TOKEN RING: 802.5
COMPILED BY:PANKAJ SHARMA
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CONTENTSWHAT IS PROJECT 802 ?TOKEN PROTOCOLOVERVIEW OF TOKEN BUSTOKEN RING TOKEN RING OPERATIONS
TOKEN RING FRAME FORMAT MAINTENANCE
COMPARISON OF TOKEN RING AND TOKEN BUSAPPLICATIONS AND REASONS FOR WHY IT IS NOT IN
USE THESE DAYS.
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PROJECT 802 Project 802 defined network standards for the
physical components of a network. It got started in the month February of the year 1980 , that is why the project name 802.
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TOKEN PASSING PROTOCOLSBefore workstation can transmit it must possess the one and
only token.Two types:
Token ringToken bus
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TOKEN BUS : IEEE STANDARD 802.4This standard 802.4(Dirvin and Miller and IEEE, 1986)
described a LAN called a token bus.A simple system in which stations takes turns sending a frame
was introduced know as a TOKEN BUS SYSTEM.The token bus is linear tree shaped cable onto which stations
are attached.Logically stations are organized into a ring with each station
knowing the address of the station to its left and right.During logical ring initialization the highest number station
may send the first frame.
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It passes permission to its immediate neighbor by sending the neighbor a special control frame called a TOKEN.
Only the token holder is permitted to transmit frames.Only one station at a time holds the token therefore no
collision occurs.It uses a broadcast medium for each station to receive frames .
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TOKEN RING IBM created TOKEN RINGS to compete with DIX
(DEC/Intel/Xerox) standard of Ethernet to improve upon its previous token bus technology.
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IEEE 802.5 TOKEN RINGProposed in 1969 and initially referred to as a Newhall ring.
Token ring :: a number of stations connected by transmission links in a ring topology. Information flows in one direction along the ring from source to destination and back to source. Can both be implemented using star as well as ring topologies but basically it uses ring topology logically and star topology physically.
Medium access control :: is provided by a small frame, the token, that circulates around the ring when all stations are idle. Only the station possessing the token is allowed to transmit at any given time.
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IEEE 802.5 TOKEN RING There is a point to point link
between stations that form a ring.
Physical Layer Topology: RingStations connected in a loopSignals go in only one direction,
station-to-station
In a token ring a special bit format called a token circulated around all the stations.
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TOKEN RING OPERATIONWhen a station wishes to transmit, it must wait for
the token to pass by and seize the token.One approach: change one bit in token which
transforms it into a normal data frame and appends frame for transmission.
Second approach: station claims token by removing it from the ring.
The data frame circles the ring and is removed by the transmitting station.
Each station interrogates passing frame. If destined for station, it copies the frame into local buffer.
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Ring interfaces have three operating modes.Repeater InsertCopy
Repeater: the input bits are simply copied to output with a delay of 1 bit time.
Insert: the interface breaks the connection b/w the input &output entering its own data onto the ring.
Copy: the interface or the station simply copies data into its local buffer as it is the destined station.
As bits have propagated around the ring & they come back, they are removed from the ring by the sender. 11
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Wiring center
A
B
CD
E
TOKEN RING NETWORK WITH STAR TOPOLOGY
Or the multistation attachment unit
Multistation Attachment Unit Earlier there was problem of segmentation
using just by - pass relays , but that problem got easily solved using multistation attachment unit because there were many stations attached to this single unit . Also the problem of going down of stations got corrected.
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Token Frame Format
Start Frame Delimiter End Frame Delimiter
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S AC E
Access Control
P P P T M R R R
Priority Bits000 – lowest111 - highest
Token Bit0 – Token frame1 – nontoken frame
Monitor Bit0 = “clean” frame1 = “orphaned" frame
Reservation Bits3-bit field used for reserving a token at a prescribed priority level
(1 Byte)
(1 Byte)
(1 Byte)
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SD DestinationAddress
Source Address
Information FCS
1 4
EDFC
2 or 6 2 or 61 1
AC
1
FS
1
P P P T M R R RAccess control
PPP Priority; T Token bitM Monitor bit; RRR Reservation
Frame control
FF frame typeZZZZZZ control bitF F Z Z Z Z Z Z
Ending delimiter
I intermediate-frame bitE error-detection bit
Framestatus
A address-recognized bitxx undefinedC frame-copied bit
I EJ K 1 J K 1
A C x x A C x x
Data Frame Format
Starting delimiter
J, K non-data symbols 0 0J K 0 J K 0
IEEE 802.5 Data Frame Structure
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FC FS
Frame control
FrameStatus
00000000 = duplicate address test; used if two lobes have the same address.
00000010 = beacon; used to locate breaks in the
ring00000011 = claim token; used to
recover from an inactive monitor
00000100 = purge; used to reinitialize the ring.
00000101 = active monitor present;used by the active monitor to
inform all lobes that it is alive.
00000110 = standby monitor present; used to notify all lobes that a standby monitor is present.
00xx00xx = address not recognized; nothing copied.
10xx10xx = address recognized; nothing copied
01xx01xx = address not recognized; data copied(major error)
11xx11xx = address recognized; data copied (implies transmission was successful).
Starting delimiter and ending delimiter mark the beginning & ending of the frame.
Access control consist of token bit, monitor bit, priority bit.
Destination address & source address fields gives the address.
Checksum field is used to detect transmission errors.
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Frame status field
When a frame arrives at the interface A bit is turned on. If the interface copies the frame to the station the C bit is
turned on.3 combinations:
A=0 C=0 : Destination not present or not powered.
A=1 C=0 : destination present but frame not accepted.
A=1 C=1 : Destination present and frame copied.
This increases reliability and acts as automatic acknowledgement.
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STAR TOPOLOGY OR WIRE CENTER
• Physically each station is connected to the Multistation Attachment Unit by a cable. While logically it is still a ring.
• A bypass relay that are energized by the current from the station are inside the Multistation Attachment Unit.
• When station goes down the station is bypassed from the rest of the ring.
• Multistation Attachment Unit improves the reliability and maintainability.
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MAINTANAINCEHere we use a MONITER STATION that oversees the
ring.Active Monitor Station Selection takes place using MAC
addresses.Active Monitor Station Observes the ring for its correct
functioning.
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Tasks Performed by Active Monitor Station• Upstream Neighbour Determination• Sending purge-frame in the ring• Loss of token (no token circulating.• Garbled frames appears.• Orphan frames.• Length of the ring.Monitor cannot handle breaks in the ring.
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GARBLED AND ORPHAN FRAMES Both actually refers to the corrupted frames.
For e.g. sometimes what happens that in case a station after sending data got corrupted. Now as it is the duty of the sending station to release the token so as there is no sending station so this frame becomes orphaned frame. And that needs to be removed by the monitor station . Similar is the case with garbled frame . Monitor Station changes monitor bit to 1 and when it again receives it , it removes it from the ring.
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802.4 Vs 802.5802.4 does not use any monitor like 802.5.Which is more reliable ? (depends upon the situation) Token ring & token bus both have priorities but not 802.3.Adding new station to token bus was difficult as compared to the
addition in token ring.In token bus there is no relation between the physical location of a
station on the bus to its address whereas it was not so in token ring.Both uses broadcasting addresing technique.Basically token ring is primarily used for control of industrial and
factory automation processes.Main problem : No active Monitor Station.
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Applications : Used in large Local Area Networks.Provides security and save time as there was
no packet collision.
Why It Got Down:Single point of Failure.Very High Cost.The era of Switching technique gave
ETHERNET an edge over it.
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REFERENCEA.S. Tanenbaum, “Computer Networks”.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/token_bus_network.www.ustudy.in/node/6513www.fags.org/rfcs/rfc1230ntrg.cs.tcd.ie/meplirce/dce/98/token/compare7.htm
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Questions?THANK YOU
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