Understanding the MDGs:
Fundamentals to Development Part
III
Engineers Without Borders Vancouver
The numbers
• 1.2 billion people live on less than $1/day• 1 billion people lack access to safe
drinking water - UNDP
• One child dies every 5 seconds from hunger Source, WFP
• 800 million people go to bed hunger every night
• 6 million people die from TB, Malaria per year Source, WFP
Overview
• Human Development?
• The MDGs,
• Exploring Poverty
• Why the focus on Africa?
• What will it cost?
• Concrete steps to action
What does development
mean to you?
Human development…
is about enlarging the choices people have to lead lives they value. – UN Human Development Report
A Brief History of MDGs
• 0.7% commitment: • Bruntland Report• Agenda 21, Rio Summit• 2000, UN Millennium Declaration
– 189 world leaders committed to UN MDG– 8 Goals, 18 targets for 2015– International community in agreement and targets set
• Doha Declaration (2001)• Monterey Consensus (2002)• UN World summit 2005
UN Millennium Development Goals
Goal 1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger
Goal 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education
Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women
Goal 4: Reduce child mortality
Goal 5: Improve Maternal Health Goal 6: Combat HIV/Aids, Malaria and other diseases
Goal 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability
Goal 8: Develop Global partnership for development
8 goals; targets for 2015
1. ½,the number of people living in extreme poverty and hunger (1990-2015)
2. : all children access to primary education3: Eliminate gender disparity in primary/secondary
education 20154: reduce by 2/3 under 5 mortality rate5.Reduce by ¾ maternity mortality ratio6. Halt and reverse spread of HIV/Aids7. Halt and reverse spread of malaria & other diseases8. Integrate principles of SD in country policies/programs,
reverse loss of environmental resources
18 Targets, 2015
9. ½ the number of people without access to safe drinking water/sanitation
10. Achieve sig. improvement in min. 1M slum dwellers
** Partnership for Development
Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
Target 1: Reduce by ½, the number of people living in extreme poverty
Target 2: Reduce by ½, the number of people suffering from hunger
What is Poverty?
Poverty
- Vulnerability
- Limited access to basic needs
- Important to distinguish between:
Extreme, Moderate and Relative Poverty
Extreme, Moderate and Relative Poverty
Extreme Poverty:• Cannot meet basic human needs (nutrition, health care, shelter,
education, water and sanitation• $1/day (WB) , 1.1b; 1/6 of pop• Developing Countries
Moderate Poverty: • Basic needs are met, but barely• $1-$2/day, 1.5b
Relative Poverty:• Lack access to cultural goods, quality services• Household income < national average
Overcoming Poverty
• Saving:
• Trade- commercial farming
• Technology **- irrigation methods, HYV of maise
• Increased resources – more fertile soils
These can Increase income
So what happens when…
• Lack of savings:• No Trade: • Decreased technology**• Decrease in Natural Resources• Sudden shocks • Population Growth
What could cause the above situations?
Poverty trap
Impoverished household
Resource input
Agricultural output
For survival
Market
Why is Sub-saharan Africa falling behind?
Map of World Hunger
Governance?
Country Transparency international Global
Corruption Report 2004
Economic Growth
Ghana
Senegal
Mali
Malawi
70
76
78
83
0.3
0.5
-0.5
0.2
India
Pakistan
Indonesia
Bangladesh
83
92
122
133
3.5
2.4
3.5
2.0
Other causes
• Geography: landlocked countries, majority of pop lives in the interior.
• Lack of access to markets/limited transportation • Lack of Irrigation ( 90% of crops are rain fed, • Depletion of soil nutrients• Lack of health services: Higher transmissions of
malaria• Aids• Existing poverty• Deep poverty trapSources: The end of Poverty, J.Sachs
How can EWB help break this Poverty trap?
Impoverished household
Resource input
Agricultural output
For survival
Market
Other methods?
Consider:$1.08 / day to access basic human needs (WB est.) $0.77 average income/ poor householdIncome gap: $0.31/day1.1 b ppl < $1/dayGlobal income gap: $124b
Now consider:$20.2trillion: Income of 22 donor countries0.6% would meet the $124 income gap0.7% of GDP would meet the income gap
* This would not have been possible twenty years ago….WHY?
What would it cost?
ODA and MDGs
2006: $121b
2010: $143b
2015: $189b
Increase in ODA required, beyond commitments:
2006: $48b
2010: $50b
2015: $74
Forms of Capital
• Human – health, education, nutrition
• Business – equipment, machinery, tools
• Infrastructure: roads, power, wat/san
• Natural Capital: land, healthy soils, biodiversity
• Public institution capital: government systems, judicial systems
• Knowledge- scientific/technology
Focus
• Increasing Agric inputs
• Investing in education
• Investing in health
• Developing power, transportation and communications services
• Water and sanitation
Use your voice
• Make Poverty History
• Food Aid – untied 40%
• Debt relief
• 0.7% Commitment
Learn• www.wfp.org• www.un.org/millenniumgoals/ • www.ewb.ca – lunch and learns• www.makepovertyhistory.org
Connect - people to people, actions to impact• Tell 3 people about the MDGs.• Invite EWB into your workplace
Contribute • To organisations that support long term programming