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Italian Foreign Policy
London, 27 October 2006
Giovanni Brauzzi
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... to clarify what had been the bases,both material and moral, on which the
foreign policy rested, such as the forcesand sentiments which surrounded the
policy itself and also, in that historical
period, the diplomatic initiative. In other words, passions and affections,
ideas and ideologies, the situation of thecountry and of its people, all that makesthe foreign policy a moment or an aspect
of the wider and more complex historicalprocess, which encompasses the wholelife of a nation and does not allow forwatertight compartments; a moment for
foreign relations which is intertwinedwith the moral, economic, social andreligious life in the interior.
Federico Chabod,
History of Italian Foreign Policy from1870 to 1896
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Material bases
Geography
Energy
Population
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Facts and Figures Area: 301,336 sq km
Land boundaries: 1,932 km
Coastline: 7,600 km
Population (2005): 58.462.375
Population Growth Rate : 1,1% birth rate: -18,396
immigration rate: +181,080
Life Expectancy at Birth: 79,25 years
GDP Composition by Sector:
agriculture 2%
industry 30%
services 68%
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Italian Crude Oil Imports (2005)
IRAQ
5%
IRAN13%
RUSSIA
18%
ALGERIA
5%
SYRIA4%
NORWAY
3%OTHERS
15%
SAUDI
ARABIA
14%
LYBIA
23%
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THE NETHERLANDS
17%
NORWAY
7%
NIGERIA
4%
ALGERIA
34%
RUSSIA
36%
LYBIA
2%
Italian Natural Gas Imports (2005)
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Italian Population in the XX
Century(ISTAT 2005)
32,966
35,845
39,94441,652
42,994
47,516
50,624
54,137
56,557 56,778
1901 1911 1921 1931 1936 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991
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Italian Population Projections
2010 - 2050(ISTAT 2005)
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
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THE CONSTITUTIONAL
FRAMEWORK
Art. 11 of Italian Constitution: Italy rejects war
as an instrument of aggression against the
liberties of other people and as a means for
settling international controversies; it agrees,on conditions of equality with other States, to
such limitations of sovereignty as may benecessary for an international order aimed at
ensuring peace and justice among Nations; it
promotes and encourages international
organizations having such ends in view.
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The Multilateral Approach
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We the peoples of the United Nations,determined to save succeeding
generations from the scourge of war..determined to safeguard thefreedom, common heritage and
civilisations of their peoples, foundedon the principles of democracy,individual freedom and the rule of
law.
an ever closer union among
the peoples of Europe
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NATIONAL INTEREST
Few commodities and energy sourcesAging and shrinking population
We cannot keep our gates closed
Cultural and institutional pluralism
Universal visionLessons learnt from the past
thus
PURSUING NATIONAL INTEREST
THROUGH MULTILATERAL FORA
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The limitation of sovereigntyThe limitation of sovereigntywhich is, for every country, thewhich is, for every country, the
price of the participation in anprice of the participation in an
integrated international system,integrated international system,
becomes less onerousbecomes less onerous
the more a country is able tothe more a country is able tocontribute genuinely to thecontribute genuinely to the
definition of the policy ofdefinition of the policy of
international forainternational fora
N ti l I t t i
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National Interest in
International Fora
Italian priorities Being part of the leading group in the
European integration process
Strengthening transatlantic relations
Avoiding marginalisation at the UN
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The compass of
Italian foreign policy
North, towards Europe;
South, towards the
Mediterranean, the
Middle East and Africa;
East, towards the
Balkans and Russia;
West, towards Americaand globalisation.
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Being part of the leading group
in the European integration process
25 March 1957-29 October 2004:
from Rome to Rome;
Simultaneous widening and deepening; Union of people and states;
Close the democratic gap;
Principle of subsidiarity;
European pillar of transatlantic relations;
From the EDC to the ESDP;
Being always part of the leading group, as
a vocation and a necessity.
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The Way Ahead in the European Constitutional Process
Still committed to the ratification and entry into force of
the European Constitutional Treaty;
En attendant 2007 (elections in France and NL);
50th
anniversary of the Rome Treaty ;Premature to reopen the text before;Working on policies is not an alternative to institutional
developments;
Ready to improvements made without changing theTreaties;
Defining Europes borders would be helped by a
constitutional dimension of the integration process.
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To conclude
"IS THERE A FUTURE
FOR EUROPEAN INTEGRATION?"
London, LSE, 12 October 2006
The question now is whether the political will is there in our countries to continue thatprocess of integration
Modern politics and economics have not just a national or global dimension. There exists
also a European dimension as shaped and brought into operation by the integration of ourcountries in the Community of Six and now in the Union
Demand for Europe has been growing and is now heard throughout the world. We have aduty to respond to this callYour country, with its own sensibility deriving from its own history - but then the historyof every European nation is different from all others' - contributed decisively to the birth ofthe European ideal. First by standing up heroically against Nazi fascism during the Second
World War. Then by pointing - as Winston Churchill did in a prophetic speech - to theprospect of a "regional organisation of Europe" to be undertaken without delay : "If we areto form a United States of Europe, or whatever name it may take, we must begin nowThe endeavour goes on. It is not over and Europe still needs the United Kingdom as asource of equilibrium on the continent and as an inspiration for its civil and democraticfuture. We are about to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the Treaty of Rome. But, in thewords of that speech in Zurich long ago, we still need "an act of faith in the European
family".
St th i
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Strengthening
the transatlantic link
From Cold War
to new threats Coalitions
of the willing
are not enough
From the Balkansto Afghanistan:
the arc of crisis
Relaunch
NATOs
Political Dimension
New members,
New partners,
New capabilities,
Enduring commitment
l ll l
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Complex challenges of international
securityNuclear
Proliferation
Terrorism
Failed, rogue states
Illegal immigration
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BOSNIANATO HQ SARAJEVO 25EUFOR ALTHEA 858EUPM (European Union Police
Mission) 15TOTAL 898
ALBANIA
NATO HQ TIRANA 6
ALBANIA 2 (28 Naval Group) 62
DIE (Delegaz. Italiana Esperti) 32
TOTAL
100
KOSOVOKFOR (Kosovo Force) 2.305
Operazione "Joint Enterprise"UNMIK 2
(UN Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo)EUPT Kosovo 1
(European Union Planning Team)TOTAL 2.308
MAROCCO
MINURSO
(UN Mission for the Refendum in Western Sahara)
5
CIPRO
UNFICYP
(UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus)4
Rep. Dem. del CONGO
EUPOL KINSHASA 4
EUFOR RD CONGO 65
TOTAL 69
INDIA - PAKISTAN
UNMOGIP
(UN Military Observer Group
in India and Pakistan)
6
SUDAN
SUPPORTO UE AD AMIS ()
4
MALTA
MIATM
(Missione Italiana di Assistenza
Tecnico-Militare)
44
LIBANO
UNIFIL
(UN Interim Force
in Lebanon)
60
2.496
EGITTO
MFO
(Multinational Force
and Observers)
82
ISRAELE
UNTSO
(UN Truce Supervision
Organization)
7
HEBRON
TIPH2 (Temporary
International Presence in
Hebron)
18
GAZA
EU BAM RAFAH
17
FYROM
NATO HQ SKOPJE
3
AFGHANISTAN
ISAF (Internat ional Security Assi stance Force) 1 .938
ENDURING FREEDOM (Mare Arabico)
380
ACTIVE ENDEAVOUR (Mare Mediterraneo)
70
TOTAL 2.388
IRAQ
ANTICA BABILONIA 1.677
Esperti militari 8
TOTAL 1.685
OVERSEAS MISSIONS BY ITALIAN ARMED FORCES (updated October 2006)OVERSEAS MISSIONS BY ITALIAN ARMED FORCES (updated October 2006)
10194 troops in 27 missions
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Avoiding marginalisation and
oligarchic backsliding at the UN
World Government vs. Global Governance;
Effective Multilateralism;Criteria for the use of force;
National sovereignty, democracy and human rights;
Agenda for peace and agenda for development;
A role for the European Union;
UNSC Reform.
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New Impetus to UNSC Reform:
the Prodi-Musharraf Initiative
(New York, 20 September 2006)
We will have to accommodate, as far as possible, the interests of all.
Regional representation, combined with rotation, could offer the answer.
Committed to explore, with political flexibility and diplomatic creativity,
and through a negotiating process, possible options for a solution to
Security Council reform that can command the widest political agreement.
Comment by UNSG Kofi Annan:
Countries on both sides of the divide stand to benefit if a compromise can be
found. All will suffer if the stalemate is allowed to continue.
F i
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Farnesina
Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Facts and Figures
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REPRESENTATIONS ABROAD (2005)
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GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF THE EMBASSIES
(2005)
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DIPLOMATIC-CONSULAR NETWORK, STAFF AND
BUDGET OF THE MINISTRIES OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS
A COMPARISON IN EUROPE (year 2004)
2.52016.000453UNITEDKINGDOM
2.21513.210347GERMANY
2.17517.231430FRANCE
1.5618.245338ITALY
BudgetStaffDiplomatic/consular
network
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Thank you for your attention.