkvkr, gh tbk c`tk
077>s tbk K[ gepckekht`tgih il acge`tk picgay ghstruekhts b`s jkkh r`tbkr c`adcustkr`ho ghtkrh`tgih`c arkogjgcgty sullkrko. _i `oorkss tbk rkouatgih ab`cckhmk aist-
kllkatgvkcy, tbk K[ kst`jcgsbko tbk Kuripk`h Acge`tk ^icgay ^rimr`e (KAA^) gh :>>>
gh irokr ti lgho tbk eist priegsghm acge`tk picgay ek`surks. _bk rksucts il tbk KAA^
wkrk ti suppirt tbk Kuripk`h Aieegssgih gh okvkcipghm `h ivkr`cc K[ acge`tk
str`tkmy (KAA^ :>>0). Wkt, tbk ivkr`cc primrkss il tbgs str`tkmy gs up tgcc hiw cgegtko,
kxakpt lir tbk okvkcipekht il `h Kegssgihs _r`oghm Qabkek. @t tbk tgek, tbgs b`s
jkkh r`tbkr surprgsghm, sghak lir ` cihm tgek tbk K[ b`o jkkh argtga`c il e`rdktekab`hgses0 `ho prklkrrko rkmuc`tiry ek`surks. HMIs wkrk gh mkhkr`c argtga`c, sghak
hi rkaimhgz`jck mrkkh `atgih w`s iaaurrghm, `s gh itbkr ek`surks suab `s prieitghm
rkhkw`jck khkrmgks. Ghoustry `ho tbkgr cijjygsts rklusk a`ps `ho prklkr vicuht`ry
`ppri`abks.
0
Hiw tbk Kuripk`h Aieegssgih b`s jkaiek euab lir pisgtgvk `jiut e`rdkt-j`sko gh-struekhts4skk tbk rkakht Mrkkh ^`pkr ih e`rdkt j`sko ghstruekhts lir khvgrihekht `ho khkrmy rkc`tkopicgay purpisks lrie E`rab :>>= (AIE(:>>=) 0?> lgh`c).
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_bk Qust gh jgcgty Gep at il tbk K[ Kegssgihs _r oghm Qystke ih tbk Kuripk h Ghoustry 1
Ihk rk`sih lir tbk qugad st`rt il kegssgihs tr`oghm gh tbk K[ w`s tbk `ttkept il siek
pgihkkrghm ekejkr st`tks ti ghtriouak h`tgih`c kegssgihs tr`oghm sabkeks. _bk [D
`ho Okhe`rd st`rtko ihk `ho itbkrs suab `s tbk Hktbkrc`hos `ho Mkre`hy b`o
kst`jcgsbko wirdghm mriups ok`cghm wgtb suab `h gok`. _bk Aieegssgih tbus lk`rko `
p`tabwird il systkes, sghak tbk `crk`oy kst`jcgsbko ihks `ho tbk ihks kxgstghm ih
p`pkr wkrk hit t `cc aiep`tgjck wgtb k`ab itbkr.
Gh E`rab :>>> tbk Mrkkh ^`pkr ih Mrkkhbiusk M`s Kegssgihs _r`oghm gh tbk K[
w`s pujcgsbko. Kegssgihs tr`oghm w`s skkh `s tbk jkst ghstruekht ti okcgvkr tbk
pripisko t`rmkt gh tgek akrt`ghcy `h `ov`ht`mk ivkr Kai-t`xks `ho `t ciwkst
pissgjck aists sghak c`rmk kegttkrs aiuco jk gokhtglgko k`sgcy. @ltkr ghtkhsk
aihsuct`tgih wgtb tbk Kuripk`h ^`rcg`ekht, tbk Aiuhagc `ho skvkr`c cijjyghm mriups,skvkr`c ipghgih p`pkrs `ho or`lt ogrkatgvks, ` aiepriegsk ih kegssgihs tr`oghm, lir
AI: ihcy, a`ek iut ih Iatijkr 01, :>>1 (KA, :>>1). _bk K[ w`s skt ti jkaiek tbk
wircos c`rmkst e`rdkt lir aiep`hy-ckvkc kegssgihs tr`oghm (GK@ :>>1).
Gl tbk K[ kegssgihs tr`oghm sabkek (K[-K_Q) privks suaakssluc, tbkrk e`y jk
jgc`tkr`c ghtkrkst gh cghdghm gt ti tbk oiekstga sabkeks il itbkr hih-K[ aiuhtrgks.
Qkvkr`c hih-K[ aiuhtrgks b`vk pc`hs ti ghtriouak oiekstga kegssgihs tr`oghm
sabkeks, `ho `aairoghm ti kaihiegas, tbkrk `rk jkhklgts ti ark`tghm ` c`rmkr e`rdkt jy
cghdghm suab sabkeks. _bk jri`okr tbk aivkr`mk il `h kegssgihs tr`oghm sabkek, tbk
mrk`tkr tbk pitkhtg`c lir kaihiega kllgagkhay m`ghs il tbk sabkek gh tkres il ciwkrghm
ivkr`cc aiepcg`hak aists. Biwkvkr, tbk kxtkht ti wbgab tbksk jkhklgts `rk rk`cgzko wgcc
okpkho ih tbk okt`gcs il tbkgr oksgmh `ho tbk sgegc`rgtgks il tbk sabkeks (QAB[KCK kt
`c., :>>>>1/2=/KA wbgab kst`jcgsbks tbk
sabkek w`s gssuko gh Qkptkejkr :>>1, wgtb ` st`rt o`tk skt lir tbk 0st F`hu`ry :>>;.
_bk sabkek ghgtg`ccy spkaglgks twi pkrgios, tbk lgrst lrie :>>;-:>>=, tbk skaiho lrie
:>>2-:>0: (airrkspihoghm ti tbk lgrst aieegtekht pkrgio il tbk Dyiti ^ritiaic).
: @rt. 1 il ogrkatgvk6 @h ghst`cc tgih gs st`tgih`ry tkabhga`c uhgt wbkrk ihk ir eirk `atgvgtgks cgstkogh @hhkx G `rk a`rrgko iut.
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_bk Qust gh jgcgty Gep at il tbk K[ Kegssgihs _r oghm Qystke ih tbk Kuripk h Ghoustry ?
Aiepcg`hak gs rkqugrko ih `h `hhu`c j`sgs wgtbgh tbksk pkrgios, jut tbk `ccia`tgih il
`cciw`haks wgcc jk okagoko skp`r`tkcy lir tbk twi pkrgios. _bk Ogrkatgvk skts iut siek
il tbk dky oksgmh lk`turks il tbk kegssgihs tr`oghm sabkek. Ihk il tbk dky kckekhts
oklghko jy tbk Ogrkatgvk gs tbk uhgt il tr`ok.
_bk K[-K_Q a`p - `ho - tr`ok systke a`ek ghti lirak gh F`hu`ry :>>; `ho `csi
`ppcgks ti tbk `aakssgih aiuhtrgks. K`ab p`rtgagp`tghm ghst`cc`tgih hkkos ` mkhkr`c
pkregt ti kegt AI: `ho mkts `h `ccia`tgih il `cciw`haks rkprkskhtghm gts ghgtg`c
`jsicutk kegssgihs juomkt lir ` yk`r ir aiepcg`hak pkrgio. ]bkrk kegssgihs kxakko
`cciw`haks, ipkr`tirs wgcc hkko ti kgtbkr ghvkst gh `j`tkekht ir juy eirk `cciw`haks
ih tbk e`rdkt. Gt b`s ` e`ho`tiry tbrkk yk`r st`rt-up pb`sk lrie :>>;-:>>= `ho ` lgvk
yk`r e`ho`tiry Dyiti ^b`sk lrie :>>2 -:>0:. _bk licciwghm t`jck mgvks `h ivkrvgkwil tbk j`sga ab`r`atkrgstgas il tbk sgzk il tbk kegssgihs tr`oghm e`rdkt gh tbk lgrst
pb`sk lrie :>>;-:>>=. _bk K[ K_Q gs j`sko ih sgx j`sga prghagpcks (KK@ :>>;)6
0. A`p `ho tr`ok systke
:. Ghgtg`c liaus gs ih AI: kegssgihs
1. Gepckekht`tgih wgcc t`dk pc`ak gh pb`sks wgtb rkvgkws `ho pissgjgcgtgks lir
kxp`hsgih il `oogtgih`c skatirs `ho m`sks
?. @ccia`tgih pc`hs lir kegssgih `cciw`haks `rk okagoko pkrgioga`ccy
;. Aiepcg`hak lr`ekwird
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_bk Qust gh jgcgty Gep at il tbk K[ Kegssgihs _r oghm Qystke ih tbk Kuripk h Ghoustry ;
Lgmurk 06 _r`oghm ^krgio :>>;-:>>= ghoga`tgvk o`t` lrie tbk Aieegssgihj`sko ih H tgih`c @c cia`tgih ^c`hs (KA :>>;`)
K[ Ekejkr Qt`tk @ccia`tko AI:
`cciw`haks(egccgih tihhks)
Qb`rk gh K[
`cciw`haks(%)
Ghst`cc`tgihs
aivkrko
(0)
Dyiti t`rmkt
(%)
Jkcmgue 022,2 :,7 1>,; 0,; 1=2 :0 (:)
Mkre`hy 0?7=,> ::,2 02?7 :0 (:)
Kstihg` ;,7 ?1 2
Mrkkak ::1,: 1,? 0?0 + :;
Qp`gh ;:1,1 2,> 207 + 0;
Lr`hak ? (:)
Grkc`ho 0,> 0?1 + 01 (:)
Gt`cy ,< 0:?> ,: 7; 2
Cgtbu`hg` 1,< 71 2
Cuxkejiurm 0>,>= >,: 07 :2 (:)
Buhm`ry 71,2 0,? :,0 :
Hktbkrc`hos :2;,7 ?,1 111 < (:)
@ustrg` 77,> 0,; :>; 01 (:)
^ic`ho =0=,1 0>,7 007 2
Lghc`ho 01 (:)
Qwkokh =2 0:,; (:)
_it`c >,> 00?:2
Hitks6
(0) ^ck`sk hitk tb`t tbk lgmurks oi hit t`dk `aaiuht il `hy ipt-ghs `ho ipt-iuts il ghst`cc`tgihs gh`aairo`hak wgtb @rtgacks :? `ho := il tbk kegssgihs tr`oghm ogrkatgvk.
(:) [hokr tbk Dyiti ^ritiaic, tbk K[-0; (uhtgc 1> @prgc :>>? tbk K[ b`o 0; Ekejkr Qt`tks) b`sti rkouak gts mrkkhbiusk m`s kegssgihs jy 2 % jkciw 077> ckvkcs ourghm :>>20:. _bgs t`rmkt gssb`rko `eihm tbk 0; Ekejkr Qt`tks, e`rdko wgtb (:), uhokr ` ckm`ccy jghoghm jurokh-sb`rghm`mrkkekht (Aiuhagc Okagsgih :>>:/1;2/KA il :; @prgc :>>:). _bk 0> Ekejkr Qt`tks tb`t fighkotbk K[ ih 0 E`y :>>? b`vk ghogvgou`c t`rmkts uhokr tbk Dyiti ^ritiaic wgtb tbk kxakptgih ilAyprus `ho E`ct`, wbgab b`vk hi t`rmkts.
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_bk Qust gh jgcgty Gep at il tbk K[ Kegssgihs _r oghm Qystke ih tbk Kuripk h Ghoustry >1)6
Aiejustgih ghst`cc`tgihs wgtb ` r`tko tbkre`c ghput 8:>E]
Eghkr`c Igc rklghkrgks
Aidk ivkhs
Grih `ho stkkc priouatgih 8:.; t pkr biur
Akekht 8 ;>> t pkr o`y `ho cgek 8;> t pkr o`y priouatgih
Mc`ss priouatgih 8 => t pkr o`y
Akr`egas 8=; t pkr o`y ^ucp `ho p`pkr 8:> t pkr o`y.
Kvkh wgtb tbgs cgegtko saipk, `jiut 0:>>> ghst`cc`tgihs `rk t`dghm p`rt. _bgs `aaiuhts
lir ?;% il K[s AI: kegssgihs. Khkrmy-ghtkhsgvk skatirs b`vk hit jkkh ghacuoko gh
mkhkr`c jka`usk tbky `rk khkrmy uskrs r`tbkr tb`h priouakrs, k.m. tbk abkega`c skatir,
w`stk ghaghkr`tgih, `cueghgue `ho itbkr ekt`c ghoustrgks `rk hit ghacuoko. _bk
abkega`c skatirs ogrkat kegssgihs il a`rjih ogixgok `rk hit vkry sgmhglga`ht (ckss tb`h
0% il K[s tit`c A`rjih Ogixgok kegssgihs). @oogtgih`ccy tbk huejkr il abkega`c
ghst`cc`tgihs (a`. 1?.>>>) wiuco ghark`sk tbk `oeghgstr`tgvk aiepckxgty sgmhglga`htcy
(KK@ :>>;). _bk gssuk il aiepktgtgvkhkss `csi a`h jk r`gsko.
Ciidghm `t tbk saipk lrie ` piccutkr-p`ys vgkwpight, ihk b`s ti dkkp gh egho tb`t gh
K[ picgay tbk hih-aivkrko skatirs `ho/ir khtgtgks sbiuco jk sujfkat ti itbkr,
kqugv`ckht picgay ghstruekhts ti `vigo ghkqugt`jck trk`tekht. Lir tbk skaiho H`tgih`c
@ccia`tgih ^c`hs tbk Kuripk`h Aieegssgih trgks ti jk kspkag`ccy strgat ih tbgs pight
(KA :>>;j). Gh oighm si biwkvkr, ihk hkkos ti jk a`rkluc wgtb tbk ghst`cc`tgihs
aivkrko, gh si l`r `s tbky egmbt l`ak ` oiujck jurokh wgtb itbkr h`tgih`c acge`tk
picgagks suab s khkrmy t`xks wbgab wiuco ck`o ti rgsghm `j`tkekht aists.
:.0.:. @ccia`tgih
_bk Kegssgihs _r`oghm Ogrkatgvk oktkreghko tb`t tbk Ekejkr Qt`tks `ccia`tk `t ck`st
7;% il `cciw`haks lrkk il ab`rmk. Lir tbk skaiho pkrgio st`rtghm gh F`hu`ry :>>2 tbk
`eiuht gs rkouako ti 7>% lrkk `cciw`haks. Quab mr`hol`tbkrghm b`s jkkh argtgagzko
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_bk Qust gh jgcgty Gep at il tbk K[ Kegssgihs _r oghm Qystke ih tbk Kuripk h Ghoustry =
jy e`hy kaihiegsts lir jkghm hit gh `aairo`hak wgtb tbk piccutkr p`ys prghagpck
(EGAB@KCI]@/J[_VKHMKGMKZ, :>>>? tbk Aiuhagc il Eghgstkrs `ho tbk Kuripk`h ^`rcg`ekht `mrkko ih ` tkxt lir tbk
cghdghm ogrkatgvk (KA :>>? / C@HMZIAD `ho Q_KZD, :>>?). Gts airk gs tbk
rkaimhgtgih il arkogts ijt`ghko wgtb Fight Gepckekht`tgih `ho tbk Ack`h Okvkcipekht
Ekab`hgse. AOE arkogts wkrk kcgmgjck lrie :>>; ihw`ros, wbkrk`s Fight
Gepckekht`tgih arkogts e`y ihcy jk usko lrie :>>2 ihw`ros. _bgs ek`hs tbk systkehit ihcy privgoks ` aist-kllkatgvk ek`hs lir K[-j`sko ghoustrgks ti aut tbkgr
kegssgihs jut `csi ark`tks `oogtgih`c ghakhtgvks lir jusghkssks ti ghvkst gh kegssgih-
rkouatgih prifkats kcskwbkrk, lir kx`epck gh Zussg` (FG) `ho okvkcipghm aiuhtrgks
(AOE). 1 Gh turh tbgs spurs tbk tr`hslkr il `ov`hako, khvgrihekht`ccy siuho
1
Fight Gepckekht`tgih prifkats a h jk pursuko gh aiuhtrgks tb`t tbkeskcvks b`vk ` Dyiti rkouatgiht`rmkt, wbkrk`s Ack`h Okvkcipekht Ekab`hgse prifkats a`h jk irm`hgzko gh okvkcipghm aiuhtrgkswgtbiut rkouatgih t`rmkts uhokr tbk Dyiti ^ritiaic, suab `s Abgh`, Jr`zgc `ho Ghog`.
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_bk Qust gh jgcgty Gep at il tbk K[ Kegssgihs _r oghm Qystke ih tbk Kuripk h Ghoustry 2
tkabhicimgks ti itbkr ghoustrg`cgzko aiuhtrgks `ho okvkcipghm h`tgihs, mgvghm t`hmgjck
suppirt ti tbkgr kllirts ti `abgkvk sust`gh`jck okvkcipekht (KA :>>;`).
_bk rkc`tgihsbgp jktwkkh tbk K[ K_Q `ho itbkr picgagks `ho ek`surks tb`t pursuk tbk
s`ek ijfkatgvk gs eist ijvgius gh tbk a`sk il t`xks ckvgko ih khkrmy priouats `ho
kckatrgagty, wbgab `rk b`reihgsko jy Aiuhagc Ogrkatgvk :>>1/70: tbk Ogrkatgvk rkqugrks eist `cciw`haks ti jk `ccia`tko lrkk il ab`rmk.
Gh cghk wgtb gts aieegtekhts, tbk Aieegssgih wgcc aihsgokr lurtbkr tbk ghtkrpc`y il
tbk K[ K_Q wgtb itbkr ek`surks pursughm tbk s`ek ijfkatgvks, `ho gh p`rtgauc`r wgtb
khkrmy t`x`tgih. Hiw wgtb tbk ogsaussgihs ih tbk rkvgkw il tbk Kegssgihs _r`oghm
Ogrkatgvk `ho ih tbk Mrkkh ^`pkr ih tbk usk il e`rdkt j`sko ghstruekhts lir
khvgrihekht `ho khkrmy rkc`tko picgay purpisks tbgs gs ` miio iaa`sgih ti ciid `t
tbksk ghtkrpc`ys.
1. K[ K_Q6 _bk Okvkcipekht
Qghak tbk illgag`c st`rt il tbk Kuripk`h Kegssgihs _r`oghm sabkek `ho kvkh jklirk
ihk aiuco hitgak ` oyh`ega ghstgtutgih`cgs`tgih `riuho tbk gok` il kegssgihs tr`oghm,
tr`oghm pc`tlires, suab `s Hiiropiic, KKR, KAR ir KR@@ b`vk jkkh ark`tko `ho
jridkrs `ho j`hds b`vk st`rtko ti mkt ghvicvko gh tbk sujfkat. Qghak tbk K[ K_Q
ghtriouatgih tbkrk b`s jkkh ` hkko lir hkw ghstgtutgihs `ho hkw `oeghgstr`tgihs `csi `t
tbk Ekejkr Qt`tk Ckvkc. Qiek Ekejkr Qt`tks b`vk kst`jcgsbko spkag`cgsko `mkhagks
spkag`cgsko gh tbk gepckekht`tgih il tbk K[ K_Q `ho ti e`h`mk tbk h`tgihs kegssgih
rkmgstry. _bk khsughm `oeghgstr`tgvk aists `rk hit hkmcgmgjck `ho sbiuco jk t`dkh ghti
`aaiuht `ltkr tbk st`rt up pb`sk wbkh kx pist kv`cu`tgih wgcc jk oihk. Quab kepb`sgs
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_bk Qust gh jgcgty Gep at il tbk K[ Kegssgihs _r oghm Qystke ih tbk Kuripk h Ghoustry 7
ih tr`hs`atgih aists gs gh cghk wgtb hkw ghstgtutgih`c kaihiegas (k.m. VKZJK, :>>0),
jut hit iltkh rklckatko gh tkxtjiids ih tr`o`jck pkregts.
Jklirk tbk illgag`c st`rt il tbk Qabkek kxpkrts wkrk uhsurk `jiut tbk prgak
okvkcipekhts il tbk hkwcy okvkcipghm a`rjih e`rdkt. Qiek ijskrvkrs kxpkatko tb`t
prgaks wiuco hit jk vkry bgmb ouk ti ivkr `ccia`tgih, kspkag`ccy gh tbk hkw Ekejkr
Qt`tks, jut `csi siek ico Ekejkr Qt`tks. Biwkvkr, tbk prgaks st`rtko ti acgej
geekog`tkcy `ltkr tbk ghtriouatgih il tbk K[ K_Q gh F`hu`ry :>>; up ti ` ckvkc il
`jivk :> pkr tihhk il AI: kegssgihs gh Fuhk :>>;. Quab ` prgak w`s `jivk `cc
kxpkat`tgihs `ho gs hit k`sgcy kxpc`gh`jck. _bk e`gh rk`sihs `rk6
_bk gee`turk e`rdktgs ihk l`atir tb`t a`ek ghti ogsaussgih, `s ihcy ciw vicueks
`ho ` lkw pc`ykrs wkrk `atgvk gh tbk e`rdkt. Kvkh gl cgqugogty w`s ghark`sghm
sciwcy gt w`s lir ` cihm tgek hit sullgagkht `s kspkag`ccy c`rmk pc`ykrs (e`hy
`cciw`haks) wkrk b`ro ti gokhtgly.
@hitbkr rk`sih aiuco jk uhakrt`ghty `jiut tbk rucks il tbk systke gh tbk luturk.
Cgqugogty gh tbgs e`rdkt gs c`rmkcy orgvkh jy kegssgih rkouatgih kllirts tb`t wiuco
lrkk up `cciw`haks ti tbkh jk tr`oko ih tbk e`rdkt. Qiek aiep`hgks lk`r tb`t
kegssgih rkouatgih kllirts aiuco jk s`hatgihko (jy pissgjck ab`hmks) gh tbk hkxt`ccia`tgih pc`h, si tbky rklr`gh lrie rkouaghm kegssgihs gh tbk aurrkht pkrgio. _bgs
gep`ats cgqugogty gh tbk AI: e`rdkt hkm`tgvkcy (EADGHQKW/ KAILWQ, :>>;).
_bk e`rdkt p`rtgagp`hts wkrk sciwcy mkttghm eirk kxpkrgkhak. Gh tbk jkmghhghm,
khkrmy aiep`hgks tb`t `rk usko ti tr`oghm gh tbk khkrmy e`rdkt `ho `csi ck`oghm gh
l`atirghm aists, wkrk `atgvk gh tbk e`rdkt. @aairoghmcy, ` cit il aiep`hgks,
kspkag`ccy se`cckr pc`ykrs, ogo hit b`vk ` tbiriumb uhokrst`hoghm il tbk e`rdkt
`ho `cciw`haks wkrk r`tbkr pkrakgvko `s cgakhsks ti priouak `ho hit `s `hkaihiega `sskt wgtb ippirtuhgty aists.
Itbkr khkrmy e`rdkts6 Ourghm tbk pkrgio il bgmb khkrmy prgaks tbk ai`c m`s prgak
sprk`o b`s jkkh eivghm ti tbk `ov`ht`mk il ai`c `s ihk a`h okpgat lrie tbk
licciwghm lgmurk. _bk ghark`sghm oke`ho lir ai`c tbus b`s trgmmkrko tbk rgsghm il
tbk prgak il `cciw`haks.
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_bk Qust gh jgcgty Gep at il tbk K[ Kegssgihs _r oghm Qystke ih tbk Kuripk h Ghoustry 0>
Lgmurk :6
Lgmurk :6 Ai`c ti M`s Qprk`o.Ai`c - ti -M`s Qprk`o
>.>>
0>.>>
:>.>>
1>.>>
?>.>>
;>.>>
.>>
=>.>>
2>.>>
7>.>>
>1-Oka->?
:=-Oka->?
0?-F`h->;
>?-Lkj->;
:;-Lkj->;
02-E`r->;
>2-@pr->;
:7-@pr->;
:>-E`y->;
0>-Fuh->;
>0-Fuc->;
::-Fuc->;
0:-@um->;
>:-Qkp->;
:1-Qkp->;
0?-Iat->;
>?-Hiv->;
_gek ^krgio
Ai`c^rgak($/Et)
>.>>
0>.>>
:>.>>
1>.>>
?>.>>
;>.>>
.>>
=>.>>
M`s^rgak
khak/tbkre
Ai `c rgak
M`s rgak
Qiurak6 AIH\KZW (:>>>< jklirk tbk Kuripk`h Aieegssgihs ok`ocghk. _bk aihtkht il tbisk
`hhiuhakekhts wkrk tb`t ` cit il aiuhtrgks b`o eirk `cciw`haks tb`h tbk ghoustry
hkkoko, ek`hghm ` surpcus il kegssgihs. ]bkh tbgs jka`ek ijvgius, tbk rksuct w`s `h
geekog`tk orip gh AI: prgaks lrie 11 ti ihcy 0> pkr tihhk il AI: kegssgihs
(^IGH_ A@ZJIH/KKR :>>
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_bk Qust gh jgcgty Gep at il tbk K[ Kegssgihs _r oghm Qystke ih tbk Kuripk h Ghoustry 00
tiw`ros ek`hghmcksshkss. Qghak Qprghm :>>=, prgaks b`vk jkkh wkcc jkciw ; / t (skk
lir pkre`hkht upo`tks k.m.6 bttp6//www.pighta`rjih.aie). _bus gt skkes tb`t, lgrstcy,
tbk e`rdkt lir a`rjih privks ti jk lckxgjck `ho rkspihsgvk `ho, skaihocy, ghlire`tgih
`ho kspkag`ccy kxpkat`tgihs `rk e`gh kxpc`h`tiry l`atirs lir prgak okvkcipekhts.
Lgmurk 16 AI: prgaks gh tbk yk`rs :>>; `ho :>>>;, jklirk Qkpt :>>; lirw ros ih K[@ :>>;** KKR luturks
Qiurak6 IGH_A@ZJIH, KKR,skk lir pkre`hkht upo`tks k.m. 6 bttp6//www.pighta`rjih.aie
@ cit il ghoustry rkprkskht`tgvks e`ok tbk AI: prgaks rkspihsgjck lir ghark`sghm
piwkr prgaks. Luturk aihtr`ats lir piwkr prgaks oi ghokko sbiw ` bgmb okmrkk il
airrkc`tgih wgtb lirw`ro `cciw`hak prgaks. Biwkvkr, airrkc`tgih oiks hit hkakss`rgcy
gepcy `hy geekog`tk a`us`tgih. Igc prgaks b`vk `ceist oiujcko ourghm tbk tgek il
bgmb AI: prgaks `ho tbkrklirk piwkr prgaks b`vk hit ihcy ghark`sko gh Kuripk
(AIH\KZW :>>;). Kegssgihs _r`oghm gs akrt`ghcy jut ihk l`atir wbkh ciidghm `t
khkrmy prgaks. Gh l`at ihk hkkos ti t`dk ghti `aaiuht tb`t ab`hmghm rkc`tgvk prgaks gh
l`viur il ckss mrkkhbiusk m`s kegttghm tkabhicimgks gs akhtr`c ti `hy skrgius acge`tk
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_bk Qust gh jgcgty Gep at il tbk K[ Kegssgihs _r oghm Qystke ih tbk Kuripk h Ghoustry 0:
ab`hmk picgay. Kegssgihs tr`oghm, jka`usk gt gs ` aist-kllkatgvk w`y il rkouaghm
kegssgihs, wgcc ek`h eist prij`jcy ciwkr prgak ab`hmks tb`h `hy `ctkrh`tgvk jut
bgmbkr prgaks lir AI:-ghtkhsgvk `atgvgtgks aiep`rko wgtb jusghkss `s usu`c. Ihk
sbiuco `csi hit lirmkt tbk l`at tb`t itbkr picgagks b`vk gep`ats upih prgaks gh tbk
kckatrgagty skatir tii. Kegssgihs tr`oghm, ir eirk `aaur`tkcy, t`dghm `atgih ti t`adck
acge`tk ab`hmk, gs fust ihk il e`hy l`atirs pitkhtg`ccy ghlcukhaghm tbk piwkr e`rdkts.
^rgaghm gh `cciw`haks `s ippirtuhgty aists gh tbk aist a`cauc`tgih licciwghm tbk lrkk
`ccia`tgih il AI: `cciw`haks w`s `h kxpkatko sakh`rgi. Aiuhtghm tbk `cciw`haks `s
`sskts gh tbk aiep`hy rkpirts ek`hs tb`t tbky `rk pc`ako ih tbk `sskt sgok il tbk
aiep`hy j`c`hak sbkkts wgtb tbkgr e`rdkt v`cuk. Qghak tbky `rk b`hoko iut lrkk il
ab`rmk, tbgs gh ksskhak rkprkskhts ` wghol`cc prilgt lir tbk p`rtgagp`tghm aiep`hgks!_bk ghaiepcktk cgjkr`cgs`tgih il tbk Kuripk`h Khkrmy E`rdkt biwkvkr, `cciws piwkr
aiep`hgks ti p`ss ih ` bgmb pripirtgih il tbisk ippirtuhgty aists qugtk rkckv`ht lir
khkrmy ghtkhsgvk ghoustrg`c uskrs. _bk p`ss-tbriumb-r`tk okpkhos ih v`rgius l`atirs
suab `s e`rdkt piwkr (g.k. icgmipicgstga struaturk), oke`ho kc`stgagty, eiok il
`ccia`tgih, khkrmy struaturk (k.m. ai`c-lgrko pc`hts `atghm `s e`rmgh`c tkabhicimy gh
Mkre`hy) ir rkmuc`tiry ghtkrvkhtgihs (GK@ :>>=). _kht`tgvk kx pist kstge`tks ih
p`ss-tbriumb-r`tks aiek ti tbk aihacusgih tb`t pk`dci`o pkrgios illkr ippirtuhgtgks tip`ss tbriumb aists gh tbk irokr il ?0 % `ho 00= % (QGFE kt `c. :>>;, :>>>=). Gt gs tbus gepirt`ht ti `h`cysk e`rdkt struaturks `ho ti dkkp `h kyk
ih ` pissgjck egsusk il e`rdkt piwkr. Lrie tio`ys pkrspkatgvk tbiumb, ogsaussgih
rkm`roghm bgmb piwkr prgaks ouk ti Kegssgih _r`oghm sbiuco hit jk ih tbk tip il tbk
`mkho` `s `cciw`hak prgaks `rk ih ` ciw ckvkc (skk `jivk).
_bk systke gs wirdghm, kvkh gl tbkrk gs `h ivkr `ccia`tgih `t tbk eiekht. ^rgaks oi
rk`at ti e`rdkt okvkcipekhts `ho ghlire`tgih mgvkh iut ti tbk pujcga. Biwkvkr, tbkrk
`rk stgcc ` cit il gssuks tb`t a`h jk dkpt gh egho lir `h geprivko systke6
@ccia`tgih6Mr`hol`tbkrghm a`hhit jk tbk luturk il tbk sabkek `s gt jrghms `cihm
`ovkrsk ghakhtgvks wbkh tbk j`sk yk`r hkkos ti jk ab`hmko. @uatgihghm `ho `csi
lrkk `ccia`tgih ih tbk j`sgs il siek jkhabe`rdghm (j`sko ih skatir ir lukc
jkhabe`rds) sbiuco jk t`dkh ghti `aaiuht wbkh ciidghm `t tbk pkrgio lrie :>01
ihw`ros (EGAB@KCI]@/ J[_VKHMKGMKZ, :>>;).
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_bk Qust gh jgcgty Gep at il tbk K[ Kegssgihs _r oghm Qystke ih tbk Kuripk h Ghoustry 01
Aiepckxgty `ho tr`hs`atgih aists`rk r`tbkr bgmb. \`rgius ghtkrksts b`vk ogllkrkht
ijfkatgvks `ho `s tbk rkmuc`tir gs tryghm ti ekkt `cc oke`hos tbk systke tkhos ti
jkaiek eirk aiepckx, ckss kllgagkht `ho gt ciisks e`rdkt kllkatgvkhkss (KK@,
:>>;). _r`hs`atgih aists sbiuco jk dkpt oiwh k.m. vg` kst`jcgsbghm `h K[ wgok
hkw khtr`hts rkskrvk ir `h K[ wgok rkmgstry `ho, c`tkr ih, ` Kuripk`h `mkhay. Il
aiursk, ghlire`tgih sbiuco jk lrkkcy `v`gc`jck lir `cc e`rdkt `atirs gh tbk s`ek
e`hhkr `ho `t tbk s`ek tgek.
_bk tr`oghm pkrgios `rk rkm`roko ti jk tii sbirt lir `hy skrgius ghvkstekht
okagsgih. @sskt cglktgeks gh a`pgt`c ghtkhsgvk ghoustrgks `rk riumbcy jktwkkh :> ti
yk`rs wgtb skvkr`c yk`rs il aihstruatgih tgek. Eist aiep`hgks `rk tbkrklirk
pck`oghm lir ` tr`oghm pkrgio il `t ck`st 0> yk`rs `ho gl hkakss`ry wgtb `ofustekhts(EADGHQKW, :>>;), wbgab gs `h`cytga`ccy gh cghk wgtb tbk aihakpt il `sskt
spkaglgagty (]GCCG@EQ, 072;).
Gh mkhkr`c ` bgmbkr okmrkk il b`reihgs`tgihgh `cc `rabgtkatur`c `spkats b`s jkkh
`sdko lir jy `cc `atirs ghvicvko gh irokr ti kxacuok ghkqu`cgty jktwkkh tbk s`ek
skatirs `ariss Kuripk (EADGHQKW, :>>;).
@csi, `hghacusgih il lurtbkr mrkkhbiusk m`sks `ho skatirs`s siih `s tbk K[ K_Qb`s st`jck rucks b`s `ov`ht`mks. Kspkag`ccy `s itbkr skatirs, suab `s tr`hspirt`tgih
`rk rkspihsgjck lir ` bgmb pripirtgih il tit`c mrkkhbiusk m`sks `ho b`vk gh
p`rtgauc`r mriwh gh tbk c`st yk`rs `s a`h jk skkh gh tbk licciwghm mr`pbga. @vg`tgih
wgcc eist prij`jcy figh tbk systke gh siek yk`rs.
_i t`adck p`rt il tbk tr`hspirt kegssgihs, gh Okakejkr :>>00 ihw`ros (KA, :>>), `s `gr tr`vkc b`s jkkh jkaieghm rkc`tgvkcy abk`pkr
aiep`rko ti itbkr tr`vkc pissgjgcgtgks. @gr tr`vkc gs hit ykt rkmuc`tko jy itbkr p`rts il
K[ acge`tk picgay. Lir kx`epck, siekihk lcyghm lrie Cihoih ti Hkw Wird `ho j`ad
mkhkr`tks riumbcy tbk s`ek ckvkc il kegssgihs `s tbk `vkr`mk pkrsih gh tbk K[ oiks
jy bk`tghm tbkgr biek lir ` wbick yk`r (KA, :>>
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_bk Qust gh jgcgty Gep at il tbk K[ Kegssgihs _r oghm Qystke ih tbk Kuripk h Ghoustry 0?
Lgmurk ?6 Ab`hmk gh K[-0; (cklt) `ho K[-0> (rgmbt) kegssgihs il mrkkhbiusk
m`sks jy skatir `ho m`s 077>-:>>1
(KK@ wkjp`mk bttp6//o`t`skrvgak.kk`.kurip`.ku/`tc`s/`v`gc`jck:.`sp9typk5lghotbkek&tbkek5acge`tk).
Qiek gssuks gh tbk okj`tk ih ghacuoghm `vg`tgih gh tbk K[-K_Q `rk6
]bktbkr ir hit ti ghacuok ghtkrh`tgih`c lcgmbts lrie :>0: ihw`ros gh tbk sabkek.
_bk [Q kspkag`ccy b`s e`ok ack`r tb`t suab `h `atgih aiuco rksuct gh tr`ok
s`hatgihs `s ` aihskqukhak. _bk Aieegssgih pc`h e`ght`ghs tbk gok` il ghacuoghm
ghtkrh`tgih`c lcgmbts gh tbk sabkek, jut pripisks kxkeptghm tbke uhtgc :>0:, wbgck
ghtr`-K[ lcgmbts wgcc b`vk ti aiek uhokr tbk sabkek gh :>00.
Biw ti t`dk itbkr mrkkhbiusk m`sks ghti `aaiuht, ghacuoghm Hgtrimkh ixgoks
(HIx) `ho tbk w`tkr v`piur gh `grar`lts' aihokhs`tgih tr`gcs wbgab `csi aihtrgjutks
ti mcij`c w`reghm. _bk Ghtkrmivkrhekht`c ^`hkc ih Acge`tk Ab`hmk (G^AA) b`s
kstge`tko tb`t tbk tit`c gep`at il `vg`tgih ih acge`tk ab`hmk gs aurrkhtcy `jiut :
ti ? tgeks bgmbkr tb`h wb`t stkes lrie AI: kegssgihs `cihk. HIx b`o jkkh gh
tbk ghgtg`c pripis`c jy tbk Kuripk`h Aieegssgih, jut lir picgtga`c rk`sihs gt w`s
t`dkh iut.
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_bk Qust gh jgcgty Gep at il tbk K[ Kegssgihs _r oghm Qystke ih tbk Kuripk h Ghoustry 0;
?. Gep`ats ih Khkrmy-Ghtkhsgvk Ghoustrgks
_bk a`sk il tbk khkrmy ghtkhsgvk ghoustrgks gs gepirt`ht lir skvkr`c rk`sihs6 lgrstcy,
aiepktgtgih ghtkhsgty gh mkhkr`c gs bgmbkr tb`h gh khkrmy priouatgih wgtb gts ghbkrkht
h`tur`c eihipicy (tbk mrgo). Qkaihocy, khkrmy ghtkhsgvk ghoustrgks `rk `h ksskhtg`csuppcgkr ti e`hy itbkr ghoustrgks oiwhstrk`e `ho, tbus, lire ` vgt`c p`rt il tbk
Kuripk`h kaihiey. _bgrocy, gl khkrmy ghtkhsgvk ghoustrgks wiuco rkcia`tk, hit ihcy
tbk khvgrihekht`c rkcgkl wiuco jk qukstgih`jck (`ssueghm tb`t itbkr aiuhtrgks wiuco
hit b`vk strgatkr khvgrihekht`c picgagks), jut `csi sust`gh`jck v`cuk ab`gh
e`h`mkekht wiuco jkaiek eirk ogllgauct. @sskssghm tbk gep`ats il tbk K_Q ih tbksk
ghoustrgks tbkrklirk gs il bgmb gepirt`hak.?
Ihk gep`at gs qugtk ack`r6 tbk abigak il `cciw`hak `ccia`tgih oiks `llkat tbk
ghtkrh`tgih`c l`atir eijgcgty `s wkcc `s tbk cia`tgih il hkw aiep`hgks. _b`t gs
kspkag`ccy truk lir skatirs tb`t `rk aiepktghm gh ` wirco wgok e`rdkt. _bgs aiuco kvkh
jk truk wgtbgh tbk Kuripk`h [hgih, `s aiep`hgks sgtu`tko gh rkc`tgvkcy wkcc khoiwko
`aakssgih aiuhtrgks, suab `s ^ic`ho, egmbt b`vk `h `ov`ht`mk ivkr aiep`hgks tb`t `rk
sgtu`tko gh aiuhtrgks suab `s Qp`gh ir ^irtum`c wbgab b`vk cgegtko surpcus `cciw`haks
(DCK^^KZ/^K_KZQIH, :>>1).
Khkrmy ghtkhsgvk ghoustry, aivkrko jy tbk K[ K_Q ir hit, gs `llkatko ogrkatcy jy tbk
a`p tb`t gs skt ih tbkgr AI: kegssgihs ir ghogrkatcy jy ghark`sghm kckatrgagty prgaks. Gh
mkhkr`c ihk a`h s`y tb`t tbrkk l`atirs oktkreghk tbk gep`at il Kegssgihs _r`oghm ih
tbk ghoustry skatir (A@ZJIH _Z[Q_, :>>?)6
0. Khkrmy ghtkhsgty,
:. @jgcgty ti p`ss ih aists ti tbk austiekr,
1. @j`tkekht pissgjgcgtgks.
_bk `jgcgty ti p`ss ih aists okpkhos `m`gh ih tbrkk l`atirs `ho ogllkrs sujst`htg`ccy
`ariss skatirs. Lgrstcy tbk prgak kc`stgagty il austiekrs gh tbk skatir gs ksskhtg`c wbkh
oktkreghghm tbk okmrkk il p`ss tbriumb `jgcgty il aists. _bk h`turk il aiepktgtgih gs
gepirt`ht `s wkcc. @ skatir wgtb lgkrak aiepktgtgih b`s ckss ippirtuhgty ti p`ss ih
? _bkrk b`vk jkkh ogllkrkht h`cysks ih tbk gep`at ih ghoustry ouk ti tbk ghtriouatgih il tbk K[K_Q. Ihk gs lir kx`epck ` stuoy aihouatko jy DCK^^KZ/^K_KZQIH gh :>>1. A`rjih _rust
kx`eghko ogllkrkht skatirs gh :>>? `ho ` eirk rkakht ihk gs oihk jy EaDghsky & Aiep`hy `hoKaily gh :>>;/:>>< aieegssgihko jy tbk Kuripk`h Aieegssgih/OM Khvgrihekht. Qkk `csiQV@JI kt `c. :>>
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_bk Qust gh jgcgty Gep at il tbk K[ Kegssgihs _r oghm Qystke ih tbk Kuripk h Ghoustry 0>?).
Bgmb ^`ss-tbriumb
m`ghs9Kckatrgagty*
@t rgsd9
Lkrrius ekt`cs*Akekht*
Igc rklghghm
Mc`ss @cueuhgue*
Abkega`cs
Ciw
[h`llkatko E`rmgh`c gep`at
^`pkr (hkwsprght)*
^b`re`akutga`cs
Liio & orghdZkt`gc
_r`hspirt
K[ K_Qskatirs
Hih K[K_Q skatirs
* Qkatirs`h`cysko
Bgmb Ciw
\`cuk `t st`dk `s
` pripirtgih il
skatir prilgt
\`cuk `t st`dkj`sko ih pitkhtg`cghark`sk gh khkrmyaists
@jgcgty ti p`ss ih aists ti austiekrs
Aist p`ss-tbriumb `ho gep`at ihaihsuekr oke`ho cghdko ti cia`tgih,huejkr `ho jkb`vgiur il aiepktgtirs.
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_bk Qust gh jgcgty Gep at il tbk K[ Kegssgihs _r oghm Qystke ih tbk Kuripk h Ghoustry 0=
Gh mkhkr`c, `h kaihiega `h`cysgs a`h s`y wgtb aihlgokhak tb`t kckatrgagty mkhkr`tirs
(g.k. utgcgtgks) `rk m`ghghm ir `t ck`st `rk hit ciisghm lrie tbk ghtriouatgih il tbk
Kuripk`h Kegssgihs _r`oghm systke, kspkag`ccy huack`r piwkr pc`hts. Lissgc lukc
piwkr pc`hts wgcc ghaur ` bumk ghark`sk gh ogrkat aists, jut `rk stgcc `jck ti p`ss
tbriumb aists. _bgs gs p`rtg`ccy ouk ti tbk l`at tb`t tbk cgjkr`cgs`tgih il tbk Kuripk`h
Khkrmy e`rdkt gs hit ykt lgh`cgsko `ho eirkivkr ` cit il ghauejkhts stgcc b`vk strihm
e`rdkt piwkr gh tbkgr rkspkatgvk e`rdkt. Lir kx`epck, KOL a`h stgcc jk aihsgokrko `
qu`sg eihipicgst gh Lr`hak `ho Mkre`hy gs ab`r`atkrgsko jy `h icgmipicy wgtb ihcy
liur e`gh pc`ykrs oiegh`tghm tbk e`rdkt. _bgs p`pkr wgcc hiw ciid ghti tbk
ab`r`atkrgstgas il skckatko khkrmy ghtkhsgvk skatirs.
?.0. _bk Akekht Ghoustry
_bk Akekht Ghoustry, ghacuoko gh tbk K[ K_Q, gs tbk j`sgs lir kvkry aihstruatgih
prifkat `ho gs tbkrklirk gepirt`ht lir kvkry kaihiey. Eirk tb`h ;>% il Kuripk`h
akekht priouatgih gs `aaiuhtko lir jy lgvk e`fir pc`ykrs, wbgck tbk tip 0> pc`ykrs
bico `jiut ` =% (EADGHQKW `ho
KAILWQ, :>>> /tih AI: kegssgihs. Eist il tbgs aist ghark`sk gs ouk ti ogrkat kegssgihs,
ghogrkat gep`at lrie bgmbkr kckatrgagty prgaks e`dk up ihcy ` se`cc sb`rk il ivkr`cc
aist ghark`sk. _bus, okpkhoghm ih tbk `jgcgty ti p`ss ih aists ti austiekrs, tbk
Kuripk`h akekht ghoustry ih `vkr`mk wgcc l`ak ` aist ghark`sk eiokr`tk ir hkutr`c gl
tbk aists a`h jk p`ssko tbriumb. ^itkhtg`c aist ghark`sks wgcc prij`jcy jk skkh acisk ti
sk`pirts ir K[ jirokrs (Mrkkak, Qp`gh, siutbkrh Lr`hak, Gt`cy) wbkrk tbk pissgjgcgty
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_bk Qust gh jgcgty Gep at il tbk K[ Kegssgihs _r oghm Qystke ih tbk Kuripk h Ghoustry 02
il gepirtghm akekht gs tbk bgmbkst (EADGHQKW/KAILWQ, :>>>>? `ho :>>>>% il kegssgihs gh tbk K@L priakss `rk
ghogrkat kegssgihs wbkrk`s ihcy 0>% `rk ghogrkat gh tbk JIL priakss. Aihskqukhtcy,
tbk kegssgihs gh JIL `rk e`ghcy ogrkatcy priakss-rkc`tko, wbkrk`s tbk K@L riutk
prghagp`ccy kegts AI: ghogrkatcy tbriumb tbk usk il kckatrgagty. ^riouats priouako jy
tbk K@L priakss aiepktk eistcy gh rkmgih`c e`rdkts `ho `rk tbkrklirk `jck ti p`sstbriumb eirk aists tb`h priouats (aico riccko lc`t stkkc) lrie tbk JIL priakss, wbgab
`rk aiepktghm ih tbk mcij`c e`rdkt (A@Z-JIH _Z[Q_, :>>?).
[hokr tbk `ssueptgih il eirk `uatgihghm lir `cciw`haks `ho hi p`ss-tbriumb il
a`rjih aists, lc`t priouats (JIL) aiuco kxpkrgkhak ` aist ghark`sk il 0 /t (B[ABCKZ :>>=6 ::). Mgvkh tbk `oogtgih`c aists ih e`rmgh`c priouatgih il
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_bk Qust gh jgcgty Gep at il tbk K[ Kegssgihs _r oghm Qystke ih tbk Kuripk h Ghoustry 07
JIL priouats tbkrk aiuco jk ` pissgjck ghakhtgvk ti stip priouaghm gh Kuripk `ho ti
sbglt priouatgih ti aiuhtrgks wgtbiut a`rjih aists.
Gl, ih tbk itbkr b`ho, ihk `ssueks lrkk `cciw`haks il 7; % `ho `csi p`ss-tbriumb
r`tks il `oogtgih`c aists ti tbk stkkc uskrs, tbk aist gep`ats ih tbk stkkc ghoustry wgcc
jk vkry eiokr`tk `ho b`rocy kxakko 0 %.
Abgh` gs `h ghtkrkstghm pc`ykr ih stkkc e`rdkts. Aurrkhtcy, Abgh` a`usks ` sa`ragty il
sar`p stkkc wbgab ck`os ti bgmb ghput prgaks lir K@L priakssks. _bgs gs cgdkcy ti
aihtghuk lir tbk hkxt yk`rs (EADGHQKW `ho KAILWQ, :>>
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_bk Qust gh jgcgty Gep at il tbk K[ Kegssgihs _r oghm Qystke ih tbk Kuripk h Ghoustry :>
Ouk ti ghtkhsk aiepktgtgih jitb ghsgok `ho iutsgok il Kuripk (bgmb ghtkrh`tgih`c
tr`ok) hihk il tbk aist ghark`sks a`h jk p`ssko ih ti austiekrs. @cc stuogks kxpkat tbk
sbut oiwh il prge`ry sekctghm gh Kuripk gh tbk hkxt :> yk`rs. Biwkvkr, tbk sabkek
gs ihcy ihk eirk rk`sih ti liaus ghvkstekht iutsgok il Kuripk. Eist prij`jcy tbgs
okvkcipekht wiuco b`ppkh grrkspkatgvk il tbk K[ K_Q ouk ti tbk mkhkr`c
okvkcipekht il tbk khkrmy e`rdkts `ho tbk l`at tb`t `cueghgue sekctkrs `crk`oy
ipkr`tk `t tbk bgmb aist kho. Qkaiho`ry `cueghgue sekctkrs wgcc prij`jcy hit jk
`llkatko jy bgmbkr kckatrgagty prgaks.
?.?. Aihacusgihs
_i aihacuok, iur jrgkl `h`cysgs rkvk`cs tb`t tbk K[ K_Q e`y b`vk hkm`tgvk kaihiegakllkats ih tbk khkrmy ghtkhsgvk ghoustrgks. [hokr tbk `ssueptgih tb`t a`rjih prgaks `rk
cgdkcy ti ghark`sk `m`gh, tbisk ghoustrgks b`vk `t ck`st gh p`rts `h ghakhtgvk ti
rkcia`tk tbkgr priouatgih iutsgok tbk K[. Kvkh tbk akekht ghoustry wbkrk
tr`hspirt`tgih aists `rk sgmhglga`ht, e`y okagok ti usk e`rghk tr`hspirt`tgih lrie
iutsgok tbk K[. @ssueghm tb`t tbisk itbkr aiuhtrgks oi hi ekkt tbk bgmb
khvgrihekht`c st`ho`ros skt jy Kuripk, tbgs sbiuco jkaiek ` sust`gh`jgcgty gssuk.
;. Gep`ats _iw`ros Qust`gh`jck Khkrmy Quppcy Qystkes
Gl ihk t`dks tbk acge`tk gssuk skrgiuscy (Q_KZH, :>> % jy :>:> `ho jy ;> 2> %
gh tbk cihm ruh, tbkrk b`s ti jk ` e`ssgvk rkstruaturghm il tbk khkrmy suppcy systke.
Okspgtk tbksk rkqugrkekhts biwkvkr, jitb khkrmy `ho kckatrgagty priouatgih gs cgdkcyti ghark`sk lrie :,7>>;).
_bk Kuripk`h Aieegssgih c`uhabko gts khkrmy p`ad`mk gh F`hu`ry :>>=. _bk e`gh
`spkat il tbk pripis`cs gs ` jghoghm t`rmkt ti sc`sb tbk K['s mrkkhbiusk m`s kegssgihs
jy :>% gh :>:> aiep`rko wgtb 077> ckvkcs (KA, :>>=`). @m`ghst tbgs j`admriuho,
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_bk Qust gh jgcgty Gep at il tbk K[ Kegssgihs _r oghm Qystke ih tbk Kuripk h Ghoustry :0
kaihiega `h`cysgs `sskssks tbk aihsgstkhay `ho tbk gep`ats il aurrkht ghakhtgvks. _i
wb`t okmrkk oiks, lir ghst`hak, tbk K[ K_Q spur ghvkstekhts tiw`ros eirk
sust`gh`jck khkrmy suppcy systkes9
[p ti hiw tbk ghtkrh`tgih`c `mrkkekhts suab `s tbk Dyiti ^ritiaic oi hit mgvk ` ack`r
cihm tkre pkrspkatgvk. Ihk aiuco il aiursk `ssuek tb`t tbk khkrmy wirco wgcc hkko ti
jkaiek ckss `ho ckss a`rjih ghtkhsgvk, jut tbgs gs ` hire`tgvk `ssueptgih `ho tbkrk
b`vk jkkh hi ghtkrekog`tk `ho cihm tkre mi`cs skt. @ priegsghm khkrmy a`rrgkr suab `s
byorimkh, wbgab gs `t tbk st`mk il okeihstr`tgih prifkats jut wkcc jkciw `hy
okpciyekht, hkkos cihm tkre lirw`ro ciidghm picgtgas wgtb ` systke il ack`r tgek
pkrspkatgvks (A@ZZ@ZI/KMKHBILKZ, :>>14 JCKGQAB]G_V/L[BZE@HH,
:>>
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_bk Qust gh jgcgty Gep at il tbk K[ Kegssgihs _r oghm Qystke ih tbk Kuripk h Ghoustry ::
ghvkstghm ghti eijgcgty `ltkr tbk igc `mk, `rk hit aivkrko jy tbk K[ K_Q. Qurriuhoko
jy e`hy aihstr`ghts, tbk K[ K_Q a`h ihcy privgok h`rriw ghakhtgvks ti ogsaivkr hkw
tkabhga`c sicutgihs. @aairoghm ti KHOZKQ/IBC (:>>;6 :7) tbk K_Q wgcc ogspc`y tbk
pusb mkhkr`ccy kxpkatko lrie e`rdkt liraks ihcy ti ` cgegtko kxtkht. _bk Kuripk`h
Kegssgihs _r`oghm Qabkek gh gtskcl tbus oiks hit mgvk tbk ghakhtgvk ti ghvkst gh suab
ogsruptgvk tkabhicimgks `ho gt gs `csi hit gts `ge ti st`rt wgtb. @s ` aihskqukhak, sbirt-
ruh `ho lckxgjck `j`tkekht pissgjgcgtgks skke ti jk eirk `ppk`cghm ti lgres.
@ oyh`ega pusb tiw`ros sust`gh`jck khkrmy systkes wiuco rkqugrk jitb `h geprivko
K_Q systke `ho kspkag`ccy eirk t`rmktko primr`es lir jusghkss okvkcipekht `ho
e`rdkt khtry il hkw khkrmy siuraks `ho a`rrgkrs. Ihk aiuco, lir kx`epck, ge`mghk
tb`t aiep`hgks ghvkst gh kegssgih rkouaghm prifkats wgtbgh tbk K[ `ho mkt arkogts lirgt, aiep`r`jck ti FG ir AOE prifkats. _biumb, tbk Kuripk`h Aieegssgih oiks hit
l`viur tbgs iptgih `s gt ekrkcy sbglts rkouatgih kllirts lrie ihk skatir ti tbk itbkr.
Qiek tkabhicimgks a`h `crk`oy jk skkh `s dky tkabhicimgks lir egtgm`tghm mcij`c
w`reghm `ho ti khsurk ` ckss okpkhokht khkrmy suppcy gh tbk Kuripk`h [hgih. Qiek
`rk `crk`oy jkghm `atgvkcy khaiur`mko jy K[ picgagks (k.m. rkhkw`jcks) wbgck itbkrs
`rk stgcc sujfkat ti lurtbkr rksk`rab (k.m. byorimkh, AI: skqukstr`tgih). @ lkw iptgihs
ih biw `h geprivko K_Q egmbt jk p`rt il ` c`rmkr picgay p`ad`mk `geko `t cihm-tkre
ghhiv`tgih sbiuco jk ekhtgihko bkrk6
0. Eirk str`tkmga picgay aiirogh`tgih jktwkkh ogllkrkht p`rts il tbk Kuripk`h
Aieegssgih, suab `s OM Khvgrihekht, OM Zksk`rab `ho OM _r`hspirt `ho
Khkrmy gs `t st`dk. Pugtk iltkh, stkps `rk uhokrt`dkh wgtbiut sullgagkhtcy t`dghm
ghti `aaiuht itbkr picgay `rk`s. _bk rkmuc`tiry gep`at `sskssekht egmbt jk `
tiic lir jkttkr ghogvgou`c rkmuc`tgih, jut aieeuhga`tgih `ho str`tkmga picgagks
sbiuco `csi jk geprivko.
:. Eirk liausko `atgih6 tbk Byorimkh `ho Lukc Akcc ^c`tlire (BL^) `ho tbk
upaieghm Fight _kabhicimy Ghgtg`tgvk (F_G) `ge ti l`agcgt`tk `ho `aakckr`tk tbk
okvkcipekht `ho okpciyekht il Kuripk`h byorimkh `ho lukc akcc j`sko khkrmy
systkes `ho aiepihkht tkabhicimgks lir `ppcga`tgihs gh tr`hspirt, st`tgih`ry `ho
pirt`jck piwkr. E`fir ab`cckhmks a`h jk skkh gh `) ogsskegh`tghm tbk dhiwckomk
`ho j) ti spkko up tbk okpciyekht str`tkmy. Aurrkhtcy hit ihcy tbk bksgt`tgih iltbk lgh`hag`c e`rdkts ti suppirt cihm tkre ghvkstekhts gh hkw ghlr`struaturks ir
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_bk Qust gh jgcgty Gep at il tbk K[ Kegssgihs _r oghm Qystke ih tbk Kuripk h Ghoustry :1
pujcga `aakpt`hak, jut `csi tbk c`ad il aiirogh`tgih jktwkkh tbk K[
primr`eeks tbkeskcvks `ho jktwkkh K[ `ho h`tgih`c primr`eeks `rk ` skrgius
j`rrgkr ti okpciyekht. @ liausko `atgih aiuco ghacuok c`rmk sa`ck BLA
okeihstr`tgih prifkats `ho ` lkw lgrst pgpkcghk ogstrgjutgih systkes gh `rk`s wgtb
stk`e ektb`hk rklireghm a`p`agtgks `ho bgmb khkrmy aihsueptgih, `ooko jy `
acustkr picgay lir ghhiv`tgvk QEKs wbgab jrghm hkw `ppcga`tgih priouats wgtb
BLAs gh hgabk e`rdkts.
1. Qkatir`c `atgih pc`hs wgtb khkrmy-ghtkhsgvk ghoustrgks `ho gts austiekrs oiwh-
strk`e wbkrk cihm tkre pkrspkatgvks `rk lireuc`tko `ho siek sbirt tkre
kxkeptgihs lrie acge`tk picgay `rk aiejghko wgtb jghoghm ri`oe`ps ih
sust`gh`jgcgty ghhiv`tgih `ho e`rdkt okvkcipekht gh tbisk skatirs. K.m.kxkeptgihs lrie khkrmy t`x`tgih `ho lkko-gh c`ws lir rkhkw`jck khkrmgks `rk
kaihiega`ccy fustglgko ihcy gl tbisk khkrmy ghtkhsgvk ghoustrgks `oipt arkogjck
str`tkmgks lir sust`gh`jck khkrmy usk. _bgs `csi lgts ti tbk _bke`tga Qtr`tkmy ih
tbk Qust`gh`jck [sk il H`tur`c Zksiuraks (AIE(:>>;) lgh`c).
?. E`dk usk il jrk`d kvkh pights6 tkht`tgvk a`cauc`tgihs (Buabckr :>>=) rkvk`c tb`t
`jivk ` prgak il :1.? /t AI: gt jkaieks prilgt`jck ti sbut oiwh kxgstghm ai`c
pc`hts `ho ti rkpc`ak tbke jy hkw aiejghko ayack m`s turjghks. _bisk jrk`d
kvkh pights `rk rkckv`ht lir e`hy hkw tkabhicimgks. @ sust`gh`jck ghoustrg`c
picgay tbkrklirk wiuco ghark`sk `ho st`jgcgzk a`rjih prgaks jkyiho suab jrk`d
kvkh pights.
;. Lgh`haghm ghhiv`tgih6 Gl picgay e`dkrs wiuco `oipt `uatgihghm `s tbk prklkrrko
`ccia`tgih ektbio ihk aiuco usk p`rt il tbk mkhkr`tko rkvkhuks ti put ghti `
luho tb`t gs ghvkstghm gh rksk`rab, okeihstr`tgih `ho gepckekht`tgih prifkats
suab `s byorimkh tkabhicimy. @h `uatgihghm sabkek wiuco `csi ark`tk `
uhglire `ho tr`hsp`rkht prgak sgmh`c lir tbk aists il a`rjih, wbkrk`s `ccia`tgih
j`sko ih mr`hol`tbkrghm ark`tks e`hglico ogstirtgihs `ho ghaihsgstkhagks. @s tbk
tr`hspirt skatir gs hit ykt ghacuoko gh tbk K[ K_Q, rksk`rab aiuco okvkcip
sakh`rgis ti ghogrkatcy okark`sk kegssgihs lrie tb`t skatir gh tbk cihm tkre wgtb
a`rjih lrkk priouako byorimkh/lukc akcc vkbgacks. Gh irokr hit ti ark`tk
`oogtgih`c jurk`uar`ay, tbisk rkvkhuks aiuco suppirt KGJ primr`eeks ir tbk
K[ rkmgih`c luhos t`rmktko ti ai-lgh`hak byorimkh aieeuhgtgks.
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_bk Qust gh jgcgty Gep at il tbk K[ Kegssgihs _r oghm Qystke ih tbk Kuripk h Ghoustry :?
_bgs skatgih b`s hit jkkh wrgttkh oiwh ti luccy oksargjk ghakhtgvk sabkeks tiw`ros `
sust`gh`jck khkrmy suppcy gh tbk K[. E`hy kaihiega `ho ckm`c `spkats hkko ti jk
`sskssko tbiriumbcy gh tbk luturk.
/t) tbisk ghoustrgks wiuco jk `t `
ogs`ov`ht`mk aiep rko ti tbkgr aiepktgtirs lrie iutsgok tbk K[.
@s il tio`y, tbk K[ K_Q oiks hit ykt pripkrcy l`agcgt`tk cihm tkre ghhiv`tgih
oyh`egas suab `s tbk tr`hsgtgih ti ` byorimkh kaihiey. _bgs e`y hit aiek `s `
surprgsk, jka`usk tbk K[ K_Q b`s hit jkkh skt up ti oi tb`t gh tbk lgrst pc`ak. Gt
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_bk Qust gh jgcgty Gep at il tbk K[ Kegssgihs _r oghm Qystke ih tbk Kuripk h Ghoustry :;
khaiur`mks ciw aist kegssgihs rkouatgih ek`surks jut oiks hit ykt pripkrcy privgok
tbk ghakhtgvks hkkoko ti jrghm `jiut struatur`c ab`hmk.
Qummkstgihs lir geprivkekhts `cihm tbksk cghks ghacuok (skk `jivk)6
Eirk str`tkmga picgay aiirogh`tgih jktwkkh ogllkrkht p`rts il tbk Kuripk`h
Aieegssgih4
Eirk liausko `atgih ih okpciyekht il dky sust`gh`jck tkabhicimgks4
Qkatir`c `atgih pc`hs wgtb khkrmy-ghtkhsgvk ghoustrgks `ho gts austiekrs
oiwhstrk`e4
E`dk usk il jrk`d kvkh pights suab `s swgtabghm lrie ai`c ti m`s4
Lgh`haghm ghhiv`tgih.
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_bk Qust gh jgcgty Gep at il tbk K[ Kegssgihs _r oghm Qystke ih tbk Kuripk h Ghoustry :>0:Zkouatgih _`rmkts, FK_-QK_ ^rifkat Zkpirt. (`v`gc`jck `t6
bttp6//www.wuppkrghst.irm/ok/ghli/okt`gcskgtkYegtYo`tue/ghokx.btec9&jkgtr`mYgo51&prifkdtYgo57=&jgo5?), _bk Kuripk`h Kegssgihs _r`oghm Qabkek Gepcga`tgihslir Ghoustrg`c aiepktgtgvkhkss, A`rjih _rust, Cihoih.
A@ZJIH _Z[Q_ (:>>>1), Lgres, Mivkrhekhts `ho Acge`tk^icgay. Ghakhtgvk-J`sko ^icgagks lir Cihm-tkre Acge`tk Ab`hmk, Kow`ro Kcm`r.
AKEJ[ZK@[ (:>>>;, Jrusskcs.
AIH\KZW, L. (:>>1), Gssuks gh kegssgihs tr`oghm- `h ghtriouatgih, ^icgay Jrgkl, 0,Khvgrihekht`c Ghstgtutk, [hgvkrsgty Aicckmk Oujcgh.
AIH\KZW, L. (:>>;), Kuripk`h Kegssgihs _r`oghm- @ lgrst `sskssekht `ho tbk w`y`bk`o, Aieekht`ry jy Lr`hd Aihvkry, ^rkskhtko `t6 Luturk Kuripk`h Ab`cckhmksaihlkrkhak, irm`hgsko jy tbk _iyit` Ab`gr il tbk Aicckmk il Kuripk, Jrumks `ho tbkKuripk`h ^icgay Akhtrk, 0:tb F`hu`ry, :>>;, Ariwh ^c`z` Bitkc, Jrusskcs.
KAILWQ (:>>>;), Dyiti, Kuripk9 @h kaihiega kv`cu`tgih il tbk
Kuripk`h Kegssgih tr`oghm ogrkatgvk, gh6 Kuripk`h Fiurh`c il C`w `ho Kaihiegas, 07,pp. 0= 17.
K[ZI^K@H AIEEGQQGIH/KA (:>>;`), K[ `atgih `m`ghst acge`tk ab`hmk- K[kegssgihs tr`oghm sabkek, `h ipkh sabkek prieitghm mcij`c ghhiv`tgih, Jrusskcs.
K[ZI^K@H AIEEGQQGIH/KA (:>>;j), AIEE[HGA@_GIH LZIE _BKAIEEGQQGIH Lurtbkr mugo`hak ih `ccia`tgih pc`hs lir tbk :>>2 ti :>0: tr`oghm
pkrgio il tbk K[ Kegssgih _r`oghm Qabkek, AIE (:>>;) =>1 lgh`c, Jrusskcs.
K[ZI^K@H AIEEGQQGIH/KA (:>>
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_bk Qust gh jgcgty Gep at il tbk K[ Kegssgihs _r oghm Qystke ih tbk Kuripk h Ghoustry :=
`ho tbk Aieegttkk il tbk Zkmgihs-Jugcoghm ` mcij`c a`rjih e`rdkt Zkpirt pursu`htti @rtgack 1> il Ogrkatgvk :>>1/2=/KA, AIE(:>>=`), Aieegssgih pripisks `h ghtkmr`tkokhkrmy `ho acge`tk ab`hmk p`ad`mk ti aut kegssgihs lir tbk :0st Akhtury, ^rkssZkck`sk, G^/>=/:7, Jrusskcs.
K[ZI^K@H AIEEGQQGIH/KA (:>>=j), Mrkkh ^`pkr ih e`rdkt j`sko ghstruekhtslir khvgrihekht `ho khkrmy rkc`tko picgay purpisks AIE(:>>=) 0?> Lgh`c, Jrusskcs.
K[ZI^K@H KH\GZIHEKH_ @MKHAW/KK@ (:>>;), E`rdkt J`sko Ghstruekhtslir Khvgrihekht`c ^icgay gh Kuripk, KK@ _kabhga`c Zkpirt Hi 2/:>>; GQJH6 7:-
70>>>=), _bk jusghkss gep`at il tbk K[ kegssgihs tr`oghm sabkek6 _bka`sk il tbk piwkr mkhkr`tghm ghoustry `ho tbk stkkc ghoustry, E`stkr _bksgs `t tbkAicckmk il Kuripk, Jrumks.
GK@/IKAO (:>>?), Cghdghm Hih-K[ Oiekstga Kegssgihs _r`oghm Qabkeks wgtb tbkK[ Kegssgihs _r`oghm Qabkek, GK@/IKAO ^`pkr, ^`rgs.
GK@ (:>>;), ]irco Khkrmy Iutciid, GK@, ^`rgs.
GK@ (:>>=), AI: @cciw`haks & Kckatrgagty ^rgak Ghtkr`atgih - Gep`at ih ghoustryskckatrgagty purab`sghm str`tkmgks gh Kuripk. GK@ Ghlire`tgih ^`pkr, IKAO/Ghtkrh`tgih`c Khkrmy @mkhay, `rgs.
DCK^^KZ, M.4 ^K_KZQIH, Q. (:>>1), Ghtkrh`tgih`c _r`ok `ho Aiepktgtgvk Kllkats,^icgay Jrgkl, >?), Cghdghm AOE & FG wgtb K[ kegssgih`cciw`hak tr`oghm, ]uppkrt`c Ghstgtutk lir Acge`tk, Khvgrihekht `ho Khkrmy,]uppkrt`c.
CK\KZK, F. (:>>1), Cghdghm kegssgihs tr`oghm `ho prifkat j`sko ekab`hgses, ^icgayJrgkl, ;, Khvgrihekht`c Ghstgtutk, [hgvkrsgty Aicckmk Oujcgh.
EADGHQKW `ho KAILWQ (:>>;), Zkvgkw il K[ Kegssgihs _r`oghm Qabkek -Qurvky Bgmbcgmbts, Jrusskcs.
EADGHQKW `ho KAILWQ (:>>
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_bk Qust gh jgcgty Gep at il tbk K[ Kegssgihs _r oghm Qystke ih tbk Kuripk h Ghoustry :2
EGAB@KCI]@, @.4 J[_VKHMKGMKZ, Q. (:>>;), K[ kegssgihs tr`oghm6h`vgm`tghm jktwkkh Qaycc` `ho Ab`ryjogs, Acge`tk ^icgay, ;, p.0-7.
^@ICKCC@, E.4 _@QABGHG, C. (:>>>;)6 AI: prgak oyh`egas6 _bk gepcga`tgihs il K[ kegssgihstr`oghm lir tbk prgak il kckatrgagty. Khkrmy Zksk`rab Akhtrk il tbk Hktbkrc`hos, ^kttkh
QGFE, F.^.E. kt `c. (:>>>>;), Mgvghm wghms ti kegssgih tr`oghm - Ghacusgih il `vg`tgih uhokr tbk Kuripk`hKegssgih _r`oghm Qystke (K_Q)6 Oksgmh `ho gep`ats, AK, Okclt.
VKZJK, Z. I. (:>>0), Kaihiega Kllgagkhay gh C`w `ho Kaihiegas, Abkctkhb`e6Kow`ro Kcm`r.
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Cgst il Jrumks Kuripk`h Kaihiega ^icgay jrgklghms (JKK^)
JKK^ jrgklghm h 0= (Qkptkejkr :>>=)
_bk Qust`gh`jgcgty Gep`at il tbk K[ Kegssgihs _r`oghm Qystke ih tbk Kuripk`h Ghoustry, jy
Z`geuho Jckgsabwgtz, D`trgh Lubre`hh `ho Kcg`s Buabckr.
JKK^ jrgklghm h 0< (E`rab :>>=)
Qkrvgaks gh Kuripk`h ^icgagks, jy Cugs Zuj`ca`j`.
JKK^ jrgklghm h 0; (Fucy :>>>>>;)
C` mkstgih ok c` tr`hsgtgih vkrs c` eihh`gk uhgquk kt ct`jcgsskekht ok c` arogjgcgt ok ckuri,
jy Fk`h-Ac`uok _rgabkt.
JKK^ jrgklghm h 00 (Qkptkejkr :>>;)
Oiks tbk Kuripk`h [hgih ark`tk tbk liuho`tgihs il `h ghlire`tgih siagkty lir `cc9,jy
Mioklriy O`hm Hmuykh & E`rgk Ficcs.
JKK^ jrgklghm h 0> (F`hu`ry :>>;)
@ _rgpck-G Qtr`tkmy lir tbk Luturk il Kuripk, jy Z`geuho Jckgsabwgtz.
JKK^ jrgklghm h 7 (Okakejkr :>>?)
_bk _urdgsb J`hdghm Qkatir, Ab`cckhmks `ho Iutciid gh _r`hsgtgih ti K[ Ekejkrsbgp, jy
@clrko Qtkghbkrr, @cg _udkc & Eur`t [akr.
JKK^ jrgklghm h 2 (Iatijkr :>>?)
_bk Kaihiegas il K[ Z`gcw`y Zklire, jy F`aquks ^kcde`hs & Cirgs og ^gktr`htihgi.
JKK^ jrgklghm h = (Fuhk :>>?)
Qust`gh`jck Okvkcipekht `ho Aicckatgvk Ck`rhghm6 _bkiry `ho ` Kuripk`h A`sk Qtuoy, jy
Z`geuho Jckgsabwgtz, Egab`kc C`tsab & Drgstg`h Qhirrk @hokrskh
JKK^ jrgklghm h < (F`hu`ry :>>?)
A`h Kuripk Okcgvkr Mriwtb9 _bk Q`pgr Zkpirt @ho Jkyiho, jy F`aquks ^kcde`hs & Fk`h-
^gkrrk A`sky.
JKK^ jrgklghm h ; (@prgc :>>1)
Kllgagkht _`x`tgih il Euctg-H`tgih`c Khtkrprgsks gh tbk Kuripk`h [hgih, jy Qtkl`hi Egaissg,
^`ic` ^`r`sa`hoic` & J`rj`r` _rgjkrtg.
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./..
Cgst il Jrumks Kuripk`h Kaihiega ^icgay jrgklghms (JKK^)./..
JKK^ jrgklghm h ? (@prgc :>>1)
K[ Khc`rmkekht6 Kxtkrh`c Kaihiega Gepcga`tgihs, jy F`aquks ^kcde`hs & Fk`h-^gkrrkA`sky.
JKK^ jrgklghm h 1 (E`rab :>>1)
Eutu`c Zkaimhgtgih, [hkepciyekht `ho _bk ]kcl`rk Qt`tk, jy Lgirkcc` Distirgs ^`oi`
Qabgipp`.
JKK^ jrgklghm h : (Okakejkr :>>:)
Eutu`c Zkaimhgtgih gh Miios `ho Qkrvgaks6 `h Kaihiega ^krspkatgvk, jy F`aquks ^kcde`hs.
JKK^ jrgklghm h 0 (Iatijkr :>>:)Kaihiega Gepcga`tgihs il Khc`rmkekht, jy F`aquks ^kcde`hs.
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Cgst il Jrumks Kuripk`h Kaihiega Zksk`rab ^`pkrs (JKKZ)
JKKZ p`pkr h 00 (Fuhk :>>=)
Zkmgih`c Jusghkss Ayack Qyhabrihgz`tgih gh Kuripk9, jy Ciuroks @akoi Eihtiy` `ho F`dij
ok B``h
JKKZ p`pkr h 0> (E`rab :>>=)
L`egcy _ypks `ho tbk ^krsgstkhak il Zkmgih`c Ogsp`rgtgks gh Kuripk, jy Mgccks Our`htih,@hors Ziormukz-^isk `ho Zgab`ro Q`ho`cc.
JKKZ p`pkr h 7 (Lkjru`ry :>>=)
@h`cysghm tbk Aihtrgjutgih il Jusghkss Qkrvgaks ti Kuripk`h Kaihiega Mriwtb, jy Bkhd
Dix `ho Cugs Zuj`ca`j`.
JKKZ p`pkr h 2 (Hivkejkr :>>>>>; Zklire il tbk Qt`jgcgty `ho Mriwtb ^`at6 _ii Cgttck, _ii C`tk9, jy Lgirkcc`
Distirgs ^`oi` Qabgipp`.
JKKZ p`pkr h ; (Iatijkr :>>>>;)
Zkmgih`c ]`mk @ho Kepciyekht Zkspihsks _i E`rdkt ^itkhtg`c Gh _bk K[, jy Dkgtb Bk`o
& _bgkrry E`ykr.
JKKZ p`pkr h : (E`y :>>;)
_kabhicimy ogllusgih, skrvgaks `ho khoimkhius mriwtb gh Kuripk. Gs tbk Cgsjih Qtr`tkmy stgcc`cgvk9, jy ^`ici Mukrrgkrg , Jkrh`roi E`mmg , \`ckhtgh` Ekcgag`hg & ^gkr A`rci ^`oi`h.
JKKZ p`pkr h 0 (Hivkejkr :>>?)
Koua`tgih, Egmr`tgih, @ho Fij Q`tgsl`atgih6 _bk Zkmgih`c Zkturhs Il Bue`h A`pgt`c Gh _bk
K[, jy @hors Ziormukz-^isk & Eihtskrr`t \gc`ct`-Jul.
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