Transoceanic EncountersMr. Ermer
World History APMiami Beach Senior High
Easier ExplorationShip Building
Stronger, more maneuverable ships Square sails, triangular lateen sails, sternpost rudders
Navigational InstrumentsMagnetic compassAstrolabe and cross staffs
Allowing the measuring of lines of latitudeNavigational Techniques
Better knowledge of currents and winds (wind wheels) Trade winds by the equator blow easterly, further away
westerly Monsoon winds in the Indian Ocean Volta do mar
CircumnavigationPortuguese sail around Cape of Good Hope, control
IOTSColumbus establishes trans-Atlantic routesFerdinand Magellan
Magellan sailed for Portugal through Indian OceanWanted to establish western route to Asia, sponsored by
Spain Follows Columbus’s route, probes S. America, enters Pacific Long voyage through Pacific proves deadly for many crew
members Magellan dies in Philippines after he’s caught in local political
fight Crew returns to Spain via more familiar Indian Ocean route
Magellan’s crew = first to circumnavigate globe
Age of European ExplorationSpanish establish trading route b/w Mex. &
PhilippinesSpain does not explore greater Pacific Ocean
Other Europeans seek new routes b/w Europe & AsiaEnglish & French explorers seek elusive
“Northwest Passage” 1500s: Sir Francis Drake explores west coast of N.
America 1700s: Danish Vitus Bering sails for Russia, Alaska &
CanadaCaptain James Cook
Sails for England and charts Australia, New Zealand, Oceania
Europeans Trade In AsiaEuropeans see potential for new commercial
marketsEstablish fortified trading posts in Eastern
Hemisphere Not powerful, large enough, to establish complete
controlRussians expand over land to take large parts of
central/east AsiaPortuguese first to establish large trading
empireThe English and Dutch pose a threat to
Portuguese hegemony, establish parallel networks English and Dutch ships = cheaper, faster, more
powerful Joint-Stock Companies more efficient, profitable
English/British East India Company United (Dutch) East India Company (VOC)
Portuguese attempts to control Indian Ocean trade failsEuropeans, unable to dominate Asia, trade peacefullyEarly colonizing efforts only realized in Southeast Asia
The Spanish Philippines1565: Miguel Lopez de Legazpi names islands after Philip II
Conquers most of the Philippine archipelago by 1575Manila established as cosmopolitan trade port
Chinese goods shipped from Manila to MexicoSpread Christianity, Filipinos become fervent Catholics
Dutch JavaDutch seeks to control trade in cloves, nutmeg, and maceJan Pieterszoon Coen founds Batavia as main VOC port
Impose ruthless control over all spice trade in Indonesia VOC & the Netherlands grow extremely rich from spice trade
European Conquest In Asia
Russian ExpansionRussians do not follow maritime empire model
Dominate Eurasia, conquering Mongol khanates in C. Asia
Establish trade with Ottoman Empire, Iran, IndiaConquer the Caucasus, establishing control of
Caspian SeaRussian Siberia
Siberian fur in high demand, Russians seek control of trade Stroganov family hires Yermak opening further
exploration Siberian peoples subsisted on trapping, hunting, fishing
Important for the delivery of fur to Russian merchants Population greatly diminished by war and disease from
Russians Russian government seeks to protect “small peoples”
Orthodox missionaries attempt to convert Siberians to Christianity
Trade and ConflictCompetition among European nations to est. markets
Quest to monopolize creates tensionDutch ships dominate Indian Ocean, expel Portuguese
Prevent English from establishing spice markets1700s: Indian cotton, tea = more profitable than spices
English & French compete to control India, Ceylon English & French ships outnumber Dutch ships
1746: French seize Indian port city of Madras from BritishBritish takes back control after Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle
Hostilities part of much larger War of Austrian SuccessionBritish & French also fight over claims in North
America, sugar islands in Caribbean
Great Britain & theBritish East India Co.
vs.France & the
French East India Co.
War of Austrian SuccessionKingdom of Prussia
Kingdom of France
Kingdom of Spain
Habsburg Austria
United Kingdom of Great Britain
Holy Roman Empire
Dutch Republics
Empire of Russia
The Seven Years’ War (1756-1763)European rivalries erupt into multi-theater war
Fighting in Europe, India, the Caribbean, & North America Called the “French & Indian War” in the United States
Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle breaks downAustrians upset about losing territory of Silesia to PrussiaFrench & British hostilities ongoing
Switch allies to fight another global warPrussia & Austria mostly fight in EuropeBritish & French fight mostly in India & AmericasBritish win, take French colonies in N. America
Also take Florida from Spain, Spanish get to keep CubaGreat Britain emerges as most dominant European power
Seven Years’ WarHabsburg Austria
Kingdom of France
Kingdom of Spain
Russia
Mughal Empire
Kingdom of Prussia
United Kingdom of Great Britain
Portugal
Sweden
Iroquois Confederacy
Globalization of TradeEuropean merchants connect far flung markets
Europeans conduct trade within Asia & AmericasEmergence of transoceanic slave trade Africa to
AmericasGlobal trade has adverse environmental effects
Fur animals decrease in numbers Deer, seals, walruses, whales, other valuable animals
decreaseNatural resources exploitedColumbian Exchange