TheYouthGuaranteeandUpskillingPathways:underpinningpoliciesandfundingmechanisms
ConcepciónMaizteguiOñate(DeustoUniversity)TriinRoosalu(TallinnUniversity)
MarcellaMilana(UniversityofVerona)
Overview
• Analyticalapproach:vulnerability;benefits;policytrails;welfareregimes
• Trailingtheresults– EULLLpolicycontext– EUlevelpolicy:YouthGuaranteeprogramme– YouthGuaranteeinthenationalsettings– Providingbenefitsforthelearner
ENLIVENVulnerabilitymodel(Maiztegui&Roosalu,2019,
basedonCastel,2004&Silver2015)
ENLIVENBenefitsanalyticalmodel(Maiztegui&Roosalu,2019)
SOCIETALLEVEL
INDIVIDUALLEVEL
EDUCATIONLLL
CIVICANDSOCIAL
ENGAGEMENT
EMPLOYABILITY
EMPOWERMENT
STRU
CTURA
LAN
DIIN
DIVIDU
ALFAC
TORS
ANDPR
OGRA
MME
CHAR
ACTERISTICS
ENLIVENPOLICYTRAIL
1. aprogrammefundedundertheYouthGuaranteeinitiativeinwhichtheaimistosupportdisadvantagedyoungpeopleintoemployment(employmentfocus)
2. aprogrammeundertheUpskillingPathwaysinitiativeinwhichtheaimistohelpdisadvantagedyoungpeopleovercomebarriers,asasteptowardsmakingatransitionintoaneducation/training/employmentactivity(empowermentfocus)
EUpolicyinLLL
EULLLpolicyprogramme
Nationalpolicymeasurestoimplementtheprogramme
(regional)trainingproviders,educators,supportstaff
learners
Comparativeframework
EuropeanLLLpolicycontext
VulnerableintheEULLLpolicydocuments
,
PriortoLisbonstrategy
(1993-1999)
AfterLisbonStrategy
(2000-2009)
AfterEurope2020strategy(2010-2018)YouthGuarantee(2013)
NewSkillsAgendaforEurope(2016)ImprovingandModernisingeducation(2016)
Upskillingpathways
ShiftsinEUlevelLLLpolicies.(Ourownanalysis,Maiztegui&Roosalu,2019)
• ‘youth’aspresentnowasbefore2000inECLLLpolicydocuments– youthcontinuetoberegardedasatrisk,unemployed,disadvantaged,vulnerable,excluded,lowskilled,lowqualified
• shiftinaimsforinterventions– towardsbasicskillsandnewcompetences(employability);– awayfromcivicparticipationandequality(empowerment),
• shiftinmeasuressuggested– towardstailoredguidanceandflexibility,validationofoutcomes,legislation,andworkbasedlearning,
– awayfrommentoring-counselling,qualityeducation,qualificationofteachertraining,and
Europeanpolicyprogramme:YouthGuarantee
trail
YouthGuarantee
Why?«InvestingnowinthehumancapitalofyoungEuropeanswilldeliverlong-termbenefitsand
contributetosustainableandinclusiveeconomicgrowth.TheUnionwillbeabletoreapthefullbenefitsofanactive,inno-vativeandskilled
workforcewhileavoidingtheveryhighcostsofhavingyoungpeopleneitherinemployment,educationortraining(‘NEETs’),currentlyputat
1,2%ofGDP.»
Whatfor?«[to]ensurethatallyoungpeopleundertheageof25yearsreceiveagood-qualityofferofemployment,
continuededucation,anapprenticeshiporatraineeshipwithinaperiodoffourmonthsofbecomingunemployedor
leavingformaleducation»
RecommendationoftheCounciloftheEUof22April2013onestablishingaYouthGuarantee
OurapproachanalysingYouthGuarantee
1.RegionaldevelopmenteligibilitycriteriaforESF(2014-2020)• BGandEEcompriseonlyESFregionsundercategory1.Lessdeveloped
regions(GDP/headlessthan75%ofEU-27)• SKcomprisesESFregionsundercategories1.and2.Transitionregions
(GDP/headbetween75%and90%ofEU-27)• AT,DKandBEcomprise,each,ESFregionsundercategories2.and3.
Moredevelopedregions(GDP/headequalormorethan90%ofEU-27• UK,ESandITcomprise,each,ESFregionsunderallthreecategories2.Minimumguaranteedshareofnationalallocations(24.8%oftotal)• EE,SK-didnotmeettheminimumguaranteedshare• BG,ES,IT-allocatedslightlymorethantheminimumguaranteedshare• AT,UK-allocatedmorethantheminimumguaranteedshare• BE,DK-allocateddoubleormorethantheminimumguaranteedshare
DomesticadaptationprocessesinnationalcontextstriggeredbytheYouthGuarantee
1. Austria(AT)2. Bulgaria(BG)3. Denmark(DK)4. Estonia(EE)5. Flanders/Brussels(BE)6. Italy(IT)7. Slovakia(SK)8. Spain(ES)9. UnitedKingdom(UK)
YouthGuarantee:Comparativeresults
Coordinationmostlydecentralizedtomeetlocalneeds;lackofmeasurestoreachvulnerablegroupsbasedonlong-termsocialfactors
Inshort…
• Allcountriesattempttoconnectactors(e.g.,publicemploymentservices,adulteducationproviders,andsocialservices,etc.)andlevelstocoordinateactionsandmeasures
• Yet,atgovernanceandmanagementlevelsbothchallengesandsolutionsfoundaredependentontheformofwelfarestateregime,andnationalneedsperceptionsofvulnerablepopulations
• Insomecases(e.g.Estonia),evenifparticipationinadulteducationismediuminsizeanddistributedunevenly,YGhasincreasedboththeimportanceofeducation,andthelearningofyoungadults.Inothers(e.g.Italy),YGisamissedopportunityforstrengtheningandinvestinginacrucialsectorliketheeducationandtrainingofyoungadults
Toconclude:• Domesticadaptationprocessesledtoheterogeneouspracticesinwhicheducationand
employmentareincreasinglyintimatelyconnected• Yet,whiletheYGforeshadowsasynthesisofeducation,training&activelabormarketpolicies,
itsadaptivepracticesseemnottohavefullyrealizedsuchpotential
Programmeprovisionsthatdeliver
benefitstolearners
PerceivedbenefitsonENLIVENpolicytrail(basedonSchuller,2004)
Personalskillsrelatedtotheagency&empowerment
Employability
PERCEIVEDBENEFITS
SocialandCivicEngagementSocialCapital
Outcomes
Theresultspointattwomainindividualcomponents:a) theactivationordevelopmentofbasicskillslinkedtothe
solutionofeverydayproblemsandb) theinternalization,orpersonalsatisfactionwithoneself,linked
tofeelingsofsecurityandwell-being
Concludingremarks
Conclusions1/2
• Vulnerabilityasafluidconcept• LLLenhancesempowerment,inclusionandemployability• Benefitsrelatetoproviderlevelcharacteristics• Policytrailausefulapproach
Conclusion2/2
• ImportantshiftsinEULLLpoliciesreyoung• Institutionalsettingsdifferwhendimensionsofvulnerabilityareconsidered
• PlantingECprogrammeYGinnationalsettingsneedstoaccountfordiversity
• AEperceivedbenefitsreempowerment,inclusionandemployabilitydependentonproviders
Thanks!