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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1Background to the Study
Unemployment is a phenomenon that affects not only the youths but
also other categories of people in the society. It is also a known fact
that youths all over Kaduna State and indeed Nigeria are affected by
the unwanted consequences of the phenomenon. Youths occupy a
prominent place in any society. hey are one of the greatest assets any
nation can have. !part from being the leaders of tomorrow" they out#
number the middle#aged and the aged. he youth are the foundation of
a society$ their energies" inventiveness" character and orientation
define the pattern of development and security of a nation. hrough
their creative talents and labour power" a nation can make giant
strides. he youth are a particular segment of the national population
that is sensitive" energetic" and active as well the most productive
phase of life as citi%ens. hey are filled with energy that desires an
outlet. &hen this energy is positively channeled" the youths are highly
productive$ hence" they are likely to contribute a great deal to the
socioeconomic development of their immediate environment and the
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larger society. 'owever" failure to utili%e the youths canresult in
restiveness and it resultant effects on society likely to be devastating.
he youths remain one of the greatest assets that any community can
possess. (otentially" they are the greatest investments for a society)s
sustainable development and future. his is why it is universally
acknowledged that positive fundamental and meaningful changes
across cultural settings are usually engineered" fostered and or shaped
by the generation of youths in that society. herefore" any culture or
community" whether macro or micro that allows a good percentage of
her youths to be misdirected" risks her future viability and survival.
In the conte*t of Nigeria)s historical e*perience" youth and students
have rendered valuable contributions to the struggle for liberation and
national development. hey can constitute a reservoir of energy and
dynamism for any national struggle or campaign if they are correctly
guided" mobili%ed" and fully integrated into the social fabrics of the
nation. hey may also constitute a threat to national survival and
stability if they are allowed to drift" are unemployed" undisciplined
and morally bankrupt. No nation aspiring to ma+or national greatness
can afford to ignore the youths and allow them to constitute a ma+or
social problem. hey are a vital source of manpower and do
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possesleadership potentials" can acquire knowledge" and are full of
future promises. ,nce these innate potentials in them are fully
e*ploited and properly channeled" their contributions to national
development can be immense.
he attainment of full employment mostly in the developing
economies can reduce poverty and foster their growth. he idea is
based on the linkage between income and poverty. Unemployment" it
is noted" generates low income or no income and therefore results in
low or poor living standard. Unemployment represents wasted
resources. Unemployed labor has the potential to contribute to
national income but is not doing so because there are +obless people.
-eduction of +oblessness is a ma+or concern of every responsible
government all over the world.
!ccording to ,gunrinola and ,sabuohien as cited in Sodipe and
,gunrinola /0112 the desire to e*pand decent and productive
employment is at the heart of any nations) macroeconomic policies
geared towards poverty reduction. In spite of its importance" the
implementation of policies on employment creation in many
developing nations has not yielded much impact" as there is a wide
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gap between the +obs available and the number of +ob seekers actively
seeking work in most poor nations.
Unfortunately" youth unemployment is becoming an increasingly
troublesome issue in many parts of the world. In Nigeria" it has
become one of the most serious socio#economic problems confronting
the country333. It has indeed become a ma+or problem bedeviling
the lives of Nigerian youth causing frustration" de+ection and
dependence on family members and friends" who also have their own
problems to contend with. In recent times" there have been notable
adverse social" economic and political developments in Nigeria" a
consequence of youth unemployment and underemployment"
particularly e*emplified by increasing militancy" violent crimes"
kidnapping" restiveness and political instability. he Nigerian situation
is further compounded by the recent global financial crisis that has
crippled businesses and the prospect of securing +obs for young
people.
Unemployment has also been identified as one of the ma+or causes of
social vices" including armed robbery" destitution" prostitution"
political thuggery" kidnapping and many more. Note that about 4.5
million youths enter the labour market every year without any hope of
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getting employment for life sustenance. he precarious situation has
left the youths in a vicious cycle of poverty that daily erodes their
prospects of a bright future.
1.2 Stateent o! the Pro"#e
Youth unemployment poses a serious risk to Kaduna metropolis"
Kaduna State and the Nigerian society. he consequence of this
problem" if no ma+or corrective measures are taken" could be
disastrous for the nation. Youth unemployment has national and global
impacts" notable among which are increased violence" political
instability" drug abuse and crimes such as petty theft" burglary" drug
trafficking" human trafficking" kidnapping" armed robbery and
terrorism. !ll the consequences coupled with poverty" psychological
problems of frustration" depression" hostility and all other vices are
causing widespread insecurity of life and property. It is also worthy to
point out the fact that desperation and the apparent dissatisfaction with
the status quo can drive many people into living outside the law in
order to survive and as a means of e*pressing dissatisfaction with the
apparent neglect of their very e*istence.
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1.$ Hy%othe&'&(Re&earch )ue&t'on&
his research work will answer the hypothesis stated below6
Ho6 Unemployment does not serve as a catalyst for the
involvement of youths of Kaduna metropolis in crimes
H16 Unemployment is a catalyst for the involvement of youths
of Kaduna metropolis in crimes
1.* Pur%o&e o! the Study
his research work is intended to find out whether unemployment
among the youths is also a ma+or factor responsible for their
involvement in crimes and criminality and solutions proffered on how
to tackle the problem in Kaduna 7etropolis
1.+ S'gn'!'cance o! the Study
his research will be of benefit to the government by
identifying special needs of the youths especially with regards
to providing them awareness of earning a living through gainful
employment.
he research will also help educationists to identify the areas
for inclusion in general education curriculum to fast track
vocational and entrepreneurial skills acquisition as a means
ofcurbing the over reliance of the citi%ens of the country on
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white collar +obs at the e*pense of setting up on their
businesses.
his research will help the youths understand the impact of
their involvement in crimes on the society and the need to be
self#reliant in an economy that cannot readily provide +obs for
its teeming unemployed graduates.
1., Sco%e o! the Study
his study will be limited to finding out how unemployment among
the youths of Kaduna metropolis is pushing them into committing
crimes. he area of coverage is Kaduna metropolis. It is e*pected that
this will offer a fair basis to apply the findings to the whole country
1.- Re&earch ethod&
his research work will rely mainly on primary sources of data.
8uestionnaires will be administered to the responding public eliciting
their views on salient areas of the sub+ect and this will be analy%ed
using the percentage method of deduction. he secondary sources
shall include books" 9ournals" 7aga%ines and Newspaper articles
1./ De!'n't'on o! Ter&
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:atalyst0 somebody or something that makes a change happen or
brings about an event
:rime# harmful act or omission against the public which the State
wishes to prevent and which" upon conviction" is punishable by fine"
imprisonment" and;or death. No conductconstitutes a crime unless it
is declared criminal in the lawsof the country.
Unemployment0 people who are without work but available for and
seeking work$ including those who have lost +obs and those who have
voluntarily left +obs
Youth6 is best understood as a period of transition from the
dependence of childhood to adulthood)s independence and awareness
of our interdependence as members of a community.
CHAPTER TO
8
http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/act.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/omission.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/conviction.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/fine.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/death.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/conduct.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/law.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/country.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/omission.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/conviction.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/fine.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/death.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/conduct.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/law.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/country.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/act.html7/23/2019 Unemployment as a Catalyst for Youth Involvement in Crime (a Case Study of Kaduna Metropolis)
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ITERATURE RE3IE AND THEORETICA 4RAEOR5
2.1 Introduct'on
his chapter reviews relevant literature and is organi%ed under the
following sub#headings6 conceptual framework" theoretical
framework" literature review and summary.
2.2The Conce%t o! 6outh
he advanced learner)s dictionary defines a youth as
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persons of ages 1B to A5" who are citi%ens of the Cederal -epublic of
Nigeria.
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he concept of unemployment has no precise definition in the
economic literature. &hile the concept means a state of +oblessness to
the layman" unemployment could be defined as the percentage of the
labour force that is without +ob but is able and willing to work.
'owever" Gbosi 1@@E2" has defined unemployment as a situation in
which people who are willing to work at the prevailing wage rate are
unable to find +obs. 'ere emphasis is placed on willingness.
herefore" anybody who is not actively seeking paid employment
should not be counted as part of the unemployed labour force.
&ithin the Nigerian conte*t" unemployment rate is defined as the
percentage of persons among the labour force 15 H ?5 years2
e*cluding students and those medically unfit" available for work but
do not work :entral Fank of Nigeria" 1@@A2.
he International abour ,rgani%ation I,2 defines unemployment
as the number of the economically active population who are without
work but available for and seeking work" including people who have
lost their +obs and those who have voluntarily left work &orld Fank"
1@@B2. !lso" for !debayo as cited in ,kafor" /0112 unemployment
e*ists when members of the labour force wish to work but cannot get
+obs.
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2.* The Conce%t o! Cr'e
he 7erriam &ebster online dictionary /01/2 defined crime as the
intentional commission of an act usually deemed socially harmful or
dangerous and specifically defined" prohibited" and punishable under
criminal law.
!ccording concise encyclopedia online /01/2" crime is an act or the
commission of an act that is forbidden or the omission of a duty that is
commanded by a public law and that makes the offender liable to
punishment by that law"especiallya gross violation of law.
! :riminologist (aul appan defines crimeas
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+udged by its prevailing standards" that action against it cannot be
entrusted to private initiative or to hapha%ard methods but must be
taken by an organised society in accordance with tested procedures.J
horsten 1@E02" described crime as Jviolation of conduct norms of
the normative groupsJ. :linard 1@5E2" however" maintained that all
deviations from social norms are not crimes. 'e talks of three types of
deviation6 i2 tolerated deviation" ii2 deviation which is mildly
disapproved" and iii2 deviation which is strongly disapproved. 'e
perceives the third type of deviation as crime.
he definitions given above are by no means e*haustive but will
suffice for this study.
2.+ Theoret'ca# 4rae7ork
De%r'8at'on Theory o! Ted 9urr
his classical theory e*plains why people engage in crimes and
violence riots" rebellion" coups" criminal activities etc.2. It e*amines
the psychological causes involving frustration and aggression as the
primary source of human capacity for violence. Crustration is neither
necessary nor sufficient to leads to violence but greed may drive to
violence. Crustration is a much stronger motivating force and
prolonged frustration may cause greater probability for aggression.
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-elative deprivation is the discrepancy between what people think
they deserve and what they actually think they can get Gurr" 1@E02.
It is noteworthy that Gurr does not look to a more absolute or
ob+ective indicator of deprivation as the source of violence. (eople
can get used to a bad state of affairs" even one that offers so little
access to life#sustaining resources that members of the group are
starving or dying of remediable diseases or e*posure. 'owever" if
there is a significant discrepancy between what they think they
deserve and what they think they will get" there is a likelihood of
rebellion. Gurr posits this to be the case because there is a feeling that
their e*pectation cannot be met if the statusquo is maintained. he
first situation may be a desperate one" but it is the second that will be
frustrating. So frustration produces aggression at individual" group
and societal levels. his theory could be used to link rising number of
unemployed youths and violent crimes in Nigeria.
! country that produce thousands of university graduates every year
without commensurate employment opportunities may be creating a
fertile ground for a feeling of frustration among these unemployed
graduates.
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Naturally" there is a feeling of +oy and great e*pectations when a
student graduates from a university$ these e*pectations gradually fade
away and are replaced by feelings of frustration after some years of
+oblessness caused by the few opportunities the society offers the
young graduates. !s frustration prolongs and the feeling of
deprivation of what is e*pected increases" there is a greater probability
that the individual or people can resort to illegal activities in order to
actualise their e*pectations in the society.
he rise in violent crimes robbery" kidnapping" thuggery" terrorism2
committed by youths is a sign of a gap in the society. he society
already has e*pectations for individuals and established means of
achieving them. &hen the means are limited as the youth
unemployment was 4?.5 in /011" people are forced to achieve the
goals through illegal means to fulfill societal e*pectations.
Kidnappings are on the increase across Nigeria and the unemployed
youths view the business as lucrative. hey are available for
recruitment by politicians. In the Northern part of Nigeria" they are
recruited both by politicians and religious groups to be used in
political and religious riots and act of terrorism. In the South &est of
Nigeria" they find easy employment in petty criminal activities.
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2., ITERATURE RE3IE
2.,.1 Conce%t o! youth une%#oyent and 't& '%#'cat'on&
Youth unemployment could be described as the gathering of youths
with diverse background" willing and able to work" but cannot find
any. &hen the supply of labour outstrips the demand for labour" it
causes +oblessness and unemployment. Given the lack of sufficient
employment opportunities in the formal sector" young people may be
compelled to engage in casual work as sources of livelihood" thus
leading to underemployment Dchebiri" /005$ Gibb L George"
1@@0$,nah" /0012.
he causes are not farfetched as studies have associated rising youth
unemployment with increase of violent crimes in Nigeria. he
accelerating level of prostitution" armed robbery" rape" terrorism and
all forms of violence can be largely attributed to the incidence of
unemployment. Growth has not been in line with the aspirations of the
people and has not been driven by higher productivity. he public
perception is that there has been little +ob creation.
7any young people who fail to gain employment have become a
burden to the employed that bear the responsibility of meeting the
needs of millions of educated but increasing frustrated group" a
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wasting generation. he problem of violent crimes in Nigeria has been
e*acerbated by the high rate of unemployment and economic
hardship" which have pushed many +obless youths" some of who are
graduates" into various deadly crimes Ddward" /0112.
! /00@ &orld Fank report on MDmployment and GrowthM" warned that"
Jhe share of young people between the ages of 15 and /4 outside the
labour force is growing" despite the countryMs strong growth
performance over the yearsJ.
he UN#'abitat study on crimes and violence stressed that socio#
economic inequality and the lack of opportunities for social
advancement and employment are some of the root causes of crime
and violence. :hildren and youths from disadvantaged families are
likely to fall prey to criminal networks. ,f the estimated 1 billion
people living in slums" over half are under the age of /5" and 40 are
estimated to be under the age of 1@. hey are the primary victims of
social e*clusion through unemployment" lack of access to health and
education UN#'abitat" /00B2.
Curthermore" an empirical survey of :hildren and Youth in ,rgani%ed
!rmed iolence in Nigeria" reported that disenchantment and
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frustration of young people due to mass poverty and unemployment"
have increased the number of aggrieved youths and resulted in the
emergence of that alienated them Ibrahim" /00?2. he survey concluded that armed
militant groups in Nigeria namely Fakassi Foys" ,dua (eople)s
:ongress ,(:2 and Dgbesu Foys were made up of youths within 1? #
1E years 402" 1B H 1@ years 102" /0 # /1 years /02" and /0 H
/A years /02 while the remaining 10 represent between /A#/5yrs
respectively !wogbenle and Iwuamadi" /0102.
Fennel /0002 argued that urban society is becoming increasingly
criminali%ed" especially with the proliferation of youth gangs. Neither
homes" nor markets are safe in Nigeria because of frequent occurrence
of armed robbery incidents. Unemployment problem" which now
seems beyond remedy" has produced army of idle hands and some of
them have decided to punish the society that fails to provide them
with means of livelihood and dignity by robbing its members of their
property at gunpoint Ideyi" /0052
Unemployment appears to be the root cause of growing rate of crimes
and violence in Nigeria. he unemployed youths are
disproportionately more likely to be perpetrators" as well as victims of
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crime and violence ,kafor" /0112. he growing gap between the rich
and poor affects the society through increased -ate of violent crimes.
his is e*acerbated by political corruption" poverty"bad governance"
increasing population" and lack of policy initiatives and
implementation to some e*tent encouraged criminal groups to thrive
across Nigeria.
,latun+i and !bioye /0112" as cited by ,kafor" /0112" observed that6
the problem of chronic youth unemployment is very evident in
Nigeria. Dvery year thousands of graduates are turned out" for whom
there are no +obs. Nigerian streets arecram#filledwith youth hawkers
who ordinarily would have found gainful employment in some
enterprises. he self#employed are in quandary as scanty
infrastructure makes it impossible for them to ply their trade. he
large number of youths who are unemployed is capable of
undermining democratic practice as they will constitute a serious
threat if engaged by the political class for clandestine activities.
!de+umobi as cited by ,kafor" /0112 remarked6
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unemployment figures in the world despite her economic potential.
his situation clearly reveals its social essence when we consider it
against the fact that Nigeria has 45 of her population between the
ages of 15 and 40 years.
herefore Nigerian youths are the hardest hit by this menace of
unemployment. &ith this figure in mind" it does not require the
wisdom of Solomon to clearly understand why there is so much crime"
spate of kidnappings" youth unrest and most significantly" an unstable
social economic structure that has hitherto been bedeviling Nigeria.
,kafor /0112 posited that the youths represent very important
stakeholders in any society. hey are not only the future of Nigeria"
but also a ma+or stakeholder and useful resource in nation building.
Cor the youths to become useful resource in the Nigerian pro+ect" they
must be gainfully employed.
'owever" available data show that youth unemployment is very
prevalent in Nigeria with far reaching implications for stability of
democracy. he utili%ation of the unemployed youths to perpetuate
ethno#religious clashes in the present democratic dispensation are well
documented. he utili%ation and manipulation of mostly unemployed
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and ignorant youths to perpetuate post elections violence during /011
presidential election ad+udged to be free" fair" transparent and credible
by both local and international observers that claimed over five
hundred lives especially in states like Kaduna" Kano" Fauchi" Katsina
and Gombe including over nine Youth :orps members on national
assignment2 and displaced over fifteen thousand persons in the
Northern parts of Nigeria is a clear indication of an attempt to use this
category of youths to bring democracy to the brink and destabili%e the
nation.
he !uthor further observed that there has been increase in the
involvement of youths in various anti#social activities and offences as
a result of unemployment. Such offences include$ arson" assault"
murder" abduction" stealing" armed robbery" se* offences" unlawful
possession of arms and so on. Cigures supplied by the Nigerian
(risons Service as cited in the National Fureau of Statistics" /00@2
actually confirmed this. Cor instance" the statistics of persons admitted
into the prisons between /004 and /00B showed that for the youths
between the ages of 1? and /0 years" A1"E00 of them were admitted in
/004" 401E0 in /005" 1@"1// in /00?" 1?"/A? in /00E and /5"A1E in
/00B. !s regards the youths between ages /1 and /5 years" A@"045 of
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them were admitted in /004$ A4"?00 in /005" /B"E05 in /00?" 5E"EA?
in /00E and /B"04@ in /00B. !lso" for persons between ages /5 and 50
years" ?A"100 of them were admitted in /004$ ?5"140 in /005" E5"4@1
in /00?" B0"1A4 in /00E and EA"0E1 in /00B. !ll these figures show
that the Nigerian political environment is not safe with large number
of youths who are into antisocial and criminal activities largely as a
result of unemployment.
he data provided by the National Fureau of Statistics as cited by
,kafor" /0112 showed that as at 7arch" /00@ in Nigeria" for persons
between ages 15 and /4 years" 41.? were unemployed" whilefor
persons between /5 and 44 years" 1E were unemployed. !lso" for
those with primary education" 14.B were unemployed while for
those with only secondary education" /A.B were unemployed.
Curthermore" for those with post#secondary education" /1.A were
unemployed. Cor those who never attended school and those with
below primary education" /1.0 and //.A respectively were
unemployed.
2.,.2 Cau&e& o! une%#oyent
Fairoch 1@E?2 argues that e*cessive supply of labour cannot be
dissociated from the issue of the rate of growth of the population in
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that si%e and growth rate of labour force is said to depend primarily
on the si%e and growth rate of the population. 'e further added that
both have been growing too rapidly in developing countries" to the
e*tent that employment e*pansion could not keep pace" thus
resulting in growing unemployment.
>ie+omaoh and ,rimalade 1@E12 were of the opinion that in the
situation of limited labour demand" the acceleration in the growth of
labour force has led to increased unemployment problem in Nigeria
and will continue to do so in the future unless corrective measures
are taken. !nother factor responsible for e*cessive labour supply is
the rapidly growing urban labour force. his arises from rural#urban
migration which generally transforms rural unemployment into
open#unemployment in the urban centers.
Ddwards 1@E@2 e*plains the rural#urban migration in terms of push #
pull factors although the dividing line is quite thin. he push factors
are said to include the pressure resulting from a rising man#land ratio
in the rural areas. In his own contribution" odaro 1@B@2 attributes
rural#urban migration to the relative unattractiveness of rural life due
to lack of basic amenities. 'e asserts that the pull factors include a
constantly widening rural#urban income gap in favour of urban
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dwellers and a presumed higher probability of securing wage
employment in the cities.
,+egbile 1@B?2 reveals that the more cogent e*planation of the
growing unemployment especially in Nigeria is the neglect of the
agricultural sector" which could have provided gainful employment
for +ob seekers. Inadequate educational facilities such as non#
provision for thorough vocational training in the schools) academic
curricula and the entrepreneur)s preference for capital intensive
rather than labour intensive techniques of production have also
contributed to growing unemployment.
&illiams 1@BB2 posits that our early development planners focused
on ma*imum growth as being essential to full employment. hey
assumed that if all efforts were devoted to production" then
unemployment could take care of itself. :onsequently" employment
oriented programmes were not formulated. ,n the demand side of
the labour market" conventional e*planations of low demand for
labour and unemployment in less developed countries include
shortage of complementary factors of production e.g. capital and
materials. ,thers are technical rigidity arising from low factor
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substitution possibility" deficiency of aggregate demand and
e*cessive capital intensity of the production process.
odaro /0002 asserts that the downward wage infle*ibility caused
by various unions prevented the forces of labour supply and demand
from clearing the labour market of e*cess labour supply" thus
accelerating the problem of unemployment in the urban sector.
-ama 1@@B2 shows that cultural factors also increases the length of
time that +ob seekers spend on the +ob queue. 7any first time +ob
seekers take advantage of family support to wait for the suitable +ob
opening thus re+ecting e*isting work opportunities that are as at then
unattractive to them H a case of voluntary unemployment.
Yesufu /0002 discovered that a new and profound cause of
unemployment also derives from attempt to manage the economy
with policy instruments that are irrelevant" ill#advised and;or far in
advance of the stage of development. :uriously" these policy
instruments are fashioned and insisted upon by some international
organi%ations" notably the International 7onetary Cund I7C2 and
the &orld Fank IF->2. he enforcement of the type of Structural
!d+ustment (rogramme S!(2 that was imposed upon Nigerian in
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1@B? is typical. he insistence" for e*ample on rationali%ation of
employment levels in the public service i.e. a massive reduction in
staff strength2 without first addressing the issue of alternative +ob
possibilities caused tremendous unemployment in the most important
employment sector and threw into the entire national +ob market" the
nation)s most educated and most articulate manpower.
2.,.$ Cau&e& o! 6outh Une%#oyent 'n N'ger'a
he level of unemployment is highly dependent on the overall status
of the economy !wogbenle and Iwuamadi" /0102. >espite its high
revenue from oil economy" employment rate in Nigeria is actually
falling. he years of corruption" civil war" military rule" and
mismanagement have hindered economic growth. Nigeria is endowed
with diverse resources" both human and material but years of
negligence and adverse policies have led to the under#utili%ation of
these resources. hese resources have not been effectively utili%ed in
order to yield ma*imum economic benefits.
hese are primary causes of unemployment$ however" scholars have
identified other causes of unemployment as well !debayo" 1@@@$
!lanana" /00A$ Dchebiri" /005$ !yinde" /00B$ 7urphy" /00B$
!wogbenle and Iwuamadi" /010$ and !nyadike et al" /01/2. he first
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is population growth 140"4A1"E@0 as per /00? census2 and is
pro+ected to be over 1B0 million by /0/0 if the annual growth rate of
A./ continues National (opulation :ommission/00@2. &hile the
population increases" the rate of growth of industries is dwindling and"
if nothing serious is done" both population and unemployment will
continue to rise.
he second is outdated school curricula and lack of employable skills6
Some scholars have argued that as far as the formal sector is
concerned" the average Nigerian graduate is not employable and
therefore" does not possess the skills needed by the employers
!nyadike et al" /01/2. his is due to the curricula of most Nigerian
schools that do not include entrepreneurial skill acquisition to benefit
+ob seekers.
he third is adoption of untimely economic policy measures that
contributed to the demise of small scale and cottage industries
operated in both formal and informal sectors. Collowing the
introduction of Structural !d+ustment (rogram in September 1@B? that
ushered in liberali%ation" deregulation and devaluation program of the
domestic currency" many of the teething domestic firms collapsed$
that resulted in serious +ob losses Fello" /00A2.
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he fourth factor which contributes to youth unemployment is over
emphasis on university certificates and the neglect of skill acquisition
trainings. !ccording to 7anning and 9unankar 1@@B2" the total
number of graduates produced in Nigeria was EA"AA@ in 1@B?;1@BE$
that rose to 1A1"01? in 1@@?;1@@E. ,ver @E universities e*ist in
Nigeria" while there is problem of unemployment. he reality is that
the economy does not have the capacity to absorb all unemployed
graduates because over B00 industries and AE factories were closed
down in /00@ alone !nyadike et al" /01/2.
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH ETHODOO96
$.1 Introduct'on
his chapter discusses the research design" population and sample
si%e"sampling procedure;technique" as well as the necessary
instrumentation" and methodology data analysis to ensure the success
of this study.
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$.2 Re&earch De&'gn
his study adopts the survey design in carrying out the study. !
survey research also concerns itself with the selection of the
population" selection of the sample for the study" data gathering
techniques and data analysis as well as the selection of variables for
study. >ifferent problem may warrant different research designs. Cor
the purpose of this study" the survey research design has been selected
for use. It is convenient" yields more output and easy to administer.
$.$ Po%u#at'on o! the Study
he population of study is the drawn from udun#&ada" Unguwan
Sanusi and -igasa"an area with an estimated population of about four
hundred and eight thousand two hundred and thirty
40B/A02.!ccording to the National (opulation :ommission the adult
population will be about two hundred and thirteen thousand five
hundred and ninety /1A5@02
$.* Po%u#at'on Sa%#e
he sample for this study is four hundred elements drawn from as
follows6
-igasa /00
Unguwan Sanusi 100udun#&ada 100
Tota# *::
he sample si%e represents 0.0@E of the population si%e.
$.+ Sa%#'ng Procedure(Techn';ue
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he convenience !ccidental Sampling procedure was adopted for use
in getting the required units that madethe sample si%e for the study.
&ith this sampling procedure" units are selected on the basis of
availability.
$.,The Re&earch In&truent
he instrument for the collection of data was questionnaire.It was
structured and made up of the bio#data section and the questions
section.
$.- Ad'n'&trat'on o! )ue&t'onna're
Cor the purpose of data collection four hundred 4002 self#constructed
and pilot tested questionnaires wouldbe administered to members of
the general public within -igasa" udun#&ada" and Uguwan#Sanusi
all in Kaduna metropolis eliciting their responses on the issue. he
units for questionnaire administration were selected based on their
availability using the accidental;convenience sampling method.
&hile three hundred and eighty three ABA2 questionnaires were
properly completed" seventeen were not" rendering them invalid.
Given the fact the questionnaires were administered across the three
wards in proportion to their population si%es" valid +udgments can be
made from the responses retrieved.
$./ ethod o! Data Ana#y&'&
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he graphs" proportions and percentages method of data analysis will
be adopted for use in this research work to analy%e the data gotten
from the field using the questionnaires. ,n the basis of this analysis"
conclusions will be drawn on whether unemployment among the
youths of Kaduna metropolis is the factor pushing them into
commission of crimes
CHAPTER 4OUR
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANA6SIS
*.: INTRODUCTION
In this chapter" the researchers presented the data collected"
interpreted the data and provide analysis so that the reader will
understand the basis and importance of each question asked. he
researcher collected data through a close#ended questionnaire method
where four hundred and fifty 4002 questionnaires were distributed
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across Kaduna metropolis. he researcher divided Kaduna into
segments represented by -igasa ward where two hundred" /002
questionnaires were distributed" Unguwan Sanusi and udun &ada
had one hundred questionnaires distributed in each of them and all
these respondents were selected through accidental;convenience
sampling method. ,ut of the four hundred 4002 questionnaires
distributed through research assistants" all 400 questionnaires were
retrieved completed" seventeen 1E2 out of the completed
questionnaires were rendered invalid because they were not completed
correctly. he data analysis for this pro+ect work is therefore based on
ABA completed and valid respondents. Felow are the various data
presentations and analysis.
*.1 DATA PRESENTATION AND ANA6SIS
TABE< *.1.1 Do you under&tand 7hat une%#oyent '&=
Re&%on&e& 4re;uenc'e& Percentage& >
Yes AE1 @?.BE
No 1/ A.1A
Tota# $/$ 1::>
Chart< *.1.1Do you under&tand 7hat une%#oyent '&=
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Yes No0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
No of Respondents
Crom able 4.1.1 and :hart 4.1.1 above" three hundred and seventy#
one AE12 respondents or @?.BE of the sample understood what the
concept of unemployment is while twelve 1/2 respondents
representing A.1A of the total sample did not have understanding of
what unemployment is.
TABE< *.1.2Do you under&tand 7ho a youth '&=
Re&%on&e& 4re;uenc'e& Percentage& >
Yes AEB @B.?@
No 5 1.A1
Tota# $/$ 1::>
Chart *.1.2Do you understand who a youth is?
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Yes No0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
No of Respondents
Crom able 4.1./ and :hart 4.1./ above" three hundred andseventy#
eight AEB2 respondents or @B.?@ of the sample understood what the
concept of youth is while five 52 respondents representing 1.A1 of
the total sample did not have understanding of what youth is.
TABE< *.1.$ Do you under&tand 7hat cr'e '&=
Re&%on&e& 4re;uenc'e& Percentage& >
Yes AB1 @@.4B
No / 0.5/
Tota# $/$ 1::>
Chart< *.1.$Do you understand what Crime is?
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Yes No0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
No of Respondents
Crom able 4.1.A and :hart 4.1.Aabove" three hundred and eighty#one
AB12 respondents or @@.4B of the sample understood what the
concept of crime is while two /2 respondents representing 0.5/ of
the total sample did not have understanding of what crime is.
TABE< *.1.* Cau&e& o! 7'de&%read une%#oyent aong the
youth& 'n 5aduna etro%o#'&
Re&%on&e& 4re;uenc'e& Percentage&
Illiteracy @E /5.A/
Fad government policies 155 40.4E
a%iness BA /1.?E,thers 4A 11./A
I don)t know 5 1.A1
Tota# $/$ 1::>
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Chart< *.1.* Cau&e& o! 7'de&%read une%#oyent aong the
youth& 'n 5aduna etro%o#'&
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
No of Respondents
In able 4.1.4 and :hart 4.1.4 above an assessment of the causes of
widespread unemploymentamong the youths ofKaduna metropolis is
recorded. &hile ninety#seven @E2 respondents representing /5.A/
of the sample said that illiteracy is the ma+or cause of unemployment
among the youths of Kaduna metropolis" one hundred and fifty#five
1552 respondents representing 40.4E of the sample si%e held the
opinion that bad government policies are responsible for the level of
unemployment among the youths in Kaduna metropolis. Dighty#three
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BA2 respondents or /1.?E of the samplefelt that la%iness is the
reason that accounts for the widespread unemploymentamong the
youths of Kaduna metropolis forty#three 4A2 respondents
representing 11./A of the sample si%e were of the opinion that other
reasons beside theones listed above account for the widespread
unemployment among the youths of Kaduna metropolis. &hile the
remaining five 52 respondents representing 1.A1 of the sample si%e
did not know the causes of the widespread unemployment among the
youths in Kaduna metropolis.
Ta"#e *.1.+e8e# o! 'n8o#8eent o! une%#oyed youth& 'n cr'e&
7'th'n 5aduna etro%o#'&Re&%on&e& 4re;uenc'e& Percentage& >
ery high 1B@ [email protected]
'igh @B /5.5@
7ild 5E 14.BB
ow AA B.?1
I don)t know ? 1.5E
Tota# $/$ 1::
Chart< *.1.+Level of involvement of unemployed
youths in crimes within Kaduna metropolis
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Very high High Mild Low I don !now0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
No of Respondents
In able 4.1.5 and :hart 4.1.5 above the views of respondents are
captured on the level of involvement of the youths in the commission
of crimes in Kaduna metropolis. ! total one hundred and eighty#nine
1B@2 respondents representing [email protected] said that the involvement of
youths in the commission of crimes in the metropolis is very
high.Ninety#eight @B2 respondents representing /5.5@ of the
samplesaid that the level of involvement of youths in the commission
of crimes is +ust high. Cifty#seven 5E2 respondents representing
14.BB of the sample thoughtthat the level of involvement of youths
in the commission of crimes within the metropolis is +ust mild"thirty#
three AA2 respondents representing B.?1 of the sample thought the
level of involvement of youths in the commission of crimes in the
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metropolis is low. &hile the remaining" si* ?2 respondents
representing 1.5E of the sample did not know the level of
involvement of youths in the commission of crimes in the metropolis.
TABE< *.1.,I%act o! youth une%#oyent on the de8e#o%ent
o! 5aduna etro%o#'&
Re&%on&e& 4re;uenc'e& Percentage& >
(ositive 5 1.A/
Negative A5@ @A.EA
No impact E 1.B/
>on)t know 1/ A.1ATota# $/$ 1::>
Chart *.1.,Impact of youth unemployment on the
development of Kaduna metropolis
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"osii#e Neg$i#e No i%&$' (on !now0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
No of Respondents
able 4.1.? and :hart 4.1.? above capture responses of the public on
what the impact of crime andyouth unemployment has been on the
development of Kaduna metropolis. Cive 52 respondents representing
1.A/ of the sample were of the view that youth unemployment has
had positive impact on the development of Kaduna metropolis. hree
hundred and fifty#nine A5@2 respondents representing @A.EA of the
sample held the opinion that the impact of youth unemployment has
been negative on the development of Kaduna metropolis"seven E2
respondents or 1.B/ of the total sample argued that youth
unemployment have had no impact on the development of Kaduna
metropolis while twelve 1/2 respondents representing A.1A of the
sample could not say whether youth unemployment have had any
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impact on the development of Kaduna metropolis or not.
TABE< *.1.-Other 4actor&re&%on&'"#e !or 'n8o#8eent o!
une%#oyed youth& 'n cr'e& 'n 5aduna etro%o#'&
Re&%on&e& 4re;uenc'e& Percentage& >Fad parental training ?E 1E.4@
(eer group pressure B@ /A./4
(overty 1/E AA.15
-eligious e*tremism BA /1.?E
,thers 1E 4.45
Tota# $/$ 1::>
Chart< *.1.-Other factors responsible forinvolvement of unemployed youths in crimes in
Kaduna metropolis
)$d &$ren$l r$ining "o#ery *hers0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
No of Respondents
In able 4.1.E and :hart 4.1.E"an assessment of the other
factorsresponsible for the involvement of youths in crimes in Kaduna
metropolis are captured. &hile si*ty#seven ?E2 respondents
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representing 1E.4@ of the sample si%e held the opinion that bad
parental training is responsible for the involvement of youths in the
commission of crimes in the metropolis" eighty#nine B@2 respondents
representing /A./4 of the sample were of the opinion that peer group
pressureis generally is responsible for the involvement of youths in
the commission of crimes in Kaduna metropolis. Similarly one
hundred and twenty#seven 1/E2 respondents or AA.15 of the sample
thoughtthat poverty isa factor pushing many unemployed youths into
committing crimes.Dighty#three BA2 respondents representing /1.?E
of the sample were of the opinion that religious e*tremism accounts
for the involvement of youths in the commission of crimes while the
remaining seventeen 1E2 respondents representing 4.45 thoughtthat
there were other reasons apart from the ones mentioned here that are
responsible for the involvement of youths in the commission of crimes
Ta"#e< *.1./ Ho7 to tack#ed %ro"#e o! youth une%#oyent
Re&%on&e& 4re;uenc'e
&
Percentage&
>
Good governance and legislations 10E /E.@4
Skill acquisition and self#reliance BA /1.?EYouth empowerment programmes 10A /?.B@
Involvement of youths in
!griculture
B5 //.1@
,thers 5 1.A1
Tota# $/$ 1::>
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Chart *.1./How to tacle problem of youthunemployment
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
In able 4.1.B and :hart 4.1.B above" the responses of the public on
the responses to the question
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bearing on the lives of the people can help transform the lives of the
people for the better thereby giving no e*cuse for the youth to be
involved in the commission of any crime. Similarly" eighty#three BA2
respondents representing /1.?E of the sample were of the view that
skill acquisition and self#reliance programmes will go a long way in
fighting unemployment among the youths of Kaduna metropolis. ,ne
hundred and three respondents representing /?.B@ of the sample
thought that youth empowerment programmes would enable them
have a means of livelihood enabling them to live worthy lives. Dighty#
five B52 respondents or //.1@ of the sample thoughtthat involving
the youths in agriculture would go a long way in helping to reduce or
eradicateunemployment among the youths in the metropolis while five
52 respondents or 1.A1 of the samplesaid that other measures can
also be put in place to tackle the problem of unemployment among the
youths in the metropolis
TABE< *.1.? I%act o! cr'e& on the de8e#o%ent o! 5aduna
etro%o#'&
Re&%on&e& 4re;uenc'e& Percentage& >
(ositive 5 1.A/Negative A5@ @A.EA
No impact E 1.B/
>on)t know 1/ A.1A
Tota# $/$ 1::>
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Chart *.1.? Impact of youth unemployment on the
development of Kaduna metropolis
"osii#e Neg$i#e No i%&$' (on !now0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
No of Respondents
In able 4.1.@ and :hart 4.1.@ above capturethe responses of the
public to the questionnaire"
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representing @A.EA of the sample held the opinion that the impact of
youth unemployment has been a negative on the development of
Kaduna metropolis"seven E2 respondents or 1.B/ of the total sample
argued that youth unemployment has had no impact on the
development of Kaduna metropolis while the remaining twelve 1/2
respondents representing A.1A of the sample could not say whether
youth unemployment has had any impact on the development of
Kaduna metropolis or not.
Ta"#e< *.1.1:Categor'e& o! cr'e& o&t#y co'tted "y
une%#oyed youth&
Re&%on&e& 4re;uenc'e& Percentage& >
>rug trafficking ? 1.5E
!rson B? //.45
(etty theft 10E /E.@4
huggery B5 //.1@
Kidnapping 11 /.BE
-ape B /.0@
errorism EA [email protected]?
,thers 5 1.A1
I don)t know / 0.5/
Tota# $/$ 1::>
46
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Chart *.1.1:Cate!ories of crimes mostly committed
by unemployed youths
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
No of Respondents
In able 4.1.B and:hart 4.1.B above" the responses of the public on the
to the question
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were of the opinion that unemployed youths are mostly involved in
thuggery" eleven 112 respondents or /.BE of the samplesaid
unemployed youths are mostly involved in kidnapping of people eight
B2 respondents representing /.0@ of the sample were of the view
that unemployed youths are mostly involved in cases of rape"seventy#
three EA2 respondents representing [email protected]? of the sample were of the
opinion that unemployed youths are mostly involved in acts of
terrorism"five 52 respondents or 1.A1 of the sample were of the
opinion that unemployed youths are mostly involved in armed
robbery" while the remaining two /2 respondents or 0.5/ of the
sample did not know what crimes unemployed youths are mostly
involved in.
CHAPTER 4I3E
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SUAR6@ CONCUSION AND RECOENDATIONS
+.1 SUAR6
his research work wasconducted to find out the relationship between
youth unemployment and criminalityusing"Kaduna metropolis as a
case study. In chapter one" the research topic was introduced and
views of different authors and scholars on the sub+ect were articulated.
:hapter two reviewed relevant materials on the concepts of youth"
unemployment and crime;criminality. he chapter also introduced the
deprivation theory of crime by ed Gurr and Fecker)s Dconomic
theory of crime. :hapter three introduced and dwelled on the research
methodology adopted for this research. 'ere also the research design"
the population of study" the sample and sampling procedure as well as
the method of data analysis were identified. In chapter four" the data
captured via the questionnaires administered were analy%ed. Cour
hundred 4002 questionnaires were distributed and all were retrieved
completed$ seventeen 1E2 out of the completed questionnaires were
rendered invalid because they were not completed correctly" leaving a
total of ABA completed and valid questionnaires.
+.2 CONCUSION
his research work found out that unemployment is a catalyst for the
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involvement of youths of Kaduna metropolis in the commission of
crimes by the youths in Kaduna metropolis as captured by the
responses of the public on the question what is the level of
involvement of unemployed youths in crimes within Kaduna
metropolisO ! total of one hundred and eighty#nine 1B@2 respondents
representing [email protected] thought that the involvement of unemployed
youths in the commission of crimes in the metropolis is very high
while ninety#eight @B2 respondents representing /5.5@ of the
sample thought that the level of involvement of unemployed youths in
the commission of crimes is +ust high. hese figures" put together"
gives a value of /BE respondents or a total of E4.@4 of the total
sample who were of the opinion that the unemployment is a factor
propelling youths into the commission of crimes in Kaduna
metropolis.
+.$ RECOENDATIONS
he following are recommendations that will help keep in check the
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he people in government whether in the e*ecutive or the
legislative arm must strive to govern well by ensuring that good
legislations and programmes aimed at reducing the rate of
youth unemploymentin the country are implemented always.
Government at all levels must put in place skill acquisition and
self#reliance programmes that will enable the youths stand on
their own rather than depending on government for white collar
+obs that are not forthcoming
Youth empowerment programmes aimed at taking them off the
streets should be fashioned out as this will help curtail their
involvement in crimes
aw enforcement agencies and reform institutions should be
empowered to adequately handle criminals properly so as to
help them become better people. he education system in Nigeria is such that lays emphasis on
churningout individuals that cannot stand on their own
tomorrow. his has led to the growing pool of unemployed
graduates who roam the streets every day looking for white#
collar +obs that are not forthcoming and as such are readily
available for recruitment to carry out dastardly acts. he
emphasis of our education system should shift to skills
acquisition.
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he Government of the day should see unemployment as a
national emergency to be tackled and should accord it the
priority needed by spending in the key sectors of the economy#
sectors that have the potentials to bring forth others and in the
process create +obs for the teeming population of the
unemployed youths.
he erstwhile moribund rural development programmes of
Government should be revamped and positioned to deliver the
required results needed to make the unwanted population in
cities go back and be engaged in productive activities
irrespective of where these are carried out. Incentives should
also go with these programmes to encourage people to
participate.
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w/w&+4'Y:!LvedP0::88C+!9accessed on 1A ,ctober"
/01A from
1/.7erriam &ebster ,nline >ictionary /01/2" :rime" from
http6;;www.merriam#webster.com;dictionary;crimeaccessed on
1A ,ctober" /01A
1A.7ohammed !. Y. /0102" Youth iolence in Nigeria)s Courth
-epublic6 Implications for 'uman >evelopment in the /1st
:entury fromhttp6;;www.unilorin.edu.ng;publications;Youth
/0iolence.htmaccessed on 1/ ,ctober" /01A
14.National Fureau of Statistics /00@2" Social Statistics in
Nigeria. !bu+a6 he NFS (ublication.
www.nigerianstat.gov.ngaccessed on 1A ,ctober" /01Afrom
15.,+egbile" G. !. 1@B?26 Unemployment in Nigeria$ 7agnitude":auses and Dffectual Solution H he Nigerian Dconomic
Society !nnual :onference Kaduna 7ay 1@B?.
1?.,kafor" D. D. /01126 Youth Unemployment and Implications
for Stability of >emocracy in Nigeria 9ournal of Sustainable
>evelopment in !frica olume 1A" No.1" /0112 from
http6;;www.+sdafrica.com;9sda;1ANo1Spring/011!;(>C;Y
outh/0Unemployment/0and/0Implications/0Cor
/0Stability/0of/0>emocracy/0/B,kafor/@.pdfaccessed 1/ ,ctober" /01A
1E.(rince >aniel /0102" Youth restiveness in an emerging
>emocracy fromhttp6;;www.bukisa.com;articles;455AAAyouth#
restiveness#in#an#emerging#democracyaccessed on 1/ ,ctober"
/01A
54
http://www.google.com/gwt/x?hl=en&u=http://www.gallup.com/poll/153884/globalunemployment2011.aspx&client=msucweb&q=Unemployment+rate+in+Africa+and+sub+Saharan+Africa&sa=X&ei=GHEOUPHUDmw2wW_j4HYCA&ved=0CCQQFjAJhttp://www.google.com/gwt/x?hl=en&u=http://www.gallup.com/poll/153884/globalunemployment2011.aspx&client=msucweb&q=Unemployment+rate+in+Africa+and+sub+Saharan+Africa&sa=X&ei=GHEOUPHUDmw2wW_j4HYCA&ved=0CCQQFjAJhttp://www.google.com/gwt/x?hl=en&u=http://www.gallup.com/poll/153884/globalunemployment2011.aspx&client=msucweb&q=Unemployment+rate+in+Africa+and+sub+Saharan+Africa&sa=X&ei=GHEOUPHUDmw2wW_j4HYCA&ved=0CCQQFjAJhttp://www.google.com/gwt/x?hl=en&u=http://www.gallup.com/poll/153884/globalunemployment2011.aspx&client=msucweb&q=Unemployment+rate+in+Africa+and+sub+Saharan+Africa&sa=X&ei=GHEOUPHUDmw2wW_j4HYCA&ved=0CCQQFjAJhttp://www.google.com/gwt/x?hl=en&u=http://www.gallup.com/poll/153884/globalunemployment2011.aspx&client=msucweb&q=Unemployment+rate+in+Africa+and+sub+Saharan+Africa&sa=X&ei=GHEOUPHUDmw2wW_j4HYCA&ved=0CCQQFjAJhttp://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/crimehttp://www.unilorin.edu.ng/publications/Youth%20Violence.htmhttp://www.unilorin.edu.ng/publications/Youth%20Violence.htmhttp://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/http://www.jsdafrica.com/Jsda/V13No1_Spring2011_A/PDF/Youth%20Unemployment%20and%20Implications%20For%20Stability%20of%20Democracy%20(Okafor).pdfhttp://www.jsdafrica.com/Jsda/V13No1_Spring2011_A/PDF/Youth%20Unemployment%20and%20Implications%20For%20Stability%20of%20Democracy%20(Okafor).pdfhttp://www.jsdafrica.com/Jsda/V13No1_Spring2011_A/PDF/Youth%20Unemployment%20and%20Implications%20For%20Stability%20of%20Democracy%20(Okafor).pdfhttp://www.jsdafrica.com/Jsda/V13No1_Spring2011_A/PDF/Youth%20Unemployment%20and%20Implications%20For%20Stability%20of%20Democracy%20(Okafor).pdfhttp://www.bukisa.com/articles/455333_youth-restiveness-in-an-emerging-democracyhttp://www.bukisa.com/articles/455333_youth-restiveness-in-an-emerging-democracyhttp://www.google.com/gwt/x?hl=en&u=http://www.gallup.com/poll/153884/globalunemployment2011.aspx&client=msucweb&q=Unemployment+rate+in+Africa+and+sub+Saharan+Africa&sa=X&ei=GHEOUPHUDmw2wW_j4HYCA&ved=0CCQQFjAJhttp://www.google.com/gwt/x?hl=en&u=http://www.gallup.com/poll/153884/globalunemployment2011.aspx&client=msucweb&q=Unemployment+rate+in+Africa+and+sub+Saharan+Africa&sa=X&ei=GHEOUPHUDmw2wW_j4HYCA&ved=0CCQQFjAJhttp://www.google.com/gwt/x?hl=en&u=http://www.gallup.com/poll/153884/globalunemployment2011.aspx&client=msucweb&q=Unemployment+rate+in+Africa+and+sub+Saharan+Africa&sa=X&ei=GHEOUPHUDmw2wW_j4HYCA&ved=0CCQQFjAJhttp://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/crimehttp://www.unilorin.edu.ng/publications/Youth%20Violence.htmhttp://www.unilorin.edu.ng/publications/Youth%20Violence.htmhttp://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/http://www.jsdafrica.com/Jsda/V13No1_Spring2011_A/PDF/Youth%20Unemployment%20and%20Implications%20For%20Stability%20of%20Democracy%20(Okafor).pdfhttp://www.jsdafrica.com/Jsda/V13No1_Spring2011_A/PDF/Youth%20Unemployment%20and%20Implications%20For%20Stability%20of%20Democracy%20(Okafor).pdfhttp://www.jsdafrica.com/Jsda/V13No1_Spring2011_A/PDF/Youth%20Unemployment%20and%20Implications%20For%20Stability%20of%20Democracy%20(Okafor).pdfhttp://www.bukisa.com/articles/455333_youth-restiveness-in-an-emerging-democracyhttp://www.bukisa.com/articles/455333_youth-restiveness-in-an-emerging-democracy7/23/2019 Unemployment as a Catalyst for Youth Involvement in Crime (a Case Study of Kaduna Metropolis)
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1B.-ama 7. 1@@B26 'ow Fad is Unemployment in unisiaO
!ssessing abour 7arket Dfficiency in >eveloping :ountries.
he &orld Fank -esearch ,bserver ol. 1A.
[email protected] Gurr 1@E02" &hy 7en -ebel" (rinceton" N96 (rinceton
University (ress.
/0.odaro" 7. -. 1@B@2" ! 7odel of abour 7igration and Urban
Unemployment in ess#>eveloped :ountries" !merican
Dconomic -eview
/1.UN#'abitat /00B2" :rime and violence versus employment
opportunities in cities and towns /nd !frican 7inisterial
:onference on 'ousing and Urban >evelopment. !bu+a"Nigeria from www.unhabitat.orgaccessed on 14 ,ctober" /01A
//.&illiams S 1@BB26 Government Dmployment (olicies and
(rogramming.&orld Fank 1@@B2" &orld >evelopment
Indicators" &ashington" >. :. he &orld Fank
/A.Yesufu" . 7. /00026 he 'uman Cactor in National
>evelopment$ Nigerian Spectrum Fooks td" Ibadan.
A%%end'
>ear Sir;7adam
)UESTIONNAIRE
55
http://www.unhabitat.org/http://www.unhabitat.org/7/23/2019 Unemployment as a Catalyst for Youth Involvement in Crime (a Case Study of Kaduna Metropolis)
56/59
I am an undergraduate of :-I7IN,,GY!N> SD:U-IY
SU>IDS at the National ,pen University of Nigeria" currently
working on a research6 Une%#oyent a& a Cata#y&t !or 6outh
'n8o#8eent 'n Cr'e&< Ca&e Study o! 5aduna etro%o#'& .Kindly
tick or fill the appropriate option in the space provided
representingyour answer to each of the questions below.
I wish to assure you that all information provided will be treated with
utmost confidentiality and will only be used for the purpose of this
research.
hank you
Sani !bubakar
7atric No6 N,U0E0A0@4B@
SECTION A< B'o0data
1. SDR
a2 7ale
b2 Cemale
2. 7!-I! S!US
a2 7arried
b2 Single
c2 >ivorced
56
7/23/2019 Unemployment as a Catalyst for Youth Involvement in Crime (a Case Study of Kaduna Metropolis)
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d2 &idow
e2 Separated
$. !GD >IS-IFUI,N
a2 1B H /@ years
b2 A0 H A@ yearsc2 40 H 4@ years
d2 50 H 5@ years
e2 ?0 years and above
*. D>U:!I,N! 8U!ICI:!I,N
a2 (rimary :ertificate
b2 Secondary :ertificate
c2 :ertificate;>iploma;N:D
d2 >egree
+. ,::U(!I,N
a2 :ivil Servant;(ublic Servant
b2 (olitician
c2 Fusiness
d2 Student
e2 Unemployed
(lease tick or fill the space as appropriate
SECTION Bo you understand what unemployment isO
a2 Yes
b2 No
57
7/23/2019 Unemployment as a Catalyst for Youth Involvement in Crime (a Case Study of Kaduna Metropolis)
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/. >o you know who a youth isO
a2 Yes
b2 No
A. >o you understand what crime isO
a2 Yes
b2 No
4. &hat are the causes of widespread unemployment among the
youths in Kaduna metropolisO
a2 Illiteracyb2 Fad government policies
c2 a%iness among the youths
d2 ,thers please specify2
e2 >on)t know
5. &hat is the level of involvement of unemployed youths in
crimes within Kaduna metropolisO
a2 ery high
b2 'ighc2 7ild
d2 ow
e2 >on)t know
?. &hat is the impact of youth unemployment on the
development of Kaduna metropolisO
a2 (ositive
b2 Negative
c2 No impact
d2 I don)t know
E. &hat other factors are responsible for the involvement of
unemployed youths in crimes in Kaduna metropolisO
a2 Fad parental training
b2 (eer group pressure
c2 (overty
58
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d2 -eligious e*tremism
e2 ,thers please specify2
333333333333333333..
B. 'ow can the problem of youth unemployment be tackled in
Kaduna metropolisOa2 Good governance and legislations
b2 Skill acquisition and self#reliance
c2 Youth empowerment programmes
d2 Involvement of youths in !griculture
e2 ,thers please specify2
333333333333333333
@. &hat is the impact of crimes on the development of Kaduna
metropolisO
a2 (ositive
b2 Negative
c2 No impact
d2 >on)t know
10.&hat are the categories of crimes mostly committed by
unemployed youthsOa2 >rug trafficking
b2 !rson
c2 (etty theft
d2 huggery
e2 Kidnapping
f2 -ape
g2 errorism
h2 ,thers please specify2
i+ >on)t know