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Chapter - 2
1. Traditional energy systems (2 hours)a. Sourcesb. Applications
i. Transport bullock cart, horse carriage, camelsii. Agriculture ox plough, water lifting devices
iii.
Human power bicycle, cycle rickshaw etc.iv. House hold cooking (bio mass), lighting etc
Module Sub-Modules Hours
per topic
Total
Hours
2. Traditional
energy systems
a. Sourcesb. Applications 11 2
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Chapter Objective1. To understand the relevance of muscle power2. To enable students to contemplate system designs that includes muscle power as
one of the hybrid energy components.
Chapter MotivationApplications for pumping up water and mass transport.
Sample Questions1. What is muscle power?2. Describe the energy capital and its comparative values for muscle power based
system.
3. What is draught power?4.
What are the draught animals?5. Give a comparative table of the power delivering capability of the various draughtanimals.
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Indian Institute of Science CEDT
1.Traditional Energy Systems
Introduction
For any activity involving other than muscle power a base energy and capital energy are
required. This can be illustrated considering following two examples:
Consider a person walking between 2 points A B. the energy required will be
Fd(=m*a*d) joules.
Now if the person uses a car the total energy will be Etranslational+Ecapital
Where Ecapital is the energy invested in making car.
A d B
Considering the example of energy required for ploughing a field:
When a tractor is used there energy spent on Ecapital. The various relative values can be
tabulated as follows:
Eplough KWh Ecapital KWh Energy efficiency
Traditional farming 6000 60 90%
Modern farming 6000 60000 10%
From above it is clear that though the energy efficiency for traditional farming is high
the time required for modern farming is less.
Sources
The working speed for most draught animals is about 1 metre/second (3.6 km/h, 2 mph).
A bull consumes about 3.3 Joules for each Joule of work. There are limitations on the
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Indian Institute of Science CEDT
Horse
4.0
(400) 0.13
500
(50) 1.0 500 10 18
Donkey1.5
(150)0.13
200(20)
1.0 200 4 3
Mule3.0
(300)0.13
400(40)
1.0 400 6 8.5
Camel5.0
(500)0.13
650(65)
1.0 650 6 14
Note: For animals of different weight the power output and energyoutput per day may be adjusted proportionatelySource: Tools for Agriculture, 1992http://www.fao.org/sd/EGdirect/EGan0006.htm
AnimalForceExerted(lbs.)
Velocity(ft/sec)
Power(ft-lbs/sec)
StandardHorsepower
ForceExerted(N.)
Velocity(m/s)
Power(W)
draft horse 120 3.6 432 0.864 535 1.1 587
ox 120 2.4 288 0.576 535 0.7 391
mule 60 3.6 216 0.432 267 1.1 293
donkey 30 3.6 108 0.216 134 1.1 147
man 18 2.5 45 0.090 80 0.8 61
http://www2.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/animalpower.htmMetric conversion by Tim Lovett
For a hard day's work the horse reigns supreme, delivering 500W for 10 hours. The ox is knownfor its compliance and is less fussy about food - a good choice for the less demandingapplications. The camel has the highest power output. Forget the donkey.http://geoimages.berkeley.edu/GeoImages/Powell/Afghan/100.htmlCamel powered pump in Afghanistan: For millenia waterwheels have been used to lift water forirrigation and domestic use.
This camel keeps walking in a tight circle to turn an axle which powers the waterwheel.
http://private.addcom.de/asiaphoto/burma/bdia085.htmAn ox crushes peanuts on a tiny mill in Thailand. Note the two arms - one steering the animal atthe neck, while the other takes the power from behind the animal.
Power for common activities
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Indian Institute of Science CEDT
plane with coefficient of friction =0.2 Whr/kg/m
Lifting a body of unit mass by unit height 2722x10-6
Whr/kg/m
Energy required for rotating a disc of J=2kg-m2 with an angular
acceleration =2 rad/sec2 per unit radian
1111x10-6 Whr
Energy required to raise the temperature of unit mass of water from
250 to 75058.05 Whr/kg
Energy required to deliver water from a horizontal pipe with a
delivery rate of 0.1lt/sec at a pressure of 20N/m2555.56x 10-6
Whr/kg/m
Energy required to move a body up an inclined plane inclined at an
angle 45
o
with an acceleration of 2m/s
2
with a frictional coefficient of=0.2
2863x10-6
Whr/kg/m
Energy required for physical activities of human being (M=68kg)
Walking at a speed of 7 km/hr for a time of 1hr 464x10-3 Whr
Running at a speed of 10 km/hr for a time of 1hr 812.7x10-3 Whr
Cycling at a speed of 16 km/hr for a time of 1hr 510.8x10-3 Whr
Swimming at a speed of 2.4 km/hr for a time of 1hr 557.33x10-3 Whr
Energy Storage
Typical rechargeable batteries 40-100 Wh/kg
Electrochemical capacitor 5-15 Whr/kg
Spring 0.1-0.3 Whr/kg
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Applications ofApplications oftraditional powertraditional power
NPTELNPTEL
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TransportationTransportation -- walkingwalking
Women carrying water by walkWomen carrying water by walk
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TransportationTransportation ox powerox power
Bull cart to transport people from oneBull cart to transport people from one
village to anothervillage to another
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TransportationTransportation human powerhuman power
Rickshaw to transport peopleRickshaw to transport people
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TransportationTransportation animal poweranimal power
Camel cart and elephant as a means ofCamel cart and elephant as a means of
transporttransport
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TransportationTransportation animal poweranimal power
Some more examples of muscle powerSome more examples of muscle power
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TransportationTransportation animal poweranimal power
Some more examples of muscle powerSome more examples of muscle power
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TransportationTransportation bicyclebicycle
Human power along with wheelsHuman power along with wheels
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TransportationTransportation bullock cartbullock cart
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OX powerOX power
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OX powerOX power
Lifting water for irrigation
ploughing
Flour mill
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Muscle power to lift waterMuscle power to lift water
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Muscle power to lift waterMuscle power to lift water
Traditional well with pulley
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Bicycle powerBicycle power
Bicycle for loads otherthan for human transportation
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Candle power for lightingCandle power for lighting
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Firewood powerFirewood power
Heating/ cooking Heating/ lighting
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Traditional Energy Systems
Introduction
For any activity involving other than muscle power a base
energy and capital energy are required.
This can be illustrated considering following two examples:Consider a person walking between 2 points A B. the energy
required will be Fd(=m*a*d) joules.
Now if the person uses a car the total energy will be
Etranslational+Ecapital
Where Ecapital is the energy invested in making car.
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Traditional Energy Systems-1
A d B
Considering the example of energy required for ploughing a field:
When a tractor is used there energy spent on Ecapital. The
various relative values can be tabulated as follows:
Eplough
KWh
Ecapital
KWh
Energy
efficiency
Traditional
farming
6000 60 90%
Modernfarming 6000 60000 10%
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Traditional Energy Systems-2
From above it is clear that though the energy efficiency for
traditional farming is high the time required for modern farmingis less.
Sources:
The working speed for most draught animals is about 1
metre/second (3.6 km/h, 2 mph).
A bull consumes about 3.3 Joules for each Joule of work.
There are limitations on the performance of animals, such as
sensitivity to food supply, getting sick etc.
S t i bl f i di id l i l i
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Sustainable power of individual animals in
good condition
Animal Typical
weight
kN
(kgf)
Pull-
weight
ratio
Typical
pull N
(kgf)
Typical
working
speed
m/s
Power
output
W
Work
ing
hours
per
day
Energy
output
per day
MJ
Ox 4.5(450) 0.11 500(50) 0.9 450 6 10
Buffalo 5.5 (50) 0.12 650 (65) 0.8 520 5 9.5
Horse 4.0(400)
0.13 500 (50) 1.0 500 10 18
Donkey 1.5(150)
0.13 200 (20) 1.0 200 4 3
Mule 3.0(300)
0.13 400 (40) 1.0 400 6 8.5
Camel 5.0(500)
0.13 650 (65) 1.0 650 6 14
Sustainable power of individual animals in
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Sustainable power of individual animals in
good condition-2
Animal Force
Exert
ed
(lbs.)
Velocit
y
(ft/sec)
Power
(ft-
lbs/sec)
Standa
rd
Horsep
ower
Force
Exerted
(N.)
Velocit
y
(m/s)
Power
(W)
draft
horse
120 3.6 432 0.864 535 1.1 587
ox 120 2.4 288 0.576 535 0.7 391
mule 60 3.6 216 0.432 267 1.1 293
donkey 30 3.6 108 0.216 134 1.1 147
man 18 2.5 45 0.090 80 0.8 61
Sustainable power of individual animals in
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Sustainable power of individual animals in
good condition-3
For a hard day's work the horse reigns supreme, delivering
500W for 10 hours. The ox is known for its compliance and is
less fussy about food - a good choice for the less demandingapplications. The camel has the highest power output. Forget
the donkey.
http://geoimages.berkeley.edu/GeoImages/Powell/Afghan/100.html
Camel powered pump in Afghanistan: For millenia
waterwheels have been used to lift water for irrigation anddomestic use.
This camel keeps walking in a tight circle to turn an axle which
powers the waterwheel. http://private.addcom.de/asiaphoto/burma/bdia085.htm
P f ti iti
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Power for common activities
Activities Energy
Consumed
Moving a body of unit mass with anacceleration 2m/s2 on a smooth
horizontal plane
555.56x 10-6
Whr/kg/m
Moving a body of unit mass with anacceleration 2m/s2 on a horizontal plane
with coefficient of friction =0.2
1100x10-6
Whr/kg/m
Moving a body of unit mass withuniform velocity on a horizontal plane
with coefficient of friction =0.2
544x10-6
Whr/kg/m
Lifting a body of unit mass by unitheight
2722x10-6
Whr/kg/m
P f ti iti 1
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Power for common activities-1
Energy required for rotating a disc of J=2kg-
m2 with an angular acceleration =2 rad/sec2
per unit radian
1111x10-6 Whr
Energy required to raise the temperature of
unit mass of water from 250 to 75058.05 Whr/kg
Energy required to deliver water from a
horizontal pipe with a delivery rate of
0.1lt/sec at a pressure of 20N/m2
555.56x 10-6
Whr/kg/m
Energy required to move a body up an
inclined plane inclined at an angle 45o with
an acceleration of 2m/s2 with a frictional
coefficient of=0.2
2863x10-6
Whr/kg/m
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Power for common activities-2
Energy required for physical activities of human being (M=68kg)
Walking at a speed of 7 km/hr for a
time of 1hr
464x10-3 Whr
Running at a speed of 10 km/hr for a
time of 1hr
812.7x10-3
Whr
Cycling at a speed of 16 km/hr for atime of 1hr 510.8x10
-3
Whr
Swimming at a speed of 2.4 km/hr
for a time of 1hr
557.33x10-3
Whr
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Power for common activities-3
Energy Storage
Typical rechargeable batteries 40-100 Wh/kg
Electrochemical capacitor 5-15 Whr/kg
Spring 0.1-0.3 Whr/kg