Water, Solutions, Precipitation Reactions, Acid-Base Reactions, and Reduction-Oxidation
Reactions
SolvationWater’s Structure
Dissolving a Salt
Dissolving Ethanol
Electrolytes vs. Nonelectrolytes
Strong vs. Weak Acids
Anatomy of a SolutionSolute
Solvent
Molarity
Dilution
Precipitation ReactionsSolubility Rules
Nitrate salts are solubleAlkali metal and ammonium salts are solubleMost chloride salts are soluble…except Ag1+, Hg2
2+, Pb2+
Most sulfate salts are soluble…except Ca2+, Ba2+, Hg2+, Pb2+
Most hydroxide salts are only slightly soluble…except alkalis…and Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+ are marginally soluble
Most sulfide, carbonate, chromate, and phosphate salts are only slightly soluble…except alkalis
Precipitation ReactionsMolecular Equation
Complete Ionic Equation
Net Ionic Equation
Acid-Base ReactionsAcidBaseNet ionic equation
Acid-Base TitrationsTitrantAnalyteEquivalence pointEnd pointStandard solution
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions(Redox)OxidationReductionOxidation number
Assigning Oxidation NumbersAn atom in an element…0Monatomic ion…equals its chargeOxygen in covalent cpds…-2Hydrogen in covalent cpds…+1Fluorine…-1Sum must equal charge of cpd or ionWhen in doubt, assign more electronegative
atom to be equal to its monatomic ion’s charge
Balancing Redox Rxns…the half-reaction methodWrite separate half-reactions without spectator
ionsBalance non-H and non-O elementsBalance O using H2O or OH1-
Balance H using H1+ or H2OBalance the charge with e-
Normalize the half-rxnsAdd the half-rxnsCancel like terms on opposite sides and add
spectator ions where apropos