Understanding Micrologic
Contents
Range
Protection against overloads
Protection against short-circuits
Protection against insulation faults
Hardware
Metering
Others functions
Monitoring and/or protection of loads
Load shedding and reconnection
Programmable controller
Harmonic
Asic and microprocessor self-protection
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MicrologicRange
A
2.0
5.0
WithoutCurrent protection type
2 : Distribution L, I
5 : Selective L, S, I
6: Selective and ground fault L, S, I, G
7 : Selective and earth leakage L, S, I, V
P H
Micrologic 6. 0 P
Measurement type versionCurrent protection type
2.0 A
5.0 A
6.0 A
7.0 A
5.0 P
6.0 P
7.0 P
5.0 H
6.0 H
7.0 H
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Measurement type
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Protection against risk of fire
Protection against overloadsphases
Long-time protection (i²t) of the phases and the neutral Protect against premature ageing of cables Adjustable setting range using rating plugs
standard : 0.4 - 1, low : 0.4 - 0.8, High : 0.8 - 1, plug OFF
Setting to within one Amp with keypad or via Communication
LT setting
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Protection against overloadsneutral conductor
Neutral protection Adjustment :
by three position dial on the 4th pole : 4P 3D, 3D+N/2, 4P 4D by keypad : OFF, 1/2, Full, 1.6 (3 pole breaker only)
Settings : N/2 : IrN = 1/2 IrP, IsdN = 1/2 IsdP, IiN = IiP, IgN = IgP
1.6N : IrN = 1.6 IrP, IsdN = 1.6 IsdP, IiN = IiP, IgN = IgP
Oversized neutral protection protection against 3rd-order harmonics summed up in the neutral conductor 3Pole breaker only
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Protection against overloads3rd harmonic in neutral conductor
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Protection against overloadsIDMTL
Long-time protection of the phases IDMTL type (Inverse definite minimum time lag)
High voltage fuse
Extremely inverse time
Very inverse time
Standard inverse time
Definite time
Improvement of discrimination with HV fusesBetter protection of switchgears
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Protection against risk of damage
Protection against short-circuits
Short-time protection For low impedance short-circuits (80% of faults) I²t ON to improve discrimination with downstream protection, inverse time protection up to 10Ir
Instantaneous protection For solid short-circuits N1 and H1 breaker : OFF position inhibits the instantaneous protection H2, H3 and L1 breaker : OFF postion = DIN value (shown on screen) RMS measurement with 20ms fixed time delay
ST pick-up
ST delay
pick-up
Inst.
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Protection against short-circuits Zone selective interlocking (ZSI)
Principle : ZSI enables the control units to
communicate with each other. The system is able to locate the short circuit or ground fault and clear it.
Functionning : ZSI allows the circuit breaker to ignore its
preset delay when necessary. The fault is cleared by the nearest upstream circuit breaker with no intentional time delay.
Advantages : Faster tripping time without sacrificing
coordination Limitation of system stress by reducing
amount of let through energy.
Maximum : 100 circuit breakers interconnected whatever the configuration
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Ig
Protection against insulation faultsGround fault
Ground fault protection Micrologic 6.0P Made mandatory by NEC
Residual current Source Ground Return
Prevent risk of fire
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New
Protection against insulation faultsEarth leakage
Earth-leakage protection Micrologic 7.0P Mandatory per standards NFC 15100 and IEC 364 In a TT system, protects property against low level fault currents In a TNS system, protects installations where long cables are installed
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Hardware Principle and power supply
Trip unit power supply
Power supply
COM Module
Opticalcoupling
Optional external 24V DC power supply for :programmable contact power supply and when breaker is open :•Powers display, •Identification, adjustments through “Com” module
Iron CT
Air CT
Isolation
Standard Internal voltage sensor <690v oroptional external voltage sensor forµP power supply and measurement
ASICBasic protection L S I G V
MicroprocessorAdditional functions (monitoring, measurement, analyses...)
24V DC BUS power supply
Surplus
SynchronousExchange dataMitop
ZSI
Plugs : Calibre/perform.
Opto Com
Test kit
M2C/M6C
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MeteringPrinciple
Samples
-2 500,0
-2 000,0
-1 500,0
-1 000,0
-500,0
0,0
500,0
1 000,0
1 500,0
2 000,0
2 500,0
0,0000 0,0020 0,0040 0,0060 0,0080 0,0100 0,0120 0,0140 0,0160 0,0180 0,0200
t (sec)
I (A
mp
s) Samples @ 625 µs
Sampling
Moyennes (Demand)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
0 600 1200 1800 2400 3000 3600 4200 4800 5400 6000 6600 7200 7800 8400 9000 9600 10200 10800
t (sec)
I (A
mp
s)
?
Real Time Data @ 1s
Demand Points @ 10 min
10 minutes
Samples of 6 cycles (32 points per cycle)
-2 500,0
-2 000,0
-1 500,0
-1 000,0
-500,0
0,0
500,0
1 000,0
1 500,0
2 000,0
2 500,0
0,0000 0,0200 0,0400 0,0600 0,0800 0,1000 0,1200
t (sec)
I (A
mp
s)
544µs
1 s
Refresh
15 s (sliding)
5..60 min (fixed)
1s IntegrationInstant. data
5 to 60 min IntegrationDemand data
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RMS measurement
Sampling frequency : 1838Hz One measurement point every
544µs 36 points per cycle
RMS value calculation 20ms
36
36
1
²)(X
RMS
10ms
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Others functionsPrinciple
MeterProgrammable
Controller
Demand
Instant. data
IavgPavg
IRMSP Q SEP EQ
Thresholds
(pickup & dropout)
Min / Max Max I1 :Min 17
Monitoring (Surveillance)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
0 600 1200 1800 2400 3000 3600 4200 4800 5400 6000 6600 7200 7800 8400 9000 9600 10200 10800
t (sec)
I (A
mp
s)
Real Time Data @ 1s
Pickup value
Pickup event
Dropout value
Dropout event
Relay ActivationM2C/M6C
Logging:Data Logs Historical Data
Maintenance Data
Breaker trip Mitop
Monitor
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Demand measurementsfixed or sliding window
fixed window Measurement of active reactive and
apparent power time intervals programmable
between 5mn and 1h values are refreshed at the end of
the time interval
Sliding window Measurement of current and active
reactive and apparent power time intervals programmable
between 5mn and 1h values are refreshed every
15 sec
fixed
sliding
t
15s
5mn to 1h
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Power factor PF
Power factor PF = P/S
P: active powerS: apparent power
Nota : cos ф= P1/S1P1 : Fundamental active powerS1 : Fundamental apparent power
reactive power Q
kvar
active power P kW
apparent power S
kVA
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Power factor PFSign convention
Active Power
Reactive Power
Watts +
VArs +
P.F -
Watts +
VArs -
P.F +
Watts -
VArs -
P.F -
Watts -
VArs +
P.F +
IEEE :
PF sign = - Q sign(P/S)
IEEE altenate :
PF sign = Q sign(P/S)
IEC :
PF sign = sign(P/S)
Reactive Power
Watts +
VArs +
P.F +
Watts +
VArs -
P.F -
Watts -
VArs -
P.F +
Watts -
VArs +
P.F +
Reactive Power
Watts +
VArs +
P.F +
Watts +
VArs -
P.F +
Watts -
VArs -
P.F -
Watts -
VArs +
P.F -
Active Power Active Power
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Monitoring and/or protection of loadsbased on current, voltage, power, frequency
• Current and voltage unbalance
• Phases rotation
• Maximum current (per phases & neutral)
• Reverse power
• Minimum / maximum frequency
• Minimum / maximum voltage
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Monitoring and/or protection of loads Principle of operation
Alarm generated by Micrologic
Activation threshold
Deactivation threshold
T1
T2
t
variable
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Monitoring and/or protection of loads Current unbalance ANSI 46
Application Protect rotating machines (motors,
generators) operating on balanced three-phase supplies against ageing and slowing
Balance single-phase loads on three-phase distribution systems
Detect phase loss Principle
the function compares the current unbalance to the threshold previously set by the user, for a time greater than the time delay
Example I1 = 2500A I2 = 4000A I 3 = 3400A
Iaverage. = 3300A Emax = I1 - Iave. = 800A
I = Emax /Iaverage = 24%
I average
I1 I2 I3
E max
setting range adjustment steps accuracy
activation threshold
5% to 60% of I average
1% -10% to 0%
activation time delay
1 to 40s 1s -20% to 0%
deactivation threshold
5% to activation thresold
1% -10% to 0%
deactivation time delay
10 to 3600s 1s -20% to 0%
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Monitoring and/or protection of loads Maximum current per phase and N
Application Obtain the maximum current
demand in the presence of major load fluctuations (welding machines, crushers, hoists)
Principle This function calculates the
maximum demand value of the current in each Ph and Neutral over a sliding time interval.
The interval can be adjusted between five minutes and one hour.
The value is refreshed every 15s
I max demand
t1 t2
setting range adjustment steps accuracy
activation threshold
0.2In to In 1A +/- 6.6%
activation time delay
15s to 1500s 15s -20% to 10%
deactivation threshold
0.2 In to activation thresold
1A +/- 6.6%'
deactivation time delay
15s to 3000s 15s -20% to 10%
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U average
U12 U23 U31
E max
setting range adjustment steps accuracy
activation threshold
2% to 30% of U average
1% -20% to 0%
activation time delay
1s to 40s 1s -20% to 0%
deactivation threshold
2% to activation threshold
1% -20% to 0%
deactivation time delay
10s to 360s 1s -20% to 0%
Monitoring and/or protection of loads Voltage unbalance ANSI 47
Application Protect loads against vibrations,
temperature rise and premature ageing
Principle The function compares the voltage
unbalance to the threshold previously set by the user, for a time greater than the time delay.
Example U12 = 330v U23 = 390v U31 = 10V U average. = 243v Emax = U31 - U average. =233v U = Emax /U average. = 96%
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Monitoring and/or protection of loads Minimum voltage ANSI 27
Application Protect motors against voltage drops
resulting in loss of torque and a major increase in the current drawn by the motor
Check the output voltage of a generator…
Principle The function is activated when one
of the phase to phase voltages is below the threshold set by the user, for a time greater than the time delay.
The function is desactivated when all 3 phase are above the threshold.
setting range adjustment steps accuracy
activation threshold
100V to Umax activation threshold
5V - 5% to 0%
activation time delay
1.2s to 5s 0.1s 0 to 20%
deactivation threshold
Activation thresold to Umax
activation threshold
5V '- 5% to 0%
deactivation time delay
1.2s to 36s 0.1s 0 to 20%
U12 U23 U31U12 U23 U31
Activation threshold U min
dectivation threshold U min
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Monitoring and/or protection of loads Minimum voltage ANSI 27
U
U max activation threshold (maxi 1200V)
U min deactivation threshold
Alarm
U min activation threshold (mini 100V)
100V
T1
T2
t
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Monitoring and/or protection of loads Maximun voltage ANSI 59
Application Protect loads (motor and
transformer) against abnormally high voltages that can result in irreversible damage
Avoid saturation of transformers
Principle The function is activated when one
of the phase to phase voltages is above the threshold set by the user, for a time greater than the time delay
The function is desactivated when all 3 phases are under the threshold
U12 U23 U31
setting range adjustment steps accuracy
activation threshold
Umin activation threshold to 1200V
5V -0% to +5%
activation time delay
1.2s to 5s 0.1s 0% to +20%
deactivation threshold
100V to activation threshold
5V -0% to 5%
deactivation time delay
1.2s to 36s 0.1s 0% to +20%
U12 U23 U31
Activation threshold U max
deativation threshold U max
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Monitoring and/or protection of loads Maximum voltage ANSI 27
U
U max activation threshold (maxi 1200V)
Deactivation threshold
Alarm
U min activation threshold (mini 100V)
1200V
T1
T2
t
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Monitoring and/or protection of loads Reverse power ANSI 32P
Application Protect diesel engines from generators
operating as motors marine applications, generator
sets… Avoid power transfers between two
parallel-connected sources Principle
The function is activated when the active power flowing in the direction opposite set by the user is greater than the activation threshold for a time greater than the time delay.
P kW
Load shedding
Reconnection
Reverse power
Activation
t
setting range adjustment steps accuracy
activation threshold
5kW to 500kW 5kW +/-2.5%
activation time delay
0.2s to 20s 0.1s 0% to 20%
deactivation threshold
5kW to activation threshold
5kW +/-2.5%
deactivation time delay
1s to 360s 0.1s 0% to 20%
Deactivation
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Monitoring and/or protection of loads Minimum frequency ANSI 81
Application Check the frequency of a generator Check the frequency across the
terminals of a motor Avoid saturation of transformers
following a drop in frequency
Principle The function is activated when the
frequency exceeds the set threshold for a time greater than the time delay
setting range adjustment steps accuracy
activation threshold
45 to Fmax activation threshold
0.5Hz +/-0.5Hz
activation time delay
1.2s to 5 sec 0.1s 0% to 20%
deactivation threshold
activation threshold to Fmax
activation threshold
0.5Hz +/-0.5Hz
deactivation time delay
1.2 to 36s 0.1s 0% to 20%
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Monitoring and/or protection of loads Minimum frequency ANSI 81
F
F max activation threshold (maxi 540Hz)
F min deactivation threshold
Alarm
F min activation threshold (mini 45Hz)
45Hz
T1
T2
t
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Monitoring and/or protection of loads Maximum frequency ANSI 81
Application Check the frequency of a generator Check the frequency across the
terminals of a motor
Principle The function is activated when the
frequency exceeds the set threshold for a time greater than the time delay
setting range adjustment steps accuracy
activation threshold
Fmax activation threshold to 540Hz
0.5Hz +/-0.5Hz
activation time delay
1.2s to 5 sec 0.1s 0% to 20%
deactivation threshold
45Hz to activation threshold
0.5Hz +/-0.5Hz
deactivation time delay
1.2 to 36s 0.1s 0% to 20%
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Monitoring and/or protection of loads Maximum frequency ANSI 81
F
F max activation threshold (maxi 540Hz)
F max deactivation threshold
Alarm
F min activation threshold (mini 45Hz)
540Hz
T1
T2
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Monitoring and/or protection of loads Phase rotation
Application Avoid reversed rotation of motors Check on coupling between generator and
distribution system (phase sequence)
Principle The function compares the actual phase
sequence with the selected sequence Alarm only Not available if the 400 Hz frequency is set
Range of adjustment
1,2, 3 or , ,
activation time delay
0.3s
deactivation time delay 0.3s
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Load shedding and reconnectionbased on current
Application Ensure the continuity of service of
priority circuits by disconnecting non-priority loads
Principle The function is activated when the
current exceeds the set threshold for a time greater than the time delay
Ishedding
reconnection
t
setting range adjustment steps accuracy
activation threshold
50 to 100% of Ir 1% +/-6%
activation time delay
20% to 80% of Tr 1% -20%+0%
deactivation threshold
30%Ir to activation threshold
1% +/-6%
deactivation time delay
10s to 600s 1s -20%+0%
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Load shedding and reconnectionbased on power
Application Ensure the continuity of service
of priority circuits by disconnecting non-priority loads
Principle The function is activated when
the power exceeds the set threshold for a time greater than the time delay
shedding reconnection
P kW
100 kW
10MWActivation
Deactivation
Alarm t
setting range adjustment steps accuracy
activation threshold
200kW to 10MW 50kW +/-2.5%
activation time delay
10s to 3600s 10s -20%+0%
deactivation threshold
100kW to activation threshold
50kW +/-2.5%
deactivation time delay
10s to 3600s 10s -20%+0%
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Programmable controllerAlarms and relay outputs with distinct thresholds
Alarm on supervisor via Com module activation and desactivation after a
programmable time delay
M2C or M6C relay outputs without latching ==> follows the
state of the alarm with temporary latching
programmable from 1s to 6mn
with permanent latching ==> needs a resetting
Relays without latching
Relays with temporary latching
Relays with permanent latching
Reset
from 1s to 360s
Alarm
Activation
Deactivation
T1
T2
t
possible Resetting
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from 1s to 360s
Programmable controller Alarms and relay outputs with identical thresholds
Alarm
Relays without latching
Relays with temporary latching
Relays with permanent latching
Reset
Activation/
Deactivation
T1 T2
possible resetting
Alarm on supervisor via Com module activation and desactivation after a
programmable time delay
M2C or M6C relay outputs without latching ==> follows the
state of the alarm with temporary latching
programmable from 1s to 6mn
with permanent latching ==> needs to be reset
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HarmonicDefinition
A periodic signal is a combination of :
The original sinusoidal signal at the fundamental frequency
Other sinusoidal signals (the harmonics) with frequencies that are whole-number multiples of the fundamental frequency
A DC component, where applicable
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HarmonicOrigin and effects
OriginHarmonics are caused by non linear loads such as :
Welding machines arc/induction furnaces Variable speed drive office equipment (computer, copy machine, neon lighting…)
EffectsThe flow of harmonics in distribution systems can cause serious problems such as :
Increased currents (oversized neutral) Additional losses and premature aging Disturbances to loads due to voltage harmonics Disturbances in communication networks
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HarmonicQuality indicators
These indicators are the indispensable tools used to determine any required corrective action :
Measurement of the fundamental Phase displacement of the fundamental Harmonic distorsion THD cos ф, power factor K factor, crest factor Distorsion power, distorsion factor Amplitude spectrum up to order 31 st Displacement spectrum
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Harmonic Total Harmonic Distortion
Current THD% Current per phase Neutral current
Voltage THD% Phase to phase voltage Phase - Neutral voltage
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Harmonic Fast Fourier Transfert
Current harmonics each phase plus neutral up to 31st order
Voltage harmonics phase to phase phase to Neutral up to 31st order
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Harmonic Waveform capture (WFC)
Triggered manually 4 cycles magnitude I : [ 0- 1.5 In] magnitude V: [0- 690V] 64 points /cycle
Triggered on event (alarm > 1s) 4 cycles (on supervisor) magnitude I : [ 0- 1.5 In] magnitude V: [0- 690V] 64 points /cycle
triggered by a fault 11/13 cycles (50/60 Hz) magnitude I : [ 0- 20 In] magnitude V: [0- 690V] 18/15 points /cycle (50/60 Hz)
WFC available through the COM option only
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Asic and microprocessor self-protection
ASIC
Self protection : - temperature
- power supply deficiency
µPro
Auto-test µPro &
automatic reset
Asic watchdog
Maintenance logtime recording : Asic maxi temperature
ASIC error code
Data exchange reading
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Asic and microprocessor self-protection
ASIC self protection resulting in a circuit breaker tripping :
excessive temperature >120° ASIC power supply deficiency (overvoltage)
Indication : LED Ap « ON » display of error code on LCD screen Events log recording ===>supervisor
µP self protection never trip the circuit-breaker
Memory check sum Time-out Detection by the µPro of a serial link failure between µP and the ASIC
Indication : Events log recording ===>supervisor (if communication still healthy)
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That ‘s all for today !
Isn ’t it s
imple and nice ?