Regular
Randomized
Tree garden management in Indonesia
has various system and design, each
with their own purposes and rationales
Cumulative Yield After 15 Years
13400
13600
13800
14000
14200
14400
14600
14800
15000
15200
Regular Randomized Clustered
Scenario
Late
x Y
ield
(kg/H
a)
27000
28000
29000
30000
31000
32000
33000
34000
35000
Durian (
fruit/H
a)
Latex
Durian
0 50 100 150 200
02
00
40
06
00
80
01
00
0
DBH (cm)
Du
ria
n Y
ield
s (
fru
its/t
ree
)
Obrservation
Predicted
Indonesia is widely known for its tropical fruit diversity. The 329 fruit tree
species (native and introduced) described from Indonesia (Rifai, 1986), belong
to 61 plant families and 148 genera. Uji (2007) reported 226 fruit species native
from Indonesia, which most of them (203 species) are tree species. Only 62 tree
species have been ‘domesticated’ (with recognized sources of germplasm),
including 18 endemic species and 4 rare species. Four genera were categorized
as having high economic value and were listed as priority fruit tree species:
Mangifera, Garcinia, Nephelium and Durio (Winarno, 2000). Durian is one of the
most popular fruits amongst all. It is a nutritious fruit which contains
carbohydrate, minerals, vitamins, but no cholesterol.
Background
Underutilized fruit trees in agroforestry systems in Central and North Sumatra: Opportunities and challenges
Hesti L. Tata1,2, Degi Harja2 and Elok Mulyoutami2 1 Forest Research and Development Agency, Bogor, Indonesia
2 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Southeast Asia Regional Program, Bogor, Indonesia
Survey Location
Indonesia archipelago
Tapanuli Bungo
Figure 1 (Clockwise). Durian agroforestry systems in Tapanuli, North Sumatra. Durian fruits. Flesh of durian (Durio zybethinus). Red durian (Durio graviolens).
Durian is categorized as an underulitized fruit
(Narendra et al., 2012), as its potential contribution to
market or household economies is not fully exploited
(Aboagya et al., 2007). The fruit production of Sumatra
island mostly comes from smallholder farmers, who
planted or managed fruits trees in agroforestry systems.
Objective of the study was to assess the limiting
factor of productivity of underutilized fruits, durian in
particular and look for the challenges to improve
sustainable fruit production.
For further information please contact:
Hesti L. Tata ([email protected])
World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF ) – Southeast Asia Regional Programme
Jalan CIFOR, Situ Gede, Sindangbarang Jero, Bogor 16151, PO. Box 161,
Indonesia
Crown Form Index (CF)
Crown Position Index (CP)
Clustered
-1.4
-1.2
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6 Relative Fruit Production Sensitivity To Climate Anomaly
The relative reduction on cumulative production shows
the differences in productivity sensitivity to climate
anomaly in 2010-2011, suggesting that mixed system
may have better sustainable productivity through
counterbalancing the sensitivity responses
Different management systems
result in variation in fruit and
rubber productivity
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Fru
it P
rod
uct
ion
(M
ega
To
nn
e)
Years
Mangosteen
Ramboostan
Durian
Mango Climate anomaly in
year 2010-2011 is
suspected to be the
cause of overall drop
in fruit production in
Indonesia in that year
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
Southern Oscillation Index (SOI)
The SOI is calculated using the pressure differences between Tahiti and Darwin. Sustained negative values of the SOI below −8 often indicate El Niño episodes and the SOI above +8 are typical of a La Niña episode
Tree-tree competition for light and space is known to be correlated
with the growth performance and productivity. The observation
using CP and CF classification shows a significant relationship (R =
0.723), explaining 70% the variation of the productivity. The yield
model is: Yields = 6.107*DBH – 1.087*DBH*CP + 0.699*DBH*CF
Summary
• The limiting factor of tree productivity is scaled from
tree to landscape level.
• Climates, Managements and Tree Functional
Strategies are just a few example of limiting factors
that has been shown to be significantly affecting the
tree productivity.
• The mixed system could be a solution as the
functional diversity may lead into a more dynamic
system which can be easily adapted to tree-tree
interaction, yield diversification on plot level and even
responses to climate change .
• Use recommended durian varieties and improving
farmers skills on vegetative propagation techniques,
nursery establishment, as well as management and
farming systems.
REFERENCES: Aboagye LM, Obirih-Opareh N, Amissah L, Adu-Dapaah H. 2007. Analysis of existing national policies and legislation that enable or inhibit the wider use of underutilized plant species for food and agriculture in Ghana. Council for Scientific and Industrial
Research, Accra. BPS (Statistics Bureau Agency). 2013. Produksi buah-buahan dan sayuran tahunan di Indonesia, 1995-2012. http://www.bps.go.id/tab_sub/ [accesssed in August 23, 2013]. BPS (Statistics Bureau Agency) Sumatera Utara. 2014. Produksi buah-buahan Sumatera Utara tahun 2007. http://sumut.bps.go.id/ Harja D, Vincent G and Joshi L. 2007. SExI-FS - a tree growth simulation model to explore mixed stand designs and their production potential. . Bogor, Indonesia. World Agroforestry Centre - ICRAF, SEA Regional Office. Indiarto D, Sulistyawati E. 2013. Monitoring Net Primary Productivity dynamics in Java island using MODIS instrument imagery. Paper presented in the 34th Asian Conference on Remote Sensing (SC03-68). http://www.acrs2013.com/sites/media/uploads/2013/ Narendra BH, Roshetko JM, Tata HL, Mulyoutami E. 2012. Prioritizing underutilized tree species for domestication in smallholder system s of West Java. Small-scale Forestry. 12:519-538. Purba J. 2007. Kajian produktivitas durian (Durio zibethinus Murray) pada agroforest karet (Hevea brassilenesis Muel.) di sekitar hutan daerah aliran sungai Batang Toru. Srkipsi Sarjana Universitas Sumatera Utara. Medan. Rifai MA. 1986. Flora buah-buahan Indonesia. Lembaga Biologi Nasional, Bogor, Indonesia. Uji T. 2007. Species diversity of indigenous fruits in Indonesia and its potential. Biodiversitas 8(2): 157 -167. Winarno, 2000. Kebijakan pemerintah dalam pengembangan hortikultura Indonesia. Prosiding Seminar Sehari. Hari Cinta Puspa dan Satwa Nasional. Menggali potensi dan meningkatkan prospek tanaman hortikultura menuju ketahanan pangan. Pusat Konservasi
Tumbuhan. Kebun Raya Bogor: 9 – 15. Yulihastin E & Fathrio I. 2011. Anomali curah hujan 2010 di Benua Maritim Indonesia berdasarkan satelit TRMM terkait ITSC. Pr osiding Simposium Nasional Pembelajaran dan Sains (SNIPS) 2011. Bandung, Indonesia. P:352-356.
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Plot
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