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Understanding Drug Abuse and Addiction: What Science Says
Developed by theNational Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)
National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, Maryland
www.drugabuse.g
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DRUG ADDICTION IS A COMPLEX ILLNESS
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Positron Emission Tomography
(PET)
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control on cocaine
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ineffective parenting chaotic home environment
lack of mutual attachments/nurturing
inappropriate behavior in the classroom
failure in school performance
poor social coping skills
affiliations with deviant peers
perceptions of approval of drug-using behaviors inthe school, peer, and community environments
Prevent ion Prog rams Shou ld . . . . Reduce Risk Factors
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Prevent ion Prog rams Shou ld . . . .
strong family bonds
parental monitoring
parental involvement success in school performance
prosocial institutions (e.g. such as family,school, and religious organizations)
conventional norms about drug use
www.drugabuse.g
Enhance Protective Factors
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. . . and be Culturally Sensitive
Prevent ion Prog rams Shou ld . . . .
. .Target all Forms of Drug Use
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Resist drugs
Strengthen personal commitmentsagainst drug use
Increase social competency
Reinforce attitudes against drug use
Prevent ion Prog rams Shou ld . . . .
Include Interactive Skills-Based Training
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Provide greater impact than parent-
only or child-only programs Include at each stage of development
Involve effective parenting skills
Prevent ion Prog rams Shou ld. . . .
Be Family-Focused
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Prevent ion Programs Shou ld . . . .
Involve Communities and Schools
Incorporate media campaigns and
policy changes Strengthen norms against drug use
Address specific nature of local drugproblem
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Components of Comprehensive DrugAddiction Treatment
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Matching Patients toIndividual Needs
No single treatment is appropriate for allindividuals
Effective treatment attends to multiple needsof the individual, not just his/her drug use
Treatment must address medical,psychological, social, vocational, and legal
problems
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Duration of Treatment Depends on patient problems/needs
Less than 90 days is of limited/no effectiveness
for residential/outpatient setting A minimum of 12 months is required for
methadone maintenance
Longer treatment is often indicated
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Medical Detoxification Detoxification safely manages the physical
symptoms of withdrawal
Only first stage of addiction treatment Alone, does little to change long-term drug use
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Counseling and Other Behavioral Therapie
Replace
Drug UsingActivities
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Medications for Drug Addiction
Buprenorphine Methadone
LAAM
Naltrexone Nicotine Replacement
patches gum buproprion
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Motivation to Enter/Sustain Treatment
Effective treatment need not be voluntary
Sanctions/enticements (family, employer,criminal justice system) can increasetreatment entry/retention
Treatment outcomes are similar for thosewho enter treatment under legal pressure vs
voluntary
www.drugabuse.g
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HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis and OtherInfectious Diseases
Drug treatment is disease prevention
Drug treatment reduces likelihood of HIV
infection by 6 fold in injecting drug users
Drug treatment presents opportunities forscreening, counseling, and referral
www.drugabuse.g
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Effectiveness of Treatment Goal of treatment is to return to productive
functioning
Treatment reduced drug use by 40-60%
Treatment reduces crime by 40-60% Treatment increases employment prospects
by 40%
Drug treatment is as successful as treatment
of diabetes, asthma, and hypertension
www.drugabuse.g
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Self-Help and DrugAddiction Treatment
Complements and extends treatment efforts
Most commonly used models include 12-Step(AA, NA) and Smart Recovery
Most treatment programs encourage self-helpparticipation during/after treatment
www.drugabuse.g
Cost Effectiveness of Drug
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Cost-Effectiveness of DrugTreatment
Treatment is less expensive than not treating orincarceration (1 yr methadone maintenance =$4,700 vs. $18,400 for imprisonment)
Every $1 invested in treatment yields up to $7 inreduced crime-related costs
Savings can exceed costs by 12:1 when healthcare costs are included
Reduced interpersonal conflicts
Improved workplace productivity Fewer drug-related accidents
www.drugabuse.g
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For More Information
NIDA Public Information Office:301-443-1124
Or
www.nida.nih.gov www.drugabuse.gov
National Clearinghouse on Alcohol and
Drug Information (NCADI):1-800-729-6686
www.drugabuse.g