Unit 1—Chapters 1 – 4Exploration and Colonization
CSS 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 11.1, 11.3
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Identity
Work, Exchange,
and Technology
Peopling
Politics and Power
Americain the World
Environment and Geography —
Physicaland Human
Ideas, Beliefs,
andCulture
Course Course ThemesThemes77
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Skill Type
Historical Thinking Skills Foster Critical Analysis and Interpretation
Comparison and Contextualization
Chronological Reasoning
Crafting Historical Arguments from
Historical EvidenceHistorical
Interpretation and Synthesis
Historical Causation Patterns of Continuity and Change over Time Periodization
Historical Thinking Skill
Comparison Contextualization
Historical Argumentation Appropriate Use of Relevant Historical
Evidence
Interpretation Synthesis
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Nine Periods: 1491 to the Present
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AP® U.S. History Exam Design
Section IPart A: Multiple-choice questions 55 minutes (40%)(55 questions, organized in sets of 2−5)
• Each set is focused on one or more learning objectives.
• Each set is organized around primary or secondary sources.
Part B: Short-answer questions (4 questions) 45 minutes (20%)
Type, Time, and Percentage of Total AP Exam Score
Section II
Part A: Document-based question (1 question) 60 minutes (25%)
Part B: Long-essay question (1 question selected from 2) 35 minutes (15%)
More Themes of History
• Political• having to do with gaining, seeking and organizing power• events related to making and enforcing laws, forms of government and
changes to government, political parties, and elections• Economic
• having to do with how people meet their basic material needs• events related to the production, distribution, and consumption of goods
and services, domestic and foreign trade, taxes, and monetary policy• Geography
• having to do with the earth and its resources• events related to agricultural production, climate,
• Social/Cultural• having to do with people interacting in groups• events related to issues of gender, ethnicity, religion, social class, and
popular culture
Exploration (1000-1500)
Reasons for Exploration• silks and spices (Marco Polo)• crusades created market for
eastern goods• Muslims controlled trade
routes through Middle East • rise of nation-states• missionary orders
New Technology• triangular sails• Astrolabe• better maps• new ship design
Columbian Exchange, 1492• trade between New and Old worlds• population increase – labor pool• better nutrition• corn, potatoes, and beans• death of natives (90%)
Treaty of Tordesillas, 1493• Line of Demarcation• submission of Catholic kings to
Pope• divided world between Spain and
Portugal
Spanish Armada, 1585• preserved Protestant rule in
England• led to English naval dominance• English colonization of New World
Mag
ellan
, 151
9
Brazil
New England
New France
Columbus, 1492Aztec
Iroquois
IncaNew Spain
Northwest Passage?
Cabot, 1497
Hudson
Diaz, 1488
Marco Polospicessilks
CatholicProtestant
Orthodox
Muslim
God, Gold, and Glory (1500-1600)
Black Legend• conversion of natives meant
destruction of native culture and traditions
• Cathedrals were built on the foundations of old temples
Bartolomeo de las Casas• wrote about the people—one of few
records of Aztecs we have today
Juniperra Serra• est. missions in 1700s
encomiendas• plantation style colonies led to
enslavement of natives• produced ore and sugar• native population died creating
market for African slaves
Primogeniture• system by which oldest son
inherited everything
Conquistadores• soldiers who sought wealth in the
crusader spirit, by conquering in the name of the Church (some were incredibly successful)
• Hernan Cortes conquered Aztecs, 1519
• Pizarro conquered Incas, 1532
mestizos• half native and half Spanish
God, Gold, and Glory
Mission System
Santa Fe
Tenochitlan
St. Augustine
Havana
Maya
Aztec
Cortez, 1519
Coronado, 1540
Ponce de Leon, 1513
Balboa, 1513
Pizarro, 1532
Inca
Iroquois
Cabrillo, 1543
New France (1600-1700)
Edict of Nantes, 1598• barred French Huguenots from
New France• mostly single men came, few
women• Jesuit missionaries
coureurs de bois• fur traders who set up local fur
trade posts• cooperation with Indians rather
than conquest became model for colony
Samuel de Champlain, 1608• founded Quebec in 1608• made alliance with Huron• Iroquois became allies with British
Robert La Salle, 1682• sailed down Mississippi in 1682• killed by own men in 1685 looking
for it from Gulf of Mexico• New Orleans founded 1718
HURON
pop. 15,000 in 1700
Name Year Founder Type Religion Economics, Religion, and Society
New Hampshire 1638 John Wheelright Charter Puritan New Englandsubsistence farminglumber, fur, shipbuilding suppliesshipping, fishing, whalinglittle religious tolerance except RI
•Plymouth absorbed by MA in 1691•New Haven absorbed by CT in 1692
Massachusetts Bay 1629 Puritans Charter Puritan
Plymouth 1620 Pilgrims Charter Separatist
Rhode Island 1636 Roger Williams Charter Puritan
Connecticut 1639 Thomas Hooker Charter Puritan
New Haven 1637 John Davenport Charter Puritan
New York 1664 James, Duke of York Royal ProtestantMiddle Coloniesbread basketmost religiously and ethnically diverseabsorbed New Amsterdam and New Sweden
Pennsylvania 1681 William Penn Proprietary Quaker
New Jersey 1664 George Carteret Proprietary Protestant
Delaware 1704 William Penn Proprietary Quaker
Maryland 1636 Lord Baltimore Proprietary CatholicSouthern Coloniescash crops—tobacco (1612), rice, indigoslavery introduced in 1619plantation economyclosest economic and cultural ties with England
Virginia 1607 Virginia Company Charter Anglican
Roanoke 1585 Sir Walter Raleigh Charter Anglican
North Carolina 1663 8 Lord Proprietors Proprietary Anglican
South Carolina 1729 Earl of Granville Royal Anglican
Georgia 1733 James Oglethorpe Royal Anglican
Thirteen Colonies 1607-1733
New England (4)1620-1700
Puritan Influence on America• homogenous, Puritan, universal
education - Harvard• work ethic, diversified economy
Mayflower Compact, 1620• first democratic government in
Americas• about 2/5 males voted (still more
democratic than England)
Fundamental Orders, 1639• first written constitution, used as
government of CT
Town Meeting• democratic forum of government
in NE towns• all freemen could vote at city
hall/church
Moving West• new towns in NE were required to
have a minister, a school, and permission from parents to move
• the layout of communities was very orderly with a central green with a church and school and farms around center
Roger Williams• exiled from MA for saying religion
should not influence government and Indians should be paid for their land
• Rhode Island became haven for religious freedom
Salem Witch Trials, 1692-1693• at least 25 executed in hysteria,
ended when governors’ wife accused
1519 ADReformation
Catholic Church Great Schism, 1054
People of the Book--Jews, Christians, Muslims
John Calvin (Calvinists)•predestination—a person is saved by God’s grace•no control over going to heaven or hell
Martin Luther (Lutherans)•necessity of clergy•purchase of indulgences•translation of Bible into German (printing press)
ProtestantReformation
1519(95 Theses)
Orthodox Church
Greece, Russia, Byzantine Empire
Church of England, 1534•same structure as Catholics•similar liturgy•Pope replaced by King
Separatists (Pilgrims)•William Bradford
•Plymouth, 1620
•separate from Church of England
•no hope to redeem Church
Puritans•John Winthrop
•Massachusetts, 1629
•purify Church of England
•Great Migration
•Oliver Cromwell & Roundheads
Quakers (Friends)•William Penn
•Pennsylvania
•no clergy—spoke when moved by God
•refused to swear loyalty to king
•refused to fight
•used archaic “thee”
Predestination
Visible Saints or “the Elect”• those bound for heaven• experienced a manifestation of
God’s gift of saving grace• verified before church council (with
witnesses)• the children of the damned are
damned
Anne Hutchinson• exiled from MA in 1638• taught antinomianism• went to RI for religious freedom
Half-Way Covenant, 1662• Puritans allowed unconverted to
attend meetings and their children might become visible saints
• increased religious participation and erased class barriers in New England
Great Awakening, 1730s• revitalized religious fervor in colonies• protestants divided over new preaching
Jonathan Edwards • “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”• graphic state of sinner• reliance on God’s grace
George Whitefield• an itinerant preacher who spread his
message across the colonies
Old Lights• rejected the new style for older, more
dignified sermons
New Lights• embraced new emotional preaching• creation of New Light Colleges• Princeton, Brown, Rutgers, and
Dartmouth
Middle Colonies (4)1660s - 1700
New Amsterdam, 1623-1664• est. by Dutch West India
Company—oversaw Dutch interests in western hemisphere
• Dutch most powerful trade empire of the period
• Peter Stuyvesant military ruler, conquered New Sweden in 1655
patroons• large land grants along Hudson
New York• Charles II sent 4 frigates and
1000 troops to take it and gave the colony to his brother the Duke of York
• the Duke gave his friends New Jersey
William Penn• Quaker founder allowed
freedom of religion• learned language of natives and
dealt with them as equals• PA had fewest conflicts with
natives of any colony
Philadelphia• tolerance of PA and NY made
them largest cities in colonies• Philadelphia was 2nd largest
city in British empire• Germans, Dutch, French,
English, Swedes
Native Americans1607-1754
Indian-White Relationship Cycle• White settlers need secret of
survival from natives• Whites then thrive in new
land• Whites need new land for
farming/mining• Indians resist expansion• Whites destroy/remove
Indians from area
First Anglo-Powhatan War, 1622• Openchancanough,
Pocahontas’ uncle
Pequot Wars, 1637• first major Indian-Colonist
conflict in NE (CT)
Second Anglo-Powhatan War, 1644• Openchancanough again• tribe forced to give up all land
between York and James Rivers
King Philip’s War, 1675• Metacom, Wampanoag chief, led
intertribal assault in NE• destroyed whole towns• only slowed western march of
whites
Pocahontas, daughter of Powhatan• kidnapped by whites in 1613 to
keep peace• baptized “Rebecca” and married
John Rolfe in 1615• died on return trip from England
in 1617
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2
3
4
5
Southern Colonies (5)1607-1733
Jamestown, 1607• Virginia Company, a joint stock
venture sent 3 ships• “starving time” of 1609-1610,
only 60 of 500 survived• by 1624, only 1277 of 6000
settlers were alive• mosquitoes, malnutrition,
typhoid, and dysentery• John Smith ran colony under
martial law• 20 capitol crimes including not
attending church• John Rolfe introduced tobacco
in 1612 and married Pocahontas in 1615
Maryland Act of Toleration, 1676• protected right of Catholics to
worship in Maryland
House of Burgesses, 1619 • first congress in colonies, based
on Parliament • est. tradition of representative
government in colonies
Carolinas• North Carolina mostly small
farms• South Carolina raised rice for
Caribbean and indigo
Georgia, 1733• penal colony as buffer to Spain
Working Poor
Headright System• colonists received 50 acres for
every person they brought to the New World
Indentured Servitude• poor people paid for passage to
New World through 4-7 years of labor to whomever paid the passage
• more than ½ of all immigrants in 1700s came this way
• at end of indentures, each worker was promised freedom dues
• 2/5 died during servitude
Quitrent• a small piece of land, clothing,
tools, and seeds
Bacon’s Rebellion, 1676• Nathaniel Bacon led revolt
against Gov. Berkeley – burned Jamestown
• frontier people (Scots-Irish) closer to Indians and unhappy about lenient Indian policy (helped fur trade)
• Bacon died of dysentery and the rebellion died with him
• plantation owners switched from indentured servants to slaves
Paxton Boys, 1764• Scots-Irish from western PA• marched on Philadelphia to
protest Quaker Indian policy
Middle Passage
Slavery, 1619• tobacco required lots of labor
and took nutrients from the soil• constant need for more land• 10-12 million slaves brought to
the New World• thousands of Indian slaves as
well
Middle Passage• six-week travel from African
coast to slave houses in the West Indies
• 600 packed onto a ship that could hold 450
• death rates ran as high as 20 percent
Slave Codes• at first slavery was more like
indentured servants• more and more rules changed
slavery into a permanent hereditary inferior position over decades
• 55 slave revolts from 1699 to 1845
Mercantilism
Mercantiism• colonists were supposed to
send raw materials to England• colonies bought manufactured
good from mother country• England discouraged colonies
from developing industry
Navigation Acts, 1650s• banned trade with other nations
and their colonies
Molasses Act, 1733• first new law in fifty years• banned trade with French
colonies to promote trade with British
Hat, Iron, Wool Acts• colonists supposed to buy
finished goods from England
Salutory Neglect• period of lax enforcement of
Navigation Acts (up until 1763)
Triangle Trade• molasses—rum—slaves• this trade cycle tied New
England to the slave trade
European Wars1688 - 1763
“Loyal” Colonies• endangered by Indians and
French in larger world conflicts• derided for their “cowardice”
and lack of patriotism• not treated as equal members
of empire in military• Washington snubbed as colonial
militia officer
New England Confederation, 1643• coalition of Massachusetts Bay,
Plymouth, New Haven, and Connecticut but not Rhode Island
• for defense against French, Dutch, and Indians
• each colony received two votes
Dominion of New England, 1686• created by crown to make defense easier• enforced Navigation Laws• heavy-handed Sir Edmond Andros hated
by colonists• included all of NE at first, added NY and
Jerseys later• quickly disbanded after the Glorious
Revolution
Glorious Revolution, 1689• James II replaced by his daughter Mary
and her husband, William III, of the Netherlands
• British heritage of rebellion• beheaded Charles I
Ft. Louisbourg, 1745• taken from French but given back in
1748• British exchanged it for Madras in India• colonists felt betrayed
European Name American Name Years
War of League of Augsburg Queen Anne’s War 1688-1697
War of Spanish Succession King William’s War 1701-1713
War of Austrian Succession War of Jenkin’s Ear 1740-1748
Seven Years’ War French-Indian War 1756-1763
Colonial Society1607-1750
Social Classes• lack of hereditary
aristocracy and easy access to land helped create a large middle class
• South more hierarchical
Michel de Crevecoeur • French immigrant wrote
Letters from an American Farmer in 1760s
• social mobility and self-reliance
• America the melting pot
Education in New England• NE towns with 50+ had public
school• NE towns with 100+ had to teach
Latin• Harvard was built by 1636• students were ranked by social
standing
Education in Southern Colonies• in South, education was done by
tutors• the poor had no schools in the
1860s• the rich went to England for college
Lifespan• better balanced nutrition
lengthened life expectancy• NE “invented” grandparents
Women’s Rights
New England• female-male ratio in North
was 1:1• education optional• women ran households,
dairy, and gardens while men did fieldwork
• 8 children the average• no birth control
South• female-male ratio close to
1:50 in South• more control of marriage,
often survived husbands and had rights as widows
Legal Rights• had no inheritance except
through husband• widows had more rights than
other women• married women could not
sign contracts, own property, or vote
Work• few occupations outside the
home were available• maid, midwife