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Chemistry Presentation
On Crude Oil and Ammonia
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Objectives To Be discussed:
Objective 3: Crude Oil
❖ explain the method used in the separation
of the components of crude oil;
❖ discuss the uses of the components of
crude oil as fuels and as raw materials for
the petrochemical industry
❖ assess the impact of the petroleumindustry on the environment.
Objective 4: Ammonia
❖ outline the steps in the m
ammonia from its eleme
process;
❖ discuss the uses of amm
❖ assess the impact of the
industry on the environm
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Crude Oil
Separatin the Components Of
Crude Oil
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Steps in Separatin Crude Oil
!. Heat the crude oil blend at "## deree celsius.
$. %he vapor enters the bottom of a lon column as hih as met
'. %he vapor rises in the column and as it rises throuh the trays in
it cools.
". (hen a substance in the vapor reaches a heiht in the column w
temperature of the tray is lower to that of the substance)s boilincondense to form a li*uid.
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+. (hen the as reaches a tray it passes up throuh it into a bubbl
a cover over the hole that pushes the as down so that it has to
throuh the li*uid that has already condensed onto that tray.
&. As the vapour condenses and vapouries many times on the tra
column, the composition of the vapour becomes richer in the mo
component.
-. %he more volatile components rise to the top of the column while
ones tend to condense on the trays at various levels alon the c. And so the crude oil is separated into different fractions, each bo
particular temperature rane.
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Crude Oil
/ses of the Components of
Crude Oil
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0a1or 2ractions of Crude Oil and %heir /
Residue
3oilin %emperature rane4 5'+# derees celsius
%his is about "#6+#7 of crude oil and can be further distilled unde rlo
yield4
fuel oil 6 used as fuel for ships and power stations.
lubricatin oil and waxes 6 used for motor oil rease and other lubr
bitumen 6 used for road surfacin and roofin material.
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Gas Oil
3oilin temperature rane4 $-+6'+# deree celsius
%his is about !+6$#7 of crude oil and is used as fuel in diesel enine
industrial furnaces.
Kerosene3oilin temperature rane4 !-+6'$+ deree celsius
%his is about !#6!+7 of crude oil and can be used as 1et fuel and for
heatin.
8erosene can also be bro9en down to ma9e more asoline.
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Kerosene continued…
As a derivative of petroleum, 9erosene has many of he same chemic
%he chemical industry can use 9erosene as a petroleum solvent or in
chemical lubricant.
:t is also found in some pesticides and is helpful in removin head lic
Gasoline and Naphtha
3oilin temperature rane4 "#6$## deree celsius
%hese are about !+6'# 7 of crude oil. asoline is distilled off and us
fuel for internal combustion enines. %he other part,
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Refnery Gas
3oilin temperature rane4 = $# deree celsius
%his is about !6$ 7 of crude oil and is mainly a mixture of al9anes co
about " carbon atoms in a molecule. :t is usually a as at room temp
>efinery as can be used as a aseous fuel or it can be li*uified und
produce li*uified petroleum as ?@P. :t can also be used as feedsto
ma9in petrochemicals.
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Petroleum
3oilin temperature rane4 = $# deree celsius
%he industry that uses petroluem to produce other chemicals is referpetrochemical industry. Petroleum is used in many industries such as
ariculture
plastics
tyres
pharmaceuticals
dyes, deterents and fabrics
and many others.
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rac!in" and Re#ormin" o# rude Oil $
(hen crude oil is separated into its various fractions throuh farction
there is usually a reater demand for specific components which canobtained throuh fractional distillation alone.
%herefore, the lare hydrocarbon chains have to be bro9en down into
more valuable and useful hydrocarbon chains. %his can be achieved
combustion, Crac9in and >eformin techni*ues.
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Combustion
Crude Oil isnBt necessarily pure, and when combusted may result in th
of pollutants such as, SO$ , Oxides of nitroen, CO, and 3%D compoHowever, this method can be used to brea9 down lare hydrocarbon
smaller ones to achieve the substance re*uired. %his is further explai
module under ob1ective E.&
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Catalytic Cracking
%his involves the use of a catalyst at lower temperatures to brea9 the
hydrocarbon molecules. %he reaction is usually catalysed by a powde
of alumina and silica at approximately +## deree celsius.
%he C6C bond, underoes heterolytic fission which results in a mecha
involvin carbocations. %his tends to produce a lare amount of bran
al9anes which are useful in asoline.
Catalytic Crac9in is used to crac9 the distilled fractions such as, die
9erosene into smaller molecules.
%he crac9ed compounds are important to produce more valuable fu
chemical feedstoc9 for the petrochemical industry.
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%hese al9enes are suitable startin materials to ma9e4
★Plastics
★ Feterents
★ Cosmetics
★ Solvents
★ Paints
★ many other petrochemicals.
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Reforming
%his is a process which converts straiht chain hydrocarbons into aro
more hihly branched hydrocarbons.
%his process converts low value naphtha fractions into hih rade as
components.
Hiher rade asoline contains a hiher proportion of branched al9an
aromatic hydrocarbons.
Products of reformin are also used as startin materials for the petro
industry.
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>eformin is the
effect of numerous
reactions such as
isomeriation,
al9ylation and
catalytic reformin.
% i d & o u K no ' (
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Crude Oil
:mpact of the Petroleum industry
on the nvironment
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%he Petroleum :ndustry
%he petroleum industry is considered a ma1or source of environment
Pollution is achieved durin4
➔xtraction
➔%ransportation
➔>efinin of the crude oil as mentioned before
➔>efined products also affect the environment
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➔Extraction
%his involves the emissions of pollutants from the first seismic survey u
is shut down. (ell drillin dischares oil into the surroundin soil and w
can damae fraile ecosystems by destroyin habitats and 9illin ora
➔ Transortation
Oil is usually transported throuh pipelines and in lare ocean tan9ers
always the possibility for lea9s and spills which are detrimental to the
environment.
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:n the events of these happenin4
❖ :nhalinG inestion of oil can poison oranisms.
❖ Prevents seabirds from flyin because of their feathers stic9in t
❖ Oil stic9s to animal fur which cause them to lose insulation and f
death.
❖ :t affects the tourism industry by ruinin corals reefs and nearby
➔T!e Refining of Crude Oil
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➔T!e Refining of Crude Oil
:n the refinin process haardous and toxic pollutants such as CO, SO
oxides and 3%D ?"enene Toluene Ethylbenene and #ylene prod
emitted in the atmosphere. xposure of these chemicals affects the a
differently.
CO
%his is toxic. :t readily
combines with
heamolobin to reduce itsability to transport oxyen
in the body.
$O% and &itroge
%hese contribute to
formation of acid rai
leads to4
:. rosion of stone
buildins
::. Festruction of tr
:::. Feath of fish thr
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"TE# Comounds
%hese are possible
carcinoens which may
cause reproduction anddevelopmental problems or
aravate respiratory
conditionsProduc ts t
ha t are mad
#rom pe troleum
)Plas tics * are
hard to
dispose o # since the y+
no t readil y de"rada
bl
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-mmonia
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CH"? H$O? $# atm##IC CO? 'H$?
CO? H$O? CO$? H$?
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Haber Process
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/ses Of Ammonia
-"ricultural .ses:
/ As a source of Nitrogen, that is essential for plant growth
/ Ammonia is used in the production of liquid fertilizer solutioconsist of ammonia, ammonium nitrate, urea and aqua ammonused by the fertilizer industry to produce ammonium and nit
/ Ammonia and urea are used as a source of protein in livestoc
ruminating animals such as cattle, sheep and goats.
/ Ammonia can also be used as a pre-harvest cotton defoliant,
fungal agent on certain fruits and as preservative for the st
A i / C ti d
http://www.rmtech.net/Chemical%20Plants.htmhttp://www.rmtech.net/Chemical%20Plants.htm
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Ammonia /ses Continued...
hemical .ses:
/ Ammonia is used in the manufacture of nitric acid certain alk
soda ash dyes pharmaceuticals such as sulfa drugs, vitamins cosmetics synthetic te!tile fibers such as nylon, rayon and acfor the manufacture of certain plastics such as phenolics andpolyurethanes.
/ "eak ammonia solutions are also widely used as commercial ancleaners and detergents
http://www.rmtech.net/Chemical%20Plants.htm#Nitric%20Acidhttp://www.rmtech.net/Chemical%20Plants.htm#Nitric%20Acid
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/ses Of Ammonia in other industries4
#he petroleum industry utilizes ammonia in neutralizing the acid
of crude oil and for the protection of equipments from corrosion
Ammonia is used in the mining industry for e!traction of metalscopper, nickel and molybdenum from their ores.
Ammonia is used in several areas of water and wastewater trea
as p% control& in solution form to regenerate weak anion e!chang
con'unction with chlorine to produce potable water and as an o!y
scavenger in boiler water treatment.
#he decomposition of ammonia serves as a source of hydrogen fo
http://www.rmtech.net/Chemical%20Plants.htm#neutralizehttp://www.rmtech.net/Water%20Treatment.htmhttp://www.rmtech.net/Water%20Treatment.htmhttp://www.rmtech.net/Chemical%20Plants.htm#neutralize
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:mpact of the Ammonia :ndustry On the nv
0a1ority of the ammonia emitted into the environment does not come
haber process itself, but from the various industries which uses amm
A lare amount of ammonia emitted is enerated from the fertilier a
industry. Ammonia is used in these industries to increase food produ
results in a lare amount of ammonia and nitroenous compounds e
the enviroment.
xposure to ammonia can cause severe irritation at low concentrat
be fatal at hih concentrations.
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Ammonium and nitrate fertiliers are water soluble and are easily wa
lands into the waterways. xcess fertliers in rivers and streams can
eutro!ication which leads the death of fish and other a*uatic anim
on oxyen for respiration.
How does utrophication cause thisJ
T!e en!anced lant gro't!( caused by t!e excess
nutrients in t!e 'ater( revents lig!t from reac!ing
lants lo'er in t!e 'ater) T!e lants die and bacteriause u t!e dissolved oxygen in t!e 'ater for
decomosition) T!is results in t!e fis!*s deat!)
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2ertiliers can pollute drin9in water since roundwater and surface w
used as sources of domestic water supply.
%oo much nitrates in drin9in water is poisonous to infants. %he nitrat
converted to nitrites in infants which combine with heamolobin more
oxyen. %his starves the body of oxyen and results in a bluish s9indiscolouration.
%his condition is called met!aemoglobinaemia or +blue baby, syn
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Crude Oil >evision Kuestions
!. (hat is the basic property bein exploited in fractional distillation
%he physical property of boilin point. :t use thediferences in volatility to separate miscible
li*uids.
waxes, fuel oil, lubricants, etc.
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2ractional Fistillation
>esidue
Fiesel Oil
8erosene
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%he brea9in of lon hydrocarbon chains to form smaller, mo
molecules.
%he process which converts straiht chained hyrdocarbons
aromatic and more hihly branched hydrocarbons
!. Suitable startin materials for ma9in plastics
$. Suitable startin materials for mai9n deterents
'. also for ma9in paints
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Ammonia >evision Kuestions
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%he presence of water bodies, settlements, cultivated crops nearby.
(or9ers should wear oles to protect eyes;(ear loves and full body suits to prevent direct exposure durin any
ammonia lea9s;
(ear respirators to prevent inhalation of ammonia.
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