Three Governments
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#1 Second Continental Congress1775 - 1781
• Declared independence• Managed the revolution• Developed the Articles of
Confederation
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#2 Articles of Confederation1781 - 1788
I. CharacteristicsA. Unicameral legislatureB. No president, no courtsC. Limited powersD. ¾ vote to pass legislationE. Unanimous vote to amend
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#2 Articles of Confederation1781 - 1788
II. ProblemsA. Weak national governmentB. Conflict amongst the statesC. Unable to pay debtD. Shay’s rebellion
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#2 Articles of Confederation1781 - 1788
III. AchievementsA. Western lands policyB. Peace treaty with England
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#3 U.S. Constitution1788 - Present
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ConstitutionalConvention
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AttendeesAt Second Continental Congress, but not at Constitutional Convention:
Thomas Jefferson (France)John Adams (England)Sam Adams (drunk)Patrick Henry (refused)John Hancock (governor)
At Constitutional Convention, but not at Second Continental Congress:
George Washington (revolution)Alexander Hamilton (revolution)James Madison (Virginia)
At both: Benjamin Franklin
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Disagreements
• Representation• Economics and Slavery
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Three GovernmentsCompromisesRepresentation
• Connecticut Compromise• Two houses:
lower house – representation by populationupper house – equal representation by state
Three GovernmentsCompromises
Slavery
• Northern states concede to count slaves as three-fifths of a person for representation
• Northern states agree to not end slave trade for 20 years
• Southern states concede to majority vote, rather than 2/3
• Southern states concede to count slaves as three-fifths of a person for purposes of taxation
Three GovernmentsRatification
I. Immediate division over the new constitutionII. Federalists v. Anti-federalistsIII. Federalists
A. Federalist Papers – 85 essays defending the new constitution
B. Hamilton, Madison, John JayIV. Anti-Federalists
A. National government v. statesB. Bill of Rights