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CHAPTER 5:THE RESEARCH
PROCESS
STEPS 4 AND 5: THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK & HYPOTHESISDEVELOPMENT
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RESEARCH PROCESS SO FAR
REALIZING
THAT SOMETHING IS GOING WRONGOR SHOULD BE IMPROVED
CONDUCTING INTERVIEWS
AND COMPLETING A LITERATURE SURVEY
DEFINING
PROBLEM
THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK
Variables clearly identified
and labeled
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THE NEED FOR THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK A theoretical framework is a conceptual
model of how one theorizes or makes
logical sense of the relationships among theseveral factors that have been identified as
important to the problem
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Integrating your logical beliefs with
published research, taking into
consideration the boundaries and constrainsgoverning the situation
The theoretical framework discusses the
interrelationships among the variables thatare deemed to be integral to the dynamics of
the situation being investigated
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From the theoretical framework, testable
hypotheses can be developed to examine
whether the theory formulated is valid ornot.
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CONCEPT: VARIABLE
A variable is anything that can take on differing or
varying values.
The values can differ at various times for the sameobject or person, or the values can differ at the
same time for different objects or persons.
Examples are exam scores, inflation rate, gini
coefficient, absenteeism, and motivation
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TYPES OF VARIABLES
The dependent variable (criterion variable)
The independent variable (predictor
variable)
The moderating variable
The intervening variable
Discrete variable (male or female)
Continuous variable (age of a person)
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I-Dependent Variable
The variable of primary interest to the researcher
Main aim is to understand and describe the
dependent variable (e.g. the factors that affect it) By analyzing it, researcher finds answers or
solutions to problems
Sometimes there may be more than one DV,requiring multivariate statistical analysis
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EXAMPLES
A manager is concerned that the sales of a
new product introduced after test marketing
is not as high as he had expected.
A vice president is concerned that the
employees are not loyal to the organization
and, in fact, switch their loyalties to otherinstitutions.
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INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
An independent variable is one that
influences dependent variable in either a
positive or negative way.
The variance in the dependent variable is
accounted for by the independent variable
(s).
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Examples
Cross cultural research indicates thatmanagerial values govern the power
distance between superiors and subordinates
A consultant is of the opinion that muchbenefit would accrue by buying and selling
at the appropriate times in a financial
environment where the stocks are volatile
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Moderating variable
The moderating variable is one that has a
strong contingent effect on the independent
variable-dependent variable relationship.
The presence of a third variable (the
moderating variable) modifies the original
relationship between the independent anddependent variables.
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EXAMPLE
A positive relationship has been foundbetween the number of books that five and
six year old children have access to at home
and their reading abilities. However, if theparents are totally illiterate, that relationship
does not hold.
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A research study indicates that the
willingness of the employees to learn new
ways of doing things is not influenced bythe quality of the training programs offered
by the organizations for all people.
Only those who have high growth needsseem to be willing to learn to do new things
through specialized training.
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INTERVENING VARIABLE
An intervening variable is one that surfaces
between the time the independent variables
operate to influence the dependent variableand their impact on the dependent variable
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EXAMPLE
A prevalent theory is that the diverseworkforce contributes more to
organizational effectiveness because eachgroup brings its own special expertise andskills to the work place. The synergy can becaptured, however, only if managers know
how to harness the special talents of thediverse work group; otherwise they willremain untapped.
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Workforce diversityCreative
SynergyOrganizational
effectiveness
Managerial
expertise
Ind. V
M.V.
Int. V. Dep. Var.
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COMPONENTS OF
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK The variables considered relevant to the
study should be clearly identified and
labeled in the discussions The discussions should state how two or
more variables are related to one another.
This should be done for the importantrelationships that are theorized to exist
among the variables.
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COMPONENTS (continued)
If the nature and direction of the relationships can betheorized on the basis of the findings from previousresearch, then there should be an indication in the
discussions as to whether the relationships would bepositive or negative.
There should be a clear explanation of why we wouldexpect these relationships to exist. The arguments could bedrawn from the previous research findings.
A schematic diagram of the theoretical framework shouldbe given so that the reader can see and easily comprehendthe theorized relationships.
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EXAMPLE- DELTA AIRLINES