8/6/2019 Three Glasses of the Three Wine Colors
1/53
-
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:White_Wine_Glas.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:White_Wine_Glas.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:White_Wine_Glas.jpg8/6/2019 Three Glasses of the Three Wine Colors
2/53
Three glasses of the three wine colors (from left to right), white, rosand red.
16th century wine press
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ros%C3%A9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ros%C3%A9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ros%C3%A9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ros%C3%A98/6/2019 Three Glasses of the Three Wine Colors
3/53
Wine boy at asymposium
Wine is analcoholic beverage typically made offermentedgrape juice.[1]The natural chemical balance of
grapes is such that they can ferment without the addition of sugars, acids, enzymes or other nutrients.
[2]Wine is produced by fermenting crushed grapes using various types ofyeast. Yeast consumes the
sugars found in the grapes and converts them into alcohol. Different varieties of grapes and strains of
yeasts are used depending on the type of wine being produced. [3]
Although other fruits such as apples and berries can also be fermented, the resultant wines are normally
named after the fruit from which they are produced (for example, apple wine orelderberry wine) and are
generically known asfruit wineor country wine(not to be confused with theFrenchterm vin de pays).
Others, such as barley wineandrice wine (i.e., sake), are made from starch based materials and
resemblebeer and spiritmore than wine, whileginger wine isfortifiedwith brandy. In these cases, the use
of the term "wine" is a reference to the higher alcohol content, rather than production process. [4]The
commercial use of theEnglishword "wine" (and its equivalent in other languages) is protected by law in
many jurisdictions.[5]
Wine has a rich history dating back to around 6000 BC and is thought to have originated in areas now
within the borders of Georgiaand Iran.[6][7] Wine probably appeared inEurope at about 4500 BC in what is
now Bulgaria and Greece, and was very common inancient Greece,Thrace and Rome. Wine has also
played an important role in religion throughout history. The Greekgod Dionysos and
the Roman equivalentBacchusrepresented wine, and the drink is also used
inChristian andJewish ceremonies such as the Eucharist (also called theHoly Communion) andKiddush.
The word "wine" derives from the Proto Germanic "*winam," an early borrowing from the Latinvinum,
"wine" or "(grape) vine," itself derived from theProto Indo European stem *win o
(cf. Hittite: wiyana,Lycian:Oino,Ancient Greek onos, Aeolic Greek woinos).[8][9]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Grape varieties
3 Classification
o 3.1 European classifications
o 3.2 Beyond Europe
4 Vintages
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symposiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symposiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholic_beveragehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholic_beveragehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentation_(wine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentation_(wine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentation_(wine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grapehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apfelweinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elderberry_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elderberry_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin_de_payshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barley_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barley_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distilled_beveragehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distilled_beveragehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortified_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortified_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortified_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thracehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome_and_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_Religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_Religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucharisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Communionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Communionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiddushhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Germanic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Germanic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hittite_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeolic_Greekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://toggletoc%28%29/http://toggletoc%28%29/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symposiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholic_beveragehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentation_(wine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grapehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apfelweinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elderberry_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin_de_payshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barley_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distilled_beveragehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortified_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thracehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome_and_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_Religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucharisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Communionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiddushhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Germanic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hittite_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeolic_Greekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://toggletoc%28%29/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine8/6/2019 Three Glasses of the Three Wine Colors
4/53
5 Tasting
6 Collecting
7 Production
o 7.1 Expor ting countries
8 Uses
o 8.1 Religious uses
o 8.2 Ancient Religions
o 8.3 Judaism
o 8.4 Christianity
o 8.5 Islam
9 Healt h effects
10 Packaging
11 Storage
12 Film and television
13 See also
14 References
15 Further reading
16 External links
[edit]History
Main article:History of wine
Archaeological evidence suggests that the earliest production of wine, made by fermenting grapes, took
place in sites in Georgia and Iran, from as early as 6000 BC.[6][7] These locations are all within the natural
area of theEuropean grapevine Vitis vinifera.
A 2003 report by archaeologistsindicates a possibility that grapes were used together with rice to produce
mixed fermented beverages inChinaas early as 7000 BC. Pottery jars from theNeolithic site
of Jiahu, Henan were found to contain traces of tartaric acid and other organic compounds commonly
found in wine. However, other fruits indigenous to the region, such as hawthorn, could not be ruled out. [10]
[11] If these beverages, which seem to be the precursors ofrice wine, included grapes rather than other
fruits, these grapes were of any of the several dozen indigenous wild species of grape in China, rather
than from Vitis vinifera, which were introduced into China some 6000 years later.[10]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit§ion=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitis_viniferahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitis_viniferahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeologisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeologisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiahuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartaric_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_hawthornhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit§ion=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitis_viniferahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeologisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiahuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartaric_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_hawthornhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine8/6/2019 Three Glasses of the Three Wine Colors
5/53
The oldest known evidence of wine production in Europe is dated to 4500 BC and comes from
archaeological sites in Greece.[12][13] The same sites also contain the worlds earliest evidence of crushed
grapes.[12] InAncient Egypt, six of 36 wine amphoras were found in the tomb of
King Tutankhamun bearing the name "Kha'y", a royal chief vintner. Five of these amphoras were
designated as from the King's personal estate with the sixth listed as from the estate of the royal house
of Aten.[14]Traces of wine have also been found incentral AsianXinjiang, dating from the second and first
millennia BC.[15]
In medieval Europe, the Roman Catholic Church was a staunch supporter of wine since it was necessary
for the celebration of Mass. Monks in France made wine for years, storing it underground in caves to age.
[16]There is an old English recipe which survived in various forms until the nineteenth century for refining
white wine using Bastardbad or tainted bastardowine.[17]Wine was forbidden during the Islamic Golden
Age, untilGeberand other Muslim chemists pioneered itsdistillationfor cosmetic and medical uses.[18]
[edit]Grape varieties
Main article:List of grape varieties
Grape vineyard
Wine is usually made from one or morevarietiesof the European speciesVitis vinifera, such as Pinot
Noir,Chardonnay,Cabernet Sauvignon, andMerlot. When one of these varieties is used as the
predominant grape (usually defined by law as a minimum of 75% or 85%), the result is a varietal, as
opposed to a blended, wine. Blended wines are not necessarily considered inferior to varietal wines;
some of the world's most expensive wines, from regions like Bordeaux and the Rhone Valley, are blended
from different grape varieties of the same vintage.[citation needed]
Wine can also be made from other species of grape or from hybrids, created by the genetic crossing of
two species. Vitis labrusca(of which theConcord grape is a cultivar), Vitis aestivalis,Vitis rupestris, Vitis
rotundifoliaand Vitis ripariaare native North American grapes usually grown for consumption as fruit or
for the production of grape juice, jam, or jelly, but sometimes made into wine.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphorahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutankhamunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vintnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjianghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucharist_(Catholic_Church)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastardo_(grape)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Agehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Agehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemy_(Islam)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmeticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit§ion=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_grape_varietieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitis_viniferahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitis_viniferahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinot_Noirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinot_Noirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinot_Noirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chardonnayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chardonnayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merlothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varietalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varietalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varietalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeauxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhone_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vintagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitis_labruscahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concord_grapehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitis_aestivalishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitis_aestivalishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitis_rupestrishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitis_rotundifoliahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitis_rotundifoliahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitis_rotundifoliahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitis_ripariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphorahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutankhamunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vintnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjianghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucharist_(Catholic_Church)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastardo_(grape)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Agehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Agehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemy_(Islam)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmeticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit§ion=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_grape_varietieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitis_viniferahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinot_Noirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinot_Noirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chardonnayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merlothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varietalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeauxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhone_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vintagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitis_labruscahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concord_grapehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitis_aestivalishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitis_rupestrishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitis_rotundifoliahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitis_rotundifoliahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitis_ripariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America8/6/2019 Three Glasses of the Three Wine Colors
6/53
Hybridization is not to be confused with the practice of grafting. Most of the world's vineyards are planted
with European V. viniferavines that have been grafted onto North American species rootstock. This is
common practice because North American grape species are resistant to phylloxera, a root louse that
eventually kills the vine. In the late 19th century, most of Europe's vineyards (only excluding some of the
driest vineyards in Southern Europe) were devastated by the bug, leading to massive vine deaths and
eventual replanting. Grafting is done in every wine producing country of the world except for Argentina,
the Canary Islands and Chile, which are the only ones that have not yet been exposed to the insect. [19]
In the context of wine production, terroiris a concept that encompasses the varieties of grapes used,
elevation and shape of the vineyard, type and chemistry of soil, climate and seasonal conditions, and the
local yeast cultures. The range of possibilities here can result in great differences between wines,
influencing the fermentation, finishing, and aging processes as well. Many wineries use growing and
production methods that preserve or accentuate thearoma and taste influences of their unique terroir.
[20] However, flavor differences are not desirable for producers of mass market table wine or other cheaper
wines, where consistency is more important. Such producers will try to minimize differences in sources of
grapes by using production techniques such as micro oxygenation , tannin filtration, cross flow filtration,
thin film evaporation, and spinning cones.[21]
[edit]Classification
Wine grapes on a vine
Main article:Classification of wine
Regulations govern the classification and sale of wine in many regions of the world. European wines tend
to be classified by region (e.g. Bordeaux andChianti), while non European wines are most often
classified by grape (e.g. Pinot Noir and Merlot). More and more, however, market recognition of particular
regions is leading to their increased prominence on non European wine labels. Examples of non
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graftinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graftinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylloxerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylloxerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylloxerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canary_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terroirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aroma_(wine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aroma_(wine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-oxygenationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit§ion=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiantihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiantihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinot_Noirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merlothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graftinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylloxerahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canary_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terroirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aroma_(wine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-oxygenationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit§ion=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiantihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinot_Noirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merlot8/6/2019 Three Glasses of the Three Wine Colors
7/53
European recognized locales include Napa ValleyinCalifornia,Willamette ValleyinOregon,Columbia
Valleyin Washington,Barossa Valley and Hunter Valley inAustralia, Central Valley inChile,Hawke's
Bay andMarlborough in New Zealand,Okanagan Valley and Niagara Peninsulain Canada.
Some blended wine names are marketing terms, and the use of these names is governed
by trademarklaw rather than by specific wine laws. For example,Meritage(sounds like "heritage") is
generally a Bordeaux style blend of Cabernet Sauvignonand Merlot, and may also includeCabernet
Franc,Petit Verdot, and Malbec. Commercial use of the term "Meritage" is allowed only via licensing
agreements with an organization called the "Meritage Association".
[edit]European classifications
France has various appellation systems based on the concept of terroir, with classifications ranging
from Vin de Table ("table wine") at the bottom, throughVin de PaysandAppellation d'Origine Vin Dlimit
de Qualit Suprieure (AOVDQS) up toAppellation d'Origine Contrle(AOC) or similar, depending on
the region.[22][23]Portugalhas something similar and, in fact, pioneered this technique back in 1756 with a
royal charter which created the "Demarcated Douro Region" and regulated wine production and trade.
[24]Germany did likewise in 2002, although their system has not yet achieved the authority of those of the
other countries'.[25][26]Spain,Greece and Italyhave classifications which are based on a dual system of
region of origin and quality of product. [27][28]
[edit]Beyond Europe
New World winewines from outside of the traditional wine growing regions of Europe tend to be
classified by grape rather than by terroiror region of origin, although there have been non official attempts
to classify them by quality.[29][30]
[edit]Vintages
Main article:Vintage
A "vintage wine" is one made from grapes that were all or mostly grown in a particular year, and labeled
as such. Most countries allow a vintage wine to include a portion that is not from the labeled vintage.
Variations in a wine's character from year to year can include subtle differences in color, palate, nose,
body and development. High quality red table wines can improve in flavor with age if properly stored.
[1]Consequently, it is not uncommon for wine enthusiasts and traders to save bottles of an especially good
vintage wine for future consumption.
In the United States, for a wine to be vintage dated and labeled with a country of origin or American
Viticultural Area (AVA) (such as "Sonoma Valley"), it must contain at least 95% of its volume from grapes
harvested in that year.[31]If a wine is not labeled with a country of origin or AVA the percentage
requirement is lowered to 85%. [31]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napa_Valley_AVAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napa_Valley_AVAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willamette_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willamette_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willamette_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washingtonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washingtonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barossa_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawke's_Bayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawke's_Bayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlborough,_New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okanagan_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okanagan_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meritagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meritagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meritagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Franchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Franchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Franchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Franchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petit_Verdothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malbechttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malbechttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit§ion=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin_de_Tablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin_de_Payshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin_de_Payshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin_de_Payshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Appellation_d%27Origine_Vin_D%C3%A9limit%C3%A9_de_Qualit%C3%A9_Sup%C3%A9rieure&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Appellation_d%27Origine_Vin_D%C3%A9limit%C3%A9_de_Qualit%C3%A9_Sup%C3%A9rieure&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Appellation_d%27Origine_Vin_D%C3%A9limit%C3%A9_de_Qualit%C3%A9_Sup%C3%A9rieure&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Appellation_d%27Origine_Vin_D%C3%A9limit%C3%A9_de_Qualit%C3%A9_Sup%C3%A9rieure&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Appellation_d%27Origine_Vin_D%C3%A9limit%C3%A9_de_Qualit%C3%A9_Sup%C3%A9rieure&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Appellation_d%27Origine_Vin_D%C3%A9limit%C3%A9_de_Qualit%C3%A9_Sup%C3%A9rieure&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Appellation_d%27Origine_Vin_D%C3%A9limit%C3%A9_de_Qualit%C3%A9_Sup%C3%A9rieure&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Appellation_d%27Origine_Vin_D%C3%A9limit%C3%A9_de_Qualit%C3%A9_Sup%C3%A9rieure&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Appellation_d%27Origine_Vin_D%C3%A9limit%C3%A9_de_Qualit%C3%A9_Sup%C3%A9rieure&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Appellation_d%27Origine_Vin_D%C3%A9limit%C3%A9_de_Qualit%C3%A9_Sup%C3%A9rieure&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Appellation_d%27Origine_Vin_D%C3%A9limit%C3%A9_de_Qualit%C3%A9_Sup%C3%A9rieure&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellation_d'Origine_Contr%C3%B4l%C3%A9ehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellation_d'Origine_Contr%C3%B4l%C3%A9ehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellation_d'Origine_Contr%C3%B4l%C3%A9ehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellation_d'Origine_Contr%C3%B4l%C3%A9ehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellation_d'Origine_Contr%C3%B4l%C3%A9ehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellation_d'Origine_Contr%C3%B4l%C3%A9ehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellation_d'Origine_Contr%C3%B4l%C3%A9ehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit§ion=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit§ion=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vintagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Viticultural_Areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Viticultural_Areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonoma_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napa_Valley_AVAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willamette_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washingtonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barossa_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawke's_Bayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawke's_Bayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlborough,_New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okanagan_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meritagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Franchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Franchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petit_Verdothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malbechttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit§ion=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin_de_Tablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin_de_Payshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Appellation_d%27Origine_Vin_D%C3%A9limit%C3%A9_de_Qualit%C3%A9_Sup%C3%A9rieure&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Appellation_d%27Origine_Vin_D%C3%A9limit%C3%A9_de_Qualit%C3%A9_Sup%C3%A9rieure&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellation_d'Origine_Contr%C3%B4l%C3%A9ehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit§ion=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit§ion=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vintagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Viticultural_Areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Viticultural_Areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonoma_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine8/6/2019 Three Glasses of the Three Wine Colors
8/53
Vintage wines are generally bottled in a single batch so that each bottle will have a similar taste. Climate
can have a big impact on the character of a wine to the extent that different vintages from the same
vineyard can vary dramatically in flavor and quality. [32]Thus, vintage wines are produced to be individually
characteristic of the vintage and to serve as the flagship wines of the producer. Superior vintages, from
reputable producers and regions, will often fetch much higher prices than their average vintages. Some
vintage wines, like Brunellos, are only made in better than average years.
Non vintage wines can be blended from more than one vintage for consistency, a process which allows
wine makers to keep a reliable market image and maintain sales even in bad years. [33][34] One recent study
suggests that for normal drinkers, vintage year may not be as significant to perceived wine quality as
currently thought, although wine connoisseurs continue to place great importance on it. [35]
[edit]Tasting
Main article:Wine tasting
Judging color is the first step in tasting a wine
Wine tasting is the sensory examination and evaluation of wine. Wines are made up of chemical
compounds which are similar or identical to those in fruits, vegetables, and spices. The sweetness of
wine is determined by the amount of residual sugar in the wine after fermentation, relative to the acidity
present in the wine.Dry wine, for example, has only a small amount of residual sugar. Inexperienced wine
drinkers often tend to mistake the taste of ripe fruit for sweetness when, in fact, the wine in question is
very dry.
Individual flavors may also be detected, due to the complex mix of organic molecules such
asestersand terpenes that grape juice and wine can contain. Tasters often can distinguish betweenflavors characteristic of a specific grape (e.g., Chianti and sour cherry) and flavors that result from other
factors in wine making, either intentional or not. The most typical intentional flavor elements in wine are
those that are imparted by aging in oak casks; chocolate, vanilla, or coffee almost always come from the
oak and not the grape itself.[36]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunello_di_Montalcinohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunello_di_Montalcinohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit§ion=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_tastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweetness_of_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweetness_of_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terpenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiantihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunello_di_Montalcinohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit§ion=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_tastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweetness_of_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweetness_of_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terpenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiantihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine8/6/2019 Three Glasses of the Three Wine Colors
9/53
Banana flavors (isoamyl acetate) are the product of yeast metabolism, as are spoilage aromas such as
sweaty, barnyard, band aid ( 4 ethylphenol and4 ethylguaiacol ),[37]and rotten egg (hydrogen sulfide).
[38] Some varietals can also have a mineral flavor, because some salts are soluble in water (like limestone),
and are absorbed by the wine.
Wine aroma comes from volatile compounds in the wine that are released into the air. [39]Vaporization of
these compounds can be sped up by twirling the wine glass or serving the wine at room temperature. For
red wines that are already highly aromatic, like Chinonand Beaujolais, many people prefer them chilled.[40]
[edit]Collecting
See also:Aging of wineandStorage of wine
Chteau Margaux, aFirst Growthfrom the Bordeaux region of France, is highly collectible.
Outstanding vintages from the best vineyards may sell for thousands ofdollars per bottle, though the
broader term fine wine covers bottles typically retailing at over about $US 30 50. [41] "Investment wines"
are considered by some to be Veblen goodsthat is, goods for which demand increases instead of
decreases as its price rises. The most common wines purchased for investment include those
from Bordeaux, Burgundy,cult winesfrom Europeand elsewhere, andVintage port. Characteristics of
highly collectible wines include:
1. A proven track record of holding well over time
2. A drinking window plateau (i.e., the period for maturity and approachability) that is many
years long
3. A consensus amongst experts as to the quality of the wines
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoamyl_acetatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Ethylphenolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Ethylphenolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-ethylguaiacolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaujolaishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit§ion=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aging_of_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aging_of_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aging_of_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storage_of_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Margauxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Margauxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Margauxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Margauxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Growthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Growthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Growthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veblen_goodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgundy_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoamyl_acetatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Ethylphenolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-ethylguaiacolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaujolaishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit§ion=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aging_of_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storage_of_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Margauxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Growthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veblen_goodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgundy_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_wine8/6/2019 Three Glasses of the Three Wine Colors
10/53
4. Rigorous production methods at every stage, including grape selection and appropriate
barrel ageing
Investment in fine wine has attracted fraudsters who prey on their victims' ignorance of this sector of the
wine market. Wine fraudsters often work by charging excessively high prices for off vintage or lower
status wines from famous wine regions, while claiming that they are offering a sound investment
unaffected byeconomic cycles. Like any investment, proper research is essential before investing.
[edit]Production
Main article:Winemaking
See also:List of wine producing countries andList of wine producing regions
Wine production by country 2006[42]
Rank Country(with link to wine article)
1France
2Italy
3Spain
4United States
5Argentina
6Australia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_fraudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit§ion=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winemakinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_countrieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_countrieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_regionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_fraudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit§ion=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winemakinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_countrieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_regionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_wine8/6/2019 Three Glasses of the Three Wine Colors
11/53
8/6/2019 Three Glasses of the Three Wine Colors
12/53
6China
1,450,000
7 South Africa 1,050,000
8Australia
961,972
9Germany
891,600
10Chile
827,746
Wine grapes grow almost exclusively between thirty and fifty degrees north or south of the equator. The
world's southernmost vineyards are in theCentral Otago region of New Zealand'sSouth Islandnear the
45th parallel,[43] and the northernmost are inFlen,Sweden, just north of the 59th parallel.[44]
[edit]Exporting countries
Top ten wine exporting countries in 200
Rank Country
1Italy*
2France
3Spain*
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_grape_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_grape_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Otagohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Otagohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit§ion=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_grape_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Otagohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit§ion=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_wine8/6/2019 Three Glasses of the Three Wine Colors
13/53
4Australia
5Chile*
6United States
7Germany
8Argentina
9Portugal
10South Africa
World**
* Unofficial figure. ** May include official, semi official or estimated data.
2006 export market shares[45]
Rank Country Market share(% of value in US$)
1France
34.9%
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_wine8/6/2019 Three Glasses of the Three Wine Colors
14/53
2Italy
18.0%
3 Australia 9.3%
4Spain
8.7%
5Chile
4.3%
6United States
3.6%
7Germany
3.5%
8Portugal
3.0%
9South Africa
2.4%
10New Zealand
1.8%
The UK was the world's biggest importer of wine in 2007.[46]
[edit]Uses
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UKhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit§ion=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UKhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit§ion=118/6/2019 Three Glasses of the Three Wine Colors
15/53
Per capita annual wine consumption: less than 1 litre. from 1 to 7 litres. from 7 to 15 litres. from 15 to 30 litres. More than 30
litres.
Wine is a popular and important beverage that accompanies and enhances a wide range
of Europeanand Mediterraneanstyle cuisines, from the simple and traditional to the most sophisticated
and complex. Wine is important in cuisine not just for its value as a beverage, but as a flavor agent,
primarily in stocksand braising, since its acidity lends balance to richsavory orsweetdishes. Red, white,
and sparkling wines are the most popular, and are known as light winesbecause they are only 10
14% alcoholcontent by volume. Apritifand dessert winescontain 1420% alcohol, and are sometimes
fortified to make them richer and sweeter.
Some wine labels suggest opening the bottle and letting the wine "breathe" for a couple hours before
serving, while others recommend drinking it immediately. Decantingthe act of pouring a wine into a
special container just for breathingis a controversial subject in wine. In addition to aeration, decanting
with a filter allows one to remove bitter sediments that may have formed in the wine. Sediment is more
common in older bottles but younger wines usually benefit more from aeration. [47]
During aeration, the exposure of younger wines to air often "relaxes" the flavors and makes them taste
smoother and better integrated in aroma, texture, and flavor. Older wines generally fade, or lose their
character and flavor intensity, with extended aeration.[48] Despite these general rules, breathing does not
necessarily benefit all wines. Wine should be tasted as soon as it is opened to determine how long it
should be aerated, if at all.
[edit]Religious uses
See also:Kosher wine, Christianity and alcohol, andIslam and alcohol
[edit]Ancient Religions
The use of wine in religious ceremonies is common to many cultures and regions. Libations often included
wine, and the religious mysteriesof Dionysus used wine as a sacramentalentheogento induce a mind
altering state.
[edit]Judaism
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capitahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beveragehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_diethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_(food)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_(food)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_tastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_tastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ap%C3%A9ritifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ap%C3%A9ritifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ap%C3%A9ritifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ap%C3%A9ritifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dessert_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dessert_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decanterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit§ion=12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosher_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosher_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_and_alcoholhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_and_alcoholhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit§ion=13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysian_Mysterieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysian_Mysterieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entheogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entheogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit§ion=14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capitahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beveragehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_diethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_(food)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_tastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ap%C3%A9ritifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dessert_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decanterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit§ion=12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosher_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_and_alcoholhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_and_alcoholhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit§ion=13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysian_Mysterieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entheogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit§ion=148/6/2019 Three Glasses of the Three Wine Colors
16/53
Wine is an integral part of Jewish laws and traditions. The Kiddushis a blessing recited over wine or
grape juice to sanctify the Shabbator a Jewish holiday. On Pesach (Passover) during the Seder, it is a
Rabbinic obligation of men and women to drink four cups of wine.[49]In the Tabernacle and in the Temple
in Jerusalem, the libation of wine was part of the sacrificial service. [50] Note that this does not mean that
wine is a symbol of blood, a common misconception which contributes to the myth of the blood libel. A
blessing over wine said before indulging in the drink is: "Baruch atah Hashem(Adonai) elokeinu melech
ha olam, boray pree hagafen""Praised be the Eternal, Ruler of the universe, who makes the fruit of the
vine."
[edit]Christianity
All alcohol is strictly forbidden under Islamic law, but especially inPersia, there has been a long tradition of drinking wine.
See also:Christianity and alcoholandAlcohol in the Bible
In Christianity, wine is used in a sacred rite called the Eucharist, which originates
inGospelaccounts of the Last Supper in which Jesusshared bread and wine with his disciples and
commanded his followers to "do this in remembrance of me" (Gospel of Luke 22:19). Beliefs about
the nature of the Eucharist vary among denominations (see Eucharistic theologies contrasted).
While most Christians consider the use of wine from the grape as essential for validity of
the sacrament, many Protestants also allow (or require) unfermented, pasteurized grape juice as asubstitute. Wine was used in Eucharistic rites by all Protestant groups until an alternative arose in
the late 1800s.Methodistdentist andprohibitionistThomas Bramwell Welchapplied new
pasteurization techniques to stop the natural fermentation process of grape juice. Some Christians
who were part of the growing temperance movement pressed for a switch from wine to grape juice,
and the substitution spread quickly over much of the United States and to other countries to a lesser
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halakhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiddushhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_holidayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passoverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passoverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabernacle_(Judaism)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_libelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit§ion=15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_and_alcoholhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_and_alcoholhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_in_the_Biblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucharisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucharisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Supperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Lukehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_denominationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucharistic_theologies_contrastedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasteurizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Bramwell_Welchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Bramwell_Welchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape_juicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperance_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halakhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiddushhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_holidayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passoverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabernacle_(Judaism)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_libelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit§ion=15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_and_alcoholhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_in_the_Biblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucharisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Supperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Lukehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_denominationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucharistic_theologies_contrastedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasteurizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Bramwell_Welchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape_juicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperance_movement8/6/2019 Three Glasses of the Three Wine Colors
17/53
degree.[51] There remains an ongoing debate between some AmericanProtestantdenominations as
to whether wine can and should be used for the Eucharist or allowed as an ordinary beverage.
[edit]Islam
All alcohol is strictly forbidden under Islamic law. It is only permitted for medicinal reasons. Iran used
to have athriving wine industry that disappeared after theIslamic Revolutionin 1979.
[52] InIran (Persia), mei(Persian wine) has been a central theme of poetry for more than a thousand
years.
[edit]Health effects
Red table wine
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy80 kcal 360 kJ
Carbohydrates 2.6 g
Sugars 0.6 g
Fat 0.0 g
Protein 0.1 g
Alcohol 10.6 g
10.6 g alcohol is 13%vol.
100 g wine is approximately 100 ml (3.4 fl oz.)
Sugar and alcohol content can vary.
Source:USDA Nutrient database
See also:Wine and health
Alcohol and Health
Short term effects of alcohol
Long term effects of alcohol
Alcohol and cardiovascular disease
Alcoholic liver disease
Alcoholic hepatitis
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit§ion=16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticulture_in_Iranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticulture_in_Iranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit§ion=17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanolhttp://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/search/http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/search/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_and_healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_and_healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-term_effects_of_alcoholhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-term_effects_of_alcoholhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_and_cardiovascular_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholic_liver_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholic_hepatitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit§ion=16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticulture_in_Iranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit§ion=17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanolhttp://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/search/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_and_healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-term_effects_of_alcoholhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-term_effects_of_alcoholhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_and_cardiovascular_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholic_liver_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholic_hepatitis8/6/2019 Three Glasses of the Three Wine Colors
18/53
Alcohol and cancer
Alcohol and weight
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
Alcoholism
Blackout (alcohol related amnesia)
Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome
Recommended maximum intake
Wine and health
Although excessive alcohol consumption has adverse health effects,epidemiologicalstudies have
consistently demonstrated that moderate consumption of alcohol and wine is statistically
associated with a decrease in death due to cardiovascular events such as heart failure.[53]In
the United States, a boom in red wine consumption was initiated in the 1990s by the TV show 60
Minutes, and additional news reports on theFrench paradox.[54] The French paradox refers to the
comparatively lower incidence of coronary heart disease in France despite high levels ofsaturated
fat in the traditional French diet. Some epidemiologists suspect that this difference is due to the
higher consumption of wines by the French, but the scientific evidence for this theory is limited. The
average moderate wine drinker is more likely to exercise more, to be more health conscious, and to
be of a higher educational and socioeconomic class, evidence that the association between
moderate wine drinking and health may be related to confounding factors.[53]
Population studies have observed aJ curve association between wine consumption and the risk of
heart disease. This means that heavy drinkers have an elevated risk, while moderate drinkers (at
most two five ounce servings of wine per day) have a lower risk than non drinkers. Studies have
also found that moderate consumption of other alcoholic beverages may be cardioprotective,
although the association is considerably stronger for wine. Also, some studies have found increased
health benefits for red wine over white wine, though other studies have found no difference. Red
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_and_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_and_weighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetal_Alcohol_Spectrum_Disorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackout_(alcohol-related_amnesia)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernicke-Korsakoff_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recommended_maximum_intake_of_alcoholic_beverageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_and_healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiologicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiologicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiologicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_(statistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_(statistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_failurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Minuteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Minuteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_paradoxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_paradoxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_heart_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturated_fathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturated_fathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturated_fathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confounding_factorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J_curvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J_curvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_and_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_and_weighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetal_Alcohol_Spectrum_Disorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackout_(alcohol-related_amnesia)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernicke-Korsakoff_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recommended_maximum_intake_of_alcoholic_beverageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_and_healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiologicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_(statistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_(statistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_failurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Minuteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Minuteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_paradoxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_heart_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturated_fathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturated_fathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confounding_factorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J_curve8/6/2019 Three Glasses of the Three Wine Colors
19/53
wine contains more polyphenolsthan white wine, and these are thought to be particularly protective
against cardiovascular disease.[53]
A chemical in red wine calledresveratrolhas been shown to have both cardioprotective and
chemoprotective effects in animal studies.[55] Low doses of resveratrol in the diet of middle aged
mice has a widespread influence on the genetic levers of aging and may confer special protection on
the heart. Specifically, low doses of resveratrol mimic the effects of what is known ascaloric
restrictiondiets with 20 30 percent fewer calories than a typical diet .[56]Resveratrol is produced
naturally by grape skins in response to fungal infection, including exposure to yeast
duringfermentation. As white wine has minimal contact with grape skins during this process, it
generally contains lower levels of the chemical.[57]Other beneficial compounds in wine include
otherpolyphenols,antioxidants, andflavonoids.[58]
Red wines from the south of France and from Sardiniain Italy have been found to have the highest
levels of procyanidins, which are compounds in grape seeds suspected to be responsible for red
wine's heart benefits. Red wines from these areas have between two and four times as much
procyanidins as other red wines. Procyanidins suppress the synthesis of a peptide called endothelin
1 that constricts blood vessels.[59]
A 2007 study found that both red and white wines are effective anti bacterial agents against strains
of Streptococcus.[60]Also, a report in the October 2008 issue of Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers
and Prevention, posits that moderate consumption of red wine may decrease the risk of lung
cancer in men.[61]
While evidence from laboratory and epidemiological (observational) studies suggest a
cardioprotective effect, no controlled studies have been completed on the effect of alcoholic drinks
on the risk of developing heart disease or stroke. Excessive consumption of alcohol can
causecirrhosis of the liver and alcoholism;[62]the American Heart Associationcautions people to
"consult your doctor on the benefits and risks of consuming alcohol in moderation." [63]
Wine's effect on the brain is also under study. One study concluded that wine made from
the Cabernet Sauvignon grape reduces the risk of Alzheimer's Disease.[64][65] Another study
concluded that among alcoholics, wine damages the hippocampus to a greater degree than other
alcoholic beverages.[66]
Sulphites are present in all wines and are formed as a natural product of the fermentation process,
and many wine producers addsulfur dioxidein order to help preserve wine. Sulfur dioxide is also
added to foods such as dried apricots and orange juice. The level of added sulfites varies, and some
wines have been marketed with low sulfite content. [67]Sulphites in wine can cause some people,
particularly those with asthma, to have adverse reactions.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphenolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphenolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resveratrolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resveratrolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resveratrolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caloric_restrictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caloric_restrictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caloric_restrictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentation_(wine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentation_(wine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphenols_(wine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphenols_(wine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioxidanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioxidanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioxidanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavonoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavonoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavonoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardiniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardiniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endothelin-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endothelin-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiologicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirrhosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirrhosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Heart_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Heart_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer's_Diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer's_Diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulphiteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apricothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_juicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphenolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resveratrolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caloric_restrictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caloric_restrictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentation_(wine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphenols_(wine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioxidanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavonoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardiniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proanthocyanidinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endothelin-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endothelin-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiologicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirrhosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Heart_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer's_Diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulphiteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apricothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_juicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthma8/6/2019 Three Glasses of the Three Wine Colors
20/53
ProfessorValerie Beral from the University of Oxford and lead author of theThe Million Women
Study asserts that the positive health effects of red wine are "an absolute myth." ProfessorRoger
Corder, author of The Red Wine Diet, counters that two small glasses of a very tannic, procyanadin
rich wine would confer a benefit, although "most supermarket wines are low procyanadin and high
alcohol."[68]
[edit]Packaging
Assorted wine corks
See also:Cork (material),Closure (bottle),Alternative wine closures,Wine bottle,Box
wine, andScrew cap (wine)
Most wines are sold inglass bottles and are sealed usingcorks(50% of production comes
from Portugal).[citation needed] An increasing number of wine producers have been using alternative
closures such as screwcaps, or syntheticplastic "corks". In addition to being less expensive,
alternative closures prevent cork taint, although they have been blamed for other problems such as
excessive reduction.[citation needed]
Some wines are packaged in heavy plastic bags within cardboard boxes, and are called box wines,
or cask wine. These wines are typically accessed via a tap on the side of the box. Box wine can
maintain an acceptable degree of freshness for up to a month after opening, while bottled wine will
more rapidly oxidize, and is considerably degraded within a few days.
Environmental considerations of wine packaging reveal benefits and drawbacks of both bottled and
box wines. Glass used to make bottles has a decent environmental reputation, as it is completely
recyclable, whereas plastics as used in box wines are typically considered to be much lessenvironmentally friendly. However, wine bottle manufacturers have been cited for Clean Air
Actviolations. A New York Times editorial puported that box wine, being lighter in package weight,
has a reduced carbon footprintfrom its distribution. Boxed wine plastics, even though possibly
recyclable, can be more labor intensive (and therefore expensive) to process than glass bottles. And
while a wine box is recyclable, its plastic wine bladder most likely is not. [69]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerie_Beralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerie_Beralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxfordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Million_Women_Studyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Million_Women_Studyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Million_Women_Studyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger_Corder&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger_Corder&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit§ion=18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_(material)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_(material)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_(material)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closure_(bottle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_wine_closureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_wine_closureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_wine_closureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_bottlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw_cap_(wine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_bottlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_bottlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_(material)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_(material)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_(material)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_wine_closureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_wine_closureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw_cap_(wine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw_cap_(wine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_tainthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduction_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Air_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Air_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Air_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_footprinthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_footprinthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerie_Beralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxfordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Million_Women_Studyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Million_Women_Studyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger_Corder&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger_Corder&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit§ion=18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_(material)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closure_(bottle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_wine_closureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_bottlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw_cap_(wine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_bottlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_(material)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_wine_closureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_wine_closureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw_cap_(wine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_tainthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduction_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Air_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Air_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_footprinthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine8/6/2019 Three Glasses of the Three Wine Colors
21/53
[edit]Storage
Main article:Storage of wine
Wine cellars, or wine roomsif they are above ground, are places designed specifically for the
storage and aging of wine. In an activewine cellar, temperature and humidity are maintained by aclimate control system. Passivewine cellars are not climate controlled, and so must be carefully
located. Wine is a natural, perishable food product; when exposed to heat, light, vibration or
fluctuations in temperature and humidity, all types of wine, including red, white, sparkling, and
fortified, can spoil. When properly stored, wines can maintain their quality and in some cases
improve in aroma, flavor, and complexity as they age. Some wine experts contend that the optimal
temperature for aging wine is 55 F (13 C).[70] Wine refrigerators offer an alternative to wine cellars.
They are available in capacities ranging from small 16 bottle units to furniture pieces that can
contain 400 bottles.
Oak Wine Barrels
Related professions
Name Description
CooperCraftsman of wooden barrels and casks. A cooperageis a company that produces such
casks.
Garagiste An amateur wine maker, or a derogatory term used for small scale operations of recentinception, usually without pedigree and located in Bordeaux.
NgociantA wine merchant, most specifically those who assemble the produce of smaller growers
and winemakers and sells them under their own name.
Oenologist Wine scientist or wine chemist; a student ofoenology. Awinemaker may be trained as
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit§ion=19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storage_of_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_cellarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_cellarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooper_(profession)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garagisteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9gocianthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9gocianthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9gocianthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oenologisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oenologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oenologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winemakerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winemakerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit§ion=19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storage_of_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_cellarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooper_(profession)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garagisteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9gocianthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oenologisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oenologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winemaker8/6/2019 Three Glasses of the Three Wine Colors
22/53
oenologist, but often hires a consultant instead.
SommelierA restaurant specialist in charge of assembling the wine list, educating the staff about
wine, and assisting customers with their wine selections.
Vintner,Winemaker A wine producer; a person who makes wine.
ViticulturistA person who specializes in the science of grapevines. Can also be someone who manages
vineyard pruning, irrigation, and pest control.
[edit]Film and television
Falcon Crest, USA 19811990: A popular CBSprimetime soap opera about the fictional
Falcon Crest winery and the family who owned it, set in a fictional "Tuscany Valley" in California.
A wine named "Falcon Crest" even went on the market.
A Walk in the Clouds1995. A love story set in a Mexican American family's traditional
vineyard showcasing different moments in the production of wine.
Mondovino, USA/France 2004. A documentary film directed by American film
makerJonathan Nossiter, exploring the impact ofglobalization on various wine producing
regions.
Sideways, 2004. A comedy/drama film, directed by Alexander Payne, with the tagline: "In
search of wine. In search of women. In search of themselves." Wine, particularly Pinot Noir,
plays a central role. The film caused the Pinot Noir sales to rise in the USA, known as 'the
Sideways Effect'.[71]
A Good Year, 2006. Ridley Scott directs Russell Crowe in an adaptation of Peter Mayle's
novel.
Oz and James's Big Wine Adventure, UK 20067. "Wine p