ìUnit7:SecondarySector
SecondarySector
Constructioninvolvesbuildingsandinfrastructure.
Itrequiresmanyrawmaterialsandworkforce.
Energyproductiontransformsfuelintoformsofenergy,suchasheatorelectricity.Largefacilitiesareneededinorderto
accomplishthatprocessandthereareseveralwaysto
produceenergy.
Industrytransformsrawmaterialsintofinished(fordirectconsumption)orsemi-finished(usedas
materialsinotherindustrialprocesses)products.
History
ì Before industry existed craftsmenmanufacturedproducts anditwasmostlyfocusedonself-consumption:ì Industrydevelopedduring the IndustrialRevolution in the
18thcentury.ì Industrialprocessinvolves:
ì Machinesareusedasasourceofenergy.ì Workersdotheirtasksinacertainplacecalledfactory.ì Thereisworkdivisionbywhicheveryworkerisspecialised.
Machines
Necessaryelementsinindustry.ì I n d u s t r y n e e d s s om e
elementstodevelop:ì Raw materials are the
na tura l p roduct s tha tindustry transforms intofinishedproducts.
ì Energy sources are thosenatural resources thatprovide the power so thattheindustrialtransformationmaybeaccomplished.
ì Production factors areworkers, the capital andtechnology.
ì Industryisbasicinthedevelopmentofacountry;henceanindustrialisedcountryisassociatedtoadevelopedcountry.Onthecontrary,anon-industrialisedcountryisconsideredunderdeveloped.
1.1.Rawmaterialsì They are resources that are transformed process into finished or
semi-finished products through industry. Raw materials can havedifferentorigins:ì Animalorigin,suchasmilk,leather,silkorwool.ì Vegetableorigin,likerubber(caucho),cotton,woodorflax(lino).ì Mineralorigin,ithasseveralcategories:ì Metallic minerals. We can find iron, bauxite, copper, lead
(plomo),zinc,nickel,gold,silver,ì platinum...ì Non-metallic minerals, such as phosphates, clay (arcilla),
limestone(caliza),marble,gypsum(yeso),kaolin,salt,ì sulphur...ì Energymineralslikepetrol,coal,naturalgas,uranium...ì Artificialorigin,likeplastic,PVC,rayon(textilartificial),nylon...
1.2.Energysources
twokindsofsources:
Renewablesources.Theyareobtained
fromunlimitednaturalresources.They
developedaftertheoilcrisisof1973.
Non-renewablesources.Theycomefromlimitednaturalresourcesthatcanbeusedup.Mostofthemhavefossilorigins.
Non-renewableenergy:ì Coal. Its origin comes fromvegetables
that have been buried under theground or shallow water (aguassuperficiales)anditisdecomposedandsolidified until they have beenconverted into minerals with a lot ofcarbon.ì Coal is used for producing
electricity in power stations or forheatingsystems.
ì It represents 22% of all theconsumedenergy.
ì USA,China,India,Australia,Russia,andSouthAfricaarethemainproducers.
Non-renewableenergy:ì Oil(Petroleum).Itistheresultofaccumulatedplanktononthebottomof
the sea which becomes hydrocarbon because of pressure andtemperatures. Once extracted, oil needs to be refined. Some productsmaybeobtainedfromoil,suchasgasoline,gasoil,butane,kerosene,lubricants,plastic,asphalt...ì It is used for industry, means of transportation, and to produce
electricityinthermalplants.ì Itrepresents42%ofalltheconsumedenergy.ì SaudiArabia,Russia,Iraq,Iran,theUnitedArabEmirates,theUSA,
Mexico, and Venezuela are some of the main producers whichcreated theOrganisationofPetroleumExportingCountries (OPEC)in1960,whichcontrolscirca78%ofworld’sreserves.
ì The biggest consumers are the industrialised and most populatedcountries because of industry, transportation and homeconsumption.
OIL
OIL
Non-renewableenergy:
ì Natural gas. Its origin isrelated to oil and it mayappear together in a pocketabove. Some other times gasisfoundwithnopetrol.ì It is used for industry,
homes, for production ofelectricity.Itrepresents23%ofalltheconsumedenergy.
ì T h e m a i n p r o d u c i n gcountries are Russia, USA,C a n ad a , t h e UK , t h eNetherlands, Norway, andAlgeria.
Non-renewableenergy:ì Nuclear energy. It is based on the
use of minerals with radioactiveelements,suchasuranium.ì It is mostly used to generate
electricity in nuclear powerstations through a process ofnuclearfission.
ì It causes many environmentalproblems to store itswasteandthere are risks of nuclearaccidents.
ì Many nuclear power stationshavebeenshutdowntopreventany risk. It represents 7% of alltheconsumedenergy.
ì The main producing countriesare the USA, France, Germany,andJapan.
Renewableenergy:
ì Hydroelectricpower.Itisgenerated by using thepower of falling watermasses from a certainheight.ì W a t e r t u r b i n e s
transform that waterinto energy, mostlyelectricity.
ì It is used in industrya n d h o m e s a selectricity.
ì It represents 7% of allthe consumed energy.China, USA, Canada,Brazil, and Russia arethemainproducers.
Renewableenergy:ì Solarenergy.Electricityisobtainedby
theheat causedby the sunbeams. Itis captured by solar panels withphotovoltaiccells.
ì •Therearetwotypesofsolarenergy:ì Thermal solar uses collectors to
capturetheSun’sheatandmakewater hot, which flows throughtubes inthecollectorandcanbestoredintanks.
ì Photovoltaicgenerateselectricitydirectlyfromsunlight.
ì I ts problems base on theirregularity of insolation and thedifficulty of storage. The USA,Germany, Australia, and Canadaaremainproducers.
Renewableenergy:ì Wind power . E lec t r i c i t y i s
generated by using the power ofwind which is collected by largemills that move that energy toturbines.ì It causes electricity basing on
the number of mills (windturbines)andwindspeed.
ì These wind turbines can be onlandoroffshore.
ì Its problems are the irregularityof the wind and the visual andacoustic impact of the windturbines.Germany, Spain, Denmark, andtheUSAarethemainproducingcountries.
Renewableenergy:ì Biomass energy. It is produced
by recyclingwaste (agricultural,animal,industrial,urban...).ì Thatwaste isburntand itgets
heat and gases that producefuel and gas for domesticheatingsystemsandindustries.
ì The USA, Sweden, and Francearethemainproducers.
Renewableenergy:ì Geothermal energy. It makes
the use of internal heat of theEarth (either hot springs orwatervapour).ì It is mostly used for heating
sys tem and to p roduceelectricity.
ì Itsmainproblem is that is canjustbeproduced inareaswithvolcanic or seismic activities.The main producers are theUSA, Iceland, the Philippines,andMexico.
Renewableenergy:
ì Tidalpower(alsowavepower).ì It bases on the use of waves
a n d t i d e s t o p r o d u c eelectricity.
ì It is very little used since itrequiresahighinvestmentanditmaydamageenvironment.
ì The current main producingcountries are France, the UK,andCanada.
Electricity
ì Themainsecondaryenergyiselectricity,whichisproducedbythedifferentpreviousprocesses.Itcannotbeextracted,soitneedstobeproduced.ì Itcanbetransportedeasilyoverlongdistances.ì Itisacleanenergysinceitdoesnotgenerateanywaste.ì Itconvertseasilytoothertypesofenergy.
ì Itcanbeobtainedbythermalpowerstations,nuclearpowerstationsorthoughrenewablemeanssuchassolar,wind,hydroelectricpowers.
ì Theconsumptionofenergymeasuresthedevelopmentofacountryorregion:
ì Itisquitehighinthedevelopedcountriesduetotheirhighlevelsofindustrialisation.
ì Manycountriesconsumemoreenergythatwhattheyproduce;hencetheyimportitfromabroad.
1.3.Humanresources
ì Theyarethepeoplewhointerveneintheproducingprocess.
ì In the developedcoun t r i e s t hew o r k i n gcondit ions arecontrolled, suchasworkinghours,wages, freedomo f s t r i k e ,unemploymentsubsidies, paidho l i d a y s , a ndhealthinsurance
ì Instead,inthedevelopingcountriesworkingdaysarereallylong,therearenotbreaks,and thereareminimumhealthandsafety standards.Moreover, salariesare lowandworkersdonothavepaidholidays,unemploymentbenefitsorhealthinsurance.
1.4.Capitalì 1.4.Capitalì Capitalisneededforindustrialactivitiesanditiscomposedof
money,buildings,machinery...ì Itcanbeprovidedbyprivatecompanies,publiccompanies
(ownedbytheState)orboth(mixedcompanies).ì Moneyisbasicforsetuptheindustryandtopaytheworkers.
Companies
ì Companieshavedifferentcharacteristics:ì They can be individual (one person provides the capital) or
collective(severalpeopledoit).ì Theycanbesmall (lessthan50workers),medium-sized(50-249
workers)orlarge(equalormorethan250workers).InSpainitiscommontohavesmall-andmedium-sizedcompanies(pymes).
ì Multinationals are those companies that work worldwidealthough their see may be in the USA, Japan or Europe. Theymostly work on food, automobiles, chemistry, electronics, andcomputing.
Companies
ì Companiesmergetoincreasetheirprofits;hencetherecanbethreekindsofprocesses:ì Verticalintegration(cartel).Itisthegroupingofcompanies
that participate in all the different stages of production.They integrate from the extraction of raw materials untilthesaleoftheproduce.
ì Horizontalconcentration(trust).Companiesinvolvedinthesameindustrialactivityjoin.
ì Financial concentration (holding). Some companies investmoney in other companies to control over differentindustrialsectors.
2.TYPESOFINDUSTRY
ì 2.1.Heavyindustry
ì 2.2.Capitalgoodsindustry
ì 2.3.Lightindustryorconsumergoodsindustry
2.1.Heavyindustry
Heavyindustrytransformsrawmaterialsintosemi-finishedproductsandithasthefollowingcharacteristics:
ì Highinvestmentinrawmaterialsandenergysources.
ì Theyarelocatedclosetothedepositsofrawmaterialsandenergysources,ornexttoreceivingcentres,suchasharbours(puertos).
ì Theyareverypolluting;hencetheyareoutsidetownsandcities.
ì Theyneedlargespacestosettletheirfacilities.
Metallurgicalindustry.
ì Thistypeofindustryproducesmetalsandmetalproducts.
ì Thesectorthatproducessteelandironiscalledsiderurgicalindustry.ì ThemainironproducersareChina,Brazil,AustraliaandIndia.ì ThemainsteelproducersareChina,Europe,theUSA,Japan,andRussia.
ì Theindustryofaluminiumisveryimportantsinceitisahighlydemandedmetalforotherindustriessuchasautomobile,shipbuilding,high-tensionlines...ì ItisverydevelopedincountrieslikeChina,Russia,Canada,theUSA,and
Australia.
ì Theindustryofcopperismostlyusedforelectricity,automobiles,andaeronauticalindustry.ì Chile,Japan,Russia,andChinaarethemainproducingcountries.
Heavychemicalindustry.
ì Itproducesproductsthatarenecessaryforotherindustries.
ì Itmakessulphuricacid,nitrogen,phosphates,causticsodaandderivatesfromoilandcoal.
ì ThemainproducersaretheUSA,Canada,Germany,Mexico,JapanandRussia.
2.2.Capitalgoodsindustryì Capitalgoodsindustrytransformsthesemi-finishedproductsfromheavyindustryintofinished
goods.
ì ItismostlylocatedintheUSA,Europe,Russia,Japan,andsomeSoutheastAsiancountries.
ì Therearemanytypesofindustrythatbelongtothissector:ì Constructionmaterials.Itproducescementandconcrete.ì Industrialandagriculturalmachinery.Itmakesmachinesandequipmentfor
ì agriculturalandindustrialmachinery.ì Aeronautics:planes,helicopters,lightaircraft.ì Navalindustry:boats.ì Railwaymaterial:tracksandcarriages.
ì Aerospace.Itproducesspacesatellites,andspaceships.ì Timberandpaper.Itmakeswoodpulpandpaper.ì Electrical,electronicandcomputing.Itmakesdevicesthatimproveindustrialprocesses
suchasmicroprocessors,microchips,robots,computingequipmentsandprogrammes,microscopes...
2.3.Lightindustryorconsumergoodsindustry
Consumergoodsindustrymakesproductswhicharedonefordirectconsumption:
ì Itconsumesveryfewrawmaterialsandenergyresourcescomparedtoheavyandcapitalgoodsindustry.
ì Itislesspollutingbutitmodifieslandscape.
ì Itisnormallylocatednexttocitiesortransportknotsinindustrialparks.
ì Therecanbedifferentkindsofindustriesinthissector:food,lightchemicalproducts,electronicsandcomputing,textiles...
ì Thesizeoftheseindustriesvariesalot.
ì Food i ndus t r y . I tt r a n s f o r m s a n dmanipulateseverytypeo f f o o d ( m e a t ,vegetable, fish, anddairy products). TheUK, Switzerland, theU S A , a n d t h eNetherlands are themainproducers.
Automobile industry. It makes industrial vehicles (vans, lorries, buses...)andvehicles for individualuse (cars,motorbikes). It iscommon inEurope,Japan, the USA, and some East Asian countries such as South Korea andChina.This sub-sector also stimulates the creation of other industrial branchessuch as tires, windscreens, textile products, computing and electronicsystems...
Light chemical industry. It makes pharmaceutical, photographic, cosmeticproducts, and plastics. France, Germany, the UK and Italy are majorproducers.
Electronicsandcomputingindustry.Itmakesequipmentssuchascomputers,televisions,telephones,multimediarecordersandplayers,cameras...ItiswidelydevelopedinEurope,theUSA,Japan,China,andSouthKorea.
Textileindustry.Itincludessomegroupslikespinningandweaving,clothingindustryandotherarticles(rugs,handbags,belts,shoes...).Itusesbothnaturalrawmaterials(flax,wool,cotton,silk...)andsyntheticrawmaterials(rayon,nylon,Tergal,viscose...).ThetraditionalproducerswereFrance,Belgium,theUK,andtheNetherlands,althoughtheyhavebeenrecentlyreplacedbyChina.
3.INDUSTRIALSPACE
There are some factors that affect the location ofindustries:
ì Proximitytorawmaterialsandenergysources.ì Existenceofpopulationthatcanwork in itandbuy
itsproducts.ì Meansoftransportationandcommunication.
ì Economicdevelopmentoftheareaandpresenceof
otherindustries.ì Supplyandpriceofthesoil.ì Policiesthatfavourindustrialisation.
Asstatedbeforethelocationofthedifferentsub-sectorschange:• Heavyindustryisusuallylocatednexttomineraldepositsandsourcesofenergy
orclosetoreceivingareas(harbours).• Lightindustryisusuallyclosetomarkets,knotsofcommunicationandpopulated
areas.
Typesofindustrialspace:
ì Dispersed spaces:There are isolateda nd d i s p e r s edindustries.
Typesofindustrialspace:
ì Groupedspaces.Theyare industrialareasontheperipheryofthecities.Therecanbe:ì Industrialpark.Theyare in thesuburbsof thecities.They
have large premises for industry and services such ascafeteriasorrestaurants.Lightindustryiscommonhere.
ì Technology park. They are really environmental spaceswherehigh tech industry is located. There is also researchcentreslinkedtothemsuchasuniversities.
Industrialpark.
Technologypark
4.CHANGESININDUSTRIALPRODUCTION
ì Processesofindustrialproduction.
ì Constantinnovations.
ì Newmaterials.
Processesofindustrialproduction
ì Assembly l inesh a v e b e e nr obo t i s ed andmany computerp r o g r a m m e s ,digital technologya n dcommunicat ionnetworks havebeen introducedto produce moreinlesstime.
Constantinnovations.
ì Companies and governmentsinvest in RDI; hence there is ac on s t an t r enova t i on o ftechnology and how it isapplied in industry. Largecompanieshave their ownRDIdepartmentsorcooperatewithuniversities.
Newmaterials.
ì More quality and ecologicalproducts have been madebecause of the application ofnew technologies: Polymerconcrete(lightmaterialusedinconstruction, it does not usecement, but polymers), Biopol(biodegradableplastic),Nomex(plastic that can resist hight e m p e r a t u r e s ) . M a n yi ndus t r i e s u se recyc l edmaterialstoproducenewones(scrapmetaltoproducesteel).
5.ENVIRONMENTALCONSEQUENCES
ì Industry has modified theappearance o f c i t i es ,harbours,andareasclosetomines. It has caused somenegative effects on theenvironment. In order tog e t s u s t a i n a b l ed e v e l o p m e n t s o m emeasuresmustbe taken tobalance economic growtha n d t o p r o t e c t t h eenvironment.
Thenegativeeffectsare:ì Overexploitation of natural resources, such as raw materials and
energysources.
ì Industrialwastepolluteswaterssinceitisthrowntoriversandseas.
Smokeandgasespollutetheatmosphereandcausethefollowingeffects:
ì Acid rain. Some energy
sourcessuchascoalandpetrol produce acids(dioxidesulphurSO2anddioxide nitrogen NO2)that mix with waterv a p o u r i n t h eatmosphere and fall asra in . I t causes thereduction of the growtho f t h e t r e e s ,impoverishes the soiland it increases theacidity of waters (rivers,lakes),whatkillsfish.
Greenhouseeffect.
ì The emission ofCO2byindustryandtransport increasest e m p e r a t u r e sbecause the heatthat comes fromso lar rad iat ionsdoesnotgoaway.Ita l s o c a u s e s achange in rainfalla nd w i nd s andthaws perpetual iceareas.
Ozonelayer
ì Reduction of theo z o n e l a y e r ,which protectsusefromUVRays.It iscausedbytheuse of severalgasessuchasCFC,which have beenbanned.
Thecorrectivemeasurescanbe:
ì To promote clean technology by implementing purificationsystems,filters...
ì Theremustbeenvironmentalpoliciesinordertoimprove:ì Wastemanagementmustbeimprovedbyrecyclingandby
usingbiodegradablematerials.ì Environmental impact studies should be done before
settingupafactorytoanalyseitsconsequences.ì To rehabilitate the degraded and abandoned industrial
areas.
To reduce the consumptionof resources and to recyclewaste.Somemeasurescouldbeaccomplished:
ì Raw materials may bebet ter exp lo i ted bymanufactur ing moredurable products and byrecyclingmaterials.
ì To save energy and touse renewable energysources.